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17Scientific Journal Impact Factor
ROLE OF MINERAL COMPOSITION AND VITAMINS OF GRAPES
LEAVES IN HUMAN DIET
D.T.Atakulova
Karshi Engineering and economics institute, 225, Mustakillik, Karshi, 180100,
Uzbekistan K.O.Dodaev
Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology, 32, Navai st., Tashkent, 100011,
Uzbekistan E-mail: datakulova@list.ru
ABSTRACT
Grape leaves have a whole range of therapeutic and prophylactic properties, allowing the use of drugs based on them, in particular, are considered as a source of antioxidant, cardiovascular, anti-sclerotic, capillary-strengthening, anti-inflammatory substances. All parts of the plant contain a large amount of salts of Si, Na, P, Fe, Cu, Zn. Grape leaves and twigs contain up to 2% sugars, a large amount of organic acids. More than 150 biologically active substances have been identified in grapes. Fruit skins and leaves contain wax. However, the chemical composition of the leaves of cultivated grapes has not been sufficiently studied to date. They identified picgenols - substances with antioxidant activity. Also the content of wax, phytosterol substances - fitins, essential oils, tannins and colors in the peel; sugars, proteins, fats, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, pentosans, organic acids: tartaric, citric, oxalic, malic in juice indicate the healing properties of grapes. Vitamins and minerals also need for important role in human health. The mineral composition of grape leaves and berries, the method of their determination are presented.
The method for determining the content of vitamins B1, B6 and PP using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with a spectrophotometric detector, based on the separation of a group of water-soluble vitamins on a solid support C18, grafted onto a high-purity silica gel base and additional polar groups with a short chain by a reversed-phase mechanism.
Keywords: The mineral composition of grape leaves, which can be used to decipher their therapeutic and prophylactic properties, is revealed, the need to expand the range of canned products using grape leaves is substantiated.
The possibilities of using it, its benefits in the manufacture of dishes using fresh grape leaves are considered.
АННОТАЦИЯ
Листья винограда обладают целым комплексом лечебных и профилактических свойств, что позволяет использовать препараты на их основе, в частности, рассматриваются как источник антиоксидантных, сердечно-сосудистых, антисклеротических, капиллярноукрепляющих, противовоспалительных веществ. Все части растения содержат большое количество солей Si, Na, P, Fe, Cu, Zn. В листьях и веточках винограда содержится до 2% сахаров, большое количество органических кислот. В винограде выявлено более 150 биологически активных веществ. Кожура и листья плодов содержат воск. Однако химический состав листьев культурного винограда на сегодняшний день изучен недостаточно. Они идентифицировали пикгенолы - вещества, обладающие антиоксидантной активностью. Также содержание воска, фитостериновых веществ - фитинов, эфирных масел, дубильных веществ и красителей в кожуре; сахара, белки, жиры, целлюлоза, гемицеллюлоза, пектины, пентозаны, органические кислоты: винная, лимонная, щавелевая, яблочная в соке указывают на лечебные свойства винограда. Важную роль в здоровье человека также играют витамины и минералы. Представлен минеральный состав листьев и ягод винограда, метод их определения.
Метод определения содержания витаминов B1, B6 и PP с помощью обращенно-фазовой высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии со спектрофотометрическим детектором, основанный на разделении группы водорастворимых витаминов на твердой подложке C18, привитой на высокоэффективный чистота силикагелевой основы и дополнительных полярных групп с короткой цепью по обращенно-фазовому механизму.
Ключевые слова: Раскрыт минеральный состав виноградных листьев, по которому можно расшифровать их лечебно-профилактические свойства, обоснована необходимость расширения ассортимента консервов с использованием виноградных листьев.
Рассмотрены возможности его использования, преимущества при изготовлении блюд из свежих виноградных листьев.
1.INTRODUCTION
Cultivated grape (Vitis vinifera L. of the grape family - Vitaceae), a large liana, reaching 30-40 m in length. Distributed in Asia, in the Caucasus, in the Krasnodar
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Territory, in the Lower Volga region, etc. Grapes are a promising source of biologically active substances [1, 8, 9].
Each part of the grape (berries, berry juice, leaves) has its own effect on the body. In folk medicine, grape leaves are used as an antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic and wound healing agent, since they contain tartaric, malic and protocatechinic acids, tannins, inositol, quercetin, carotene, choline, betaine [1, 2, 3]. Grape roots contain vitamin C, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins. All parts of the plant contain a large amount of salts of Si, Na, P, Fe, Cu, Zn.
Interest in grape leaves is caused by a whole range of therapeutic and prophylactic properties that allow the use of drugs based on them, in particular, they have antioxidant, cardiovascular, anti-sclerotic, capillary-strengthening, antiinflammatory effects. More than 150 biologically active substances have been identified in grapes. The peel of the fruit contains wax; phytosterol substances -vitins; essential oil; tannins and dyes. Fruit juice, depending on ripeness and varieties, contains up to 20% sugars, protein, fats, fiber, hemicellulose, pectins, pentosan. Also contains organic acids - tartaric, citric, oxalic, malic [2, 3, 6,10].
