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UDC 330.338 (467).123.6
A.K. Alimov"
THE ROLE OF USTYURT PLATEAU IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN THE REPUBLIC OF KARAKALPAKSTAN
In this article considered some issues of development of tourism potential in Uzbekistan and role of Ustyurt Plateau in the development of ecotourism in the region Karakalpakstan.
Keywords: tourism, tourism potential, ecotoirism, tourism infrastructure, transport services, wildlife sanctuary, reserve, Ustyurtplateau.
Now a day demand for eco-tourism is increasing than ever in the worldwide, this sector as the reacreational type is becoming one of the most advanced in the field of tourism.
Ecotourism is a kind of activity, belonging to most countries in the world and owing to it, not only the health of human is restored but people embrace a number of aesthetic emotions with the help of the nature, flora, fauna and the environment. Today, the aim of the eco-tourism is to ensure present and future generations' eco-safeguard and the sustainable development of tourism by an efficient use of natural resources. To be recognized as Ecological tourism, the subsequent rules should be followed: the service must be in the direction of environment, transport serving for tourists must be environmentally responsive, food and drink must be ecologically clean and their contend can consist of local products and qualified guides must lead travelers to ecological clean, natural and cultural places and tourist attractions.
According to the definition of ecotourism by World Tourism Organization (WTO) - ecotourism guarantees to preserve natural areas by travelling there responsibly and improves the living standards of the local people [1].
On the basis of ecological concept of Uzbeksitan, eco-tourism development means not only a moral and spiritual aims to travel to exotic areas, but the journey into the world of fauna and flora, and the implementation of socio-economic issues and environmental problems associated with each other.
According to the summarized opinions of Uzbek ecologists and scientists, ecotourism includes educational and spiritual concepts under ecotourists' visits to exotic natural areas, flora and fauna, natural areas, historic monuments, archaeological findings, geological, paleontological remnants and trips related to the nature of such complex tours.
In 2005, the director of the Nukus branch of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea provided an offer regarding the prospects for socio-economic development of the Aral Sea and it says that "Integrated service places, industry points, small hotels, sports, hunting and fishing farms in convenient areas should be constructed along small ecological tours and permanent action programs need to be developed" [2].
Like in many regions of Uzbekistan, the Republic of Karakalpakstan has big potential to develope not only general tourism, but also eco-tourism. Because there is no analogues in the region of Karakalpakstan nature, its unique flora and fauna, steppes, lakes and ponds, the Amu Darya banks, Badaytokay Reserve, Ustyurt plane, Kizylkum desert and newly appeared desert Orolkum, the Amudarya delta, remaining mountains of Sultan Uvays, Beltog hills and the existence of natural-regional ecosystems provide Karakalpakstan with competing priorities compared to other regions.
Especially in recent years, the Ustyurt plateau located in north-western of Karakalpakstan and bordering with Kazakhstan as well as the Russian Federation and between the Caspian and the Aral Sea is one of the globe's waterless desertlands, where farming is not possible. Despite such a difficult environmental nature, the remainings relating to periods from the Old Stone Age to the early twentieth
© Alimov A.K., 2016.
DOI: 10.15350/2221-7347.2016.5
Alimov Atabek - Senior Scientific Worker-Researcher, Karakalpak State University named after Berdak, Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan.
century can be found in the Ustyurt. In particular, there are some fortresses in the Ustyurt Plateau which construction mysterious for science.
Ustyurt Plateau is located along the Great Silk Road and it is the ancient trade route of strategic importance and a single place between the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea in the middle of the land. At present, it is the gate of the north-western region connecting East and West. Highway and railway located in the Ustyurt Plateau fit international standards and they are the blood vessels of the economy.
This is where the ancient tribe Arrans lived. The Ustyurt plateau lies in the range of The Aral Sea and the Caspian Sea coast, and there are still some constructions of Arrans. It still remains a mystery for science. The average length of Arans (Sardoba) was 600 meters and 900 meters, had a width of 400-600 meters. Their total area was greater than 18 hectares. They built storage to collect water from the snow and rain water. Aran trading caravans stopped to drink water there [3].
Such kind of irrigation, water conservation, methods reamianed in some of the animal catterings in Turkmanistan [4].