The fruit also contains the glycosides delphinidin and didelfinidin. Grape juice contains vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, C, P, PP, folic acid. Grape leaves and twigs contain up to 2% sugars, a large amount of organic acids. However, the chemical composition of the leaves of cultivated grapes has not been sufficiently studied up to day. Grape seeds contain up to 20% oil, tannins - flabofen, lecithin, vanillin and acetic acid. In addition, they identified picgenols - substances with antioxidant activity [5,7,10].
2.MATERIALS AND METHODS
Determination of impurity elements in soils, grounds and bottom sediments (Li, Be, Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Nb, Mo, Rh, Ag, Pd, Cd, Sn, Sb, Te, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Ir, Pt, Au, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th h U) is carried out by mass spectral with inductively coupled plasma (hereinafter ICP-MS) analysis method. The ranges of the content of the determined elements are given in Table 1. Possible limitations in determining individual elements due to interference and ways to eliminate these interference are given in the aggregate [1,4,5,8,9].
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The ICP-MS method for determining the content of 52 elements in soils, grounds and bottom sediments provides, with a probability of P = 0.95, obtaining measurement results with an error not exceeding the values given in Table 1. This technique is suitable for the determination of these elements [2, 3].
Determination of water-soluble vitamins: thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), pyridoxine (B6) and nicotinamide (PP) by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography.
1. Method for determining the content of vitamins B1, B6 and PP using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with a spectrophotometric detector (method A).
The method is based on the separation of a group of water-soluble vitamins on a solid C18 carrier grafted onto a high-purity silica gel base and additional short-chain polar groups (isopropyl) by a reversed-phase mechanism. The identification and quantitative calculation of the peaks of the separated vitamins is carried out at individual maximums of light absorption in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum by comparison with the retention time of the peaks in calibration solutions.
2. Measuring instruments, auxiliary equipment, glassware, reagents and materials.
Liquid chromatograph with a high-pressure pump, a spectrophotometric detector that allows measurements of optical density with a programmable wavelength in the range of 190-600 nm and characteristics or a diode-array detector that allows measurements of optical density at several wavelengths in the range from 190 to 800 nm, and characteristics.
Column chromatographic for HPLC with a length of 250 mm and an inner diameter of 4.6 mm, filled with a reversed phase - octadecyl silica gel C18 with a particle size of 1.8-5.0 ^m, containing grafted hydrophilic groups at the ends, providing separation efficiency in relation to vitamins.
The installation includes: a computer with installed software for controlling the chromatograph and processing the measurement results; pH meter with a measurement error of no more than 0.05 units. pH, combined glass electrode according to GOST 9245; scales of non-automatic operation in accordance with GOST OIML R 76-1 of special (I) accuracy class with the maximum weighing limit of 150 g, the limit of the permissible absolute error ± 0.0005 g; single-channel pipette dispensers with variable capacity from 100 to 1000 mm3 with a permissible relative dosing error of ± 2% for water with appropriate tips in accordance with GOST 28311 and laboratory glassware.
3. Results of the study of the chemical composition of grape leaves and discussion Table 1
The chemical composition of grape leaves
Measurement range Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Ba, Tl h Pb, ppm Characteristic of the measurement error (the boundaries of the interval in which the measurement error is located), ±A, ppm
till 0,5 ppm inclusive A = 0,36-CMe
from 0,5 ppm go 20 ppm inclusive A = 0,30-CMe
till 20 ppm go 4000 ppm inclusive A =0,24-CMe
Measurement range Li, Be, Sc, Ga, Rb, Sr, Nb, Mo, Cd, Cs, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Bi, Th h U, ppm Characteristic of the measurement error (the boundaries of the interval in which the measurement error is located), +A, ppm
till 0,5 ppm inclusive A = 0,50-CMe
from 0,5 ppm go 20 ppm inclusive A = 0,41-CMe
till 20 ppm go 4000 ppm inclusive A =0,38-CMe
Measurement range As, Se, Y, Rh, Pd, Sb, Te, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Ir, Pt, Au h Hg, ppm Characteristic of the measurement error (the boundaries of the interval in which the measurement error is located), +A, ppm
till 4 ppm inclusive A = 0,60-CMe
from 4 ppm go 4000 ppm inclusive A = 0,50-CMe
Measurement range Ag, Sn, ppm Characteristic of the measurement error (the boundaries of the interval in which the measurement error is located), +A, ppm
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till 0,05 ppm from 10 ppm inclusive À = 0,60-CM,
Measurement range and characteristic values of impurity determination error (Li, Be, Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Nb, Mo, Rh, Ag, Pd, Cd, Sn, Sb, Te, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Ir, Pt, Au, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th h U) elements in samples of soils, grounds and bottom sediments by the ICP-MS method with a confidence level of P = 0.95.
The method is based on the use of inductively coupled argon plasma as an ion source. The analyzed sample passes enters to the plasma in the form of a solution and, therefore, before the measurements, the analyzed sample is turned to the solution. For this purpose, this technique uses the procedure of complete dissolution of the analyzed sample in an open system in a mixture of acids (hydrofluoric, nitric, and hydrochloric) to determine 51 elements and separate mercury from the analyzed sample by boiling it in aqua regia. The resulting solutions containing the sample to be analyzed are sprayed with an argon flow in the form of a fine aerosol and pass enter to the plasma. During the passage of aerosol particles through the plasma (about 2 ms), the processes of aerosol desolvation, evaporation of solid particles, atomization, excitation and ionization of atoms occur. In this case, the composition of plasma ions is proportional to the concentration of the determined elements in the initial analyzed solution [11,12,13, 14].
In the case of ICP-MS, ions from the central part of the plasma are taken through a special interface to the vacuum part of the mass spectrometer, where a beam of positively charged ions is formed with simultaneous cutting off of photons and neutral ions. Then the ions enter the quadrupole mass analyzer, where they are separated according to the mass-to-charge ratio. The intensities of ions with the same mass-to-charge ratio are measured by the registration system, the obtained mass spectra are recorded in the memory of the control computer. The measurement results are shown in table 2.
Table 2
Results of mass spectrometric analyzes of the mineral composition of grape leaves
Name Li Be B Na + Mg + Al+ P K+ Ca+ Sc Ti+ V Cr Mn Fe+ Co
Kizil xurmoni 0,5 60 0,0 12 49, 0 18 0 240 0 300 270 0 380 0 1100 0 0,03 6 14,0 0,78 0 1,5 0 94, 0 17 0 0,10 0
Blake 0,7 0,0 31, 23 340 230 420 650 1600 0.04 22, 0.95 2,1 210 24 0,09
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muskat 80 07 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 6
Name Ni Cu Zn Ga As Se Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ag Cd In
Kizil xurmon i 0,65 0 14,0 24, 0 0,04 9 2,00 0,37 0 4,2 0 170 0,042 0,13 0 0,01 9 0,32 0 0,03 3 0,00 5 0/004 8
Blake muskat 0,84 0 14,0 53, 0 0,05 7 2,90 0,51 0 5,2 0 410 0,056 0,15 0 0,02 9 0,63 0 0,03 7 0,01 0 0/008 3
Name Sn Sb Te Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho
Kizil xurmon i 0,03 0,0 0,0 0,05 5,8 0,0 0,14 0,0 0,05 0,009 0,00 0,01 0,00 0,00 0,00
2 61 54 0 0 64 0 13 5 1 19 0 14 69 14
Blake 0,07 0,0 0,2 0,05 11, 0,0 5,20 0,0 0,07 0,016 0,00 0,01 0,00 0,01 0,00
muskat 9 49 20 8 0 89 19 7 4 2 17 1 16
Name Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W+ Re Pt+ Au+ Tl Pb Bi Th U
Kizil xurmon i 0,0 046 <0,0 01 0,0 027 <0,00 1 0,00 32 0,00 14 0,0 064 , 0,0 01 <0,00 1 0,00 47 0,00 1 1,8 0 0,00 67 0,0 27 0,0 22
Blake muskat 0,0 06 , 0,0 01 0,0 047 0,058 0,00 4 0,00 26 0,0 12 <0,0 01 <0,00 1 0,00 27 0,00 14 2,4 0 0,00 76 0,0 24 0,0 29
Investigated the vitamin composition of the leaves of the grape varieties "Black Muscat" and "Persimmon Cornel", the results of the research are included in Table 6. The analysis shows that the vitamin composition of the "Black Muscat" variety exceeds the indicators of the variety "Persimmon Cornel" Table 3
Identification parameters of vitamins B1, B6 and PP
Vitamin Retention time, min Wavelength k, nm, at maximum light absorption
Thiamine (B1) 3,7+ 0,2 245 ± 2
Pyridoxine (B6) 5,7 + 0,3 290 ± 2
Nicotinamide 7,0 ±0,4 261 ± 2
(PP)
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CONCLUSION
The mineral composition of grape leaves is revealed, which can be used to decipher: why they act in the human organs as antioxidant, cardiovascular, anti-sclerotic, capillary-strengthening, anti-inflammatory agents. The necessity of expanding the range of canned products using grape leaves has been substantiated.
The possibilities of using grape leaves, its benefits in the manufacture of dishes such as grape leaves rolls using fresh grape leaves are considered. Recipes of dishes for industrial mass production have been developed, the sales market and the number of potential consumers have been investigated, containers for production have been selected, a technological scheme of production has been proposed, and sterilization modes have been developed. Several options for the filling of the produced grape leaves rolls have been proposed, several types of broths have been developed for pouring into containers with grape leaves rolls, spices have been selected that are combined with the chemical composition of the grape leaves rolls [13-15]. Acknowledgments
The team of authors would like to thank the staff of the Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan for providing the opportunity to determine the chemical composition of grape leaves using their instruments, reagents and a laboratory.
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