Ustyurt plateau's height is 300 m, which is adjacent to the flat space (the average length of 100200 m), in which the height of 292 m in a series of hills (Aqtumsiq Karabayir) are found, the largest of them is Barsakelmes (-50 m) and Aseka-Audan (-29 m). The plane of the Aral Sea and the Amu Darya delta end with steep escarpments (Chink-local name for cliffs, with the height of 350m and prevalent in Kazakstan and Central Asia (e.g Ustyurt). In the south-west of the plateau, the northern part of the Sariqamis located deeper.
The western half of the territory of Ustyurt belongs to the Republic of Kazakhstan, and 70 km2 of Ustyurt area situated in Karakalpakstan.
The Ustyurt plateau differs from the surrounding plains with its height. It confined to the almost vertical rock escarpment all the land around its sides. These rocks are called Escarpments in geographical literature. Ustyurt plateau does not fail to compete with the steep hills in Canada and America.
Ustyurt plateau crosses with streams, deep ravines, that some of them could used as a way out on top of the plateau. Sideway Koplon like a wave in the south of the plateau can be found and there is Karabaur sideway in the center of the plateau on the north side, extending from the north-west to south-east. The highest peak of the plateau is also there, where it is focused throughout the depth of the Barsakelmes Kungrad-Makat railway.
Among the abovementioned hills of the plateau, we can meet a few different sized depths including:
The depth of the North Ustyurt. Being located in the northern part of Ustyurt, it extends from the north-east to south-west. Different depths at a depth range of salty soils and sands are found there. There is Zharynkuduk sandy territory of our republic.
Barsakelmes depth. Being located in the central part of the plateau, its area consists of 1000 km2. Barsakelmes salinity is located in the center. The central structure of the salinity has a height of 40-50 meters, becoming lower to the center of the edge and having the shape of the trays and plates. Its bottom (ultra) is 12-15 meters higher than the Aral Sea surface. During the period when it rains and snow melts, the depth of some areas will have different sized small lakes. At this depth, since ancient times have very large reserves of salt, the salts people can use in diet and treatment.
Shaqpaqti depth - has a length of 6 km and a width of 3 km, and pitched with very steep slopes. There are the depths of the sand hills with a lot of salty soils. There also situated the Shaqpaqti gas mine.
Asakeaudan depth is located in the north of the lake Sariqamis, looks like the part of this lake. It occupies an area of depth, thought its basis is salty. Its basis has an average height of 40-50 meters above the sea level.
Ustyurt plateau has about 600 species of plants, which more than 70 are medicinal plants and also the raw material for the industry of the world pharmacy. Ustyurt plains have 5.2 million hectar, where 200 head of horses or cattle can be fed during the first nine months.
Ustyurt birds' fauna is unique, where more than 200 bird species can be met in different seasons and their 52 types nest there.
Ustyurt mammal fauna is typical to desert: putorak, sand mouse, Severtsov jerboa mouse and a small jerboa mice, rabbits are found and Cheetah lived in the past. Hedgehogs and red tail sand mouse are found.
As the Ustyurt plateau's ecological tourist sights can be considered its escarpments. This plane attracts tourists as it remind mountain from the side. During the next 30 years, one of the most important fauna species of Uzbekistan, the population of the saiga has decreased by 90 percent, saiga is protected by the Red Book of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the red list of the International Union. At the same time, gazelles, caracal and other unique species of rare birds and prey species are becoming extinct. Traditional places for the animal breeding are located in the Ustyurt Plateau. The unique fauna and flora adapted to the harsh climatic conditions are found in the Ustyurt plateau. There are more than 700 plants and 300 species of vertebrate animals. Each tour is an important element of the ecosystem's integrity. Ustyurt desert and semi-desert ecosystems are in dire need of protection.
The Saigachy reserve was orgainized according to the decree of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Karakalpakstan № 311/12 on November 29, 1991. It has the territory of 1 million ha and it has been established in order to protect and increase the number of the Ustyurt saiga and 467 thousand hectares of area was allocated for this. Saiga is an antelope and for everyone it gives pleasure to watch them. Saiga is alike gazzel but a higher than this (75 cm). Legs are shorter and its head is always down. Nar saigas have 50 kg body weight, which is less than its females. They appear in Uzbekistan in October-November. They feed in the north of Ustyurt and Kyzylkum. In December, the reproductive period starts. In some cases, usually 2 to 1 the young antelope are born in May. Female population passes for the birth of a new generation to bald local regions. It is difficult to determine animals even from a few meters because of the color of those places. When calfs are filled with force, herds leave the territory of the Republic and begin to move to the north and east. They come back again in the fall. Saiga feeds on grasses and erman. The population lives in a group and not alone. Saiga's herd ary various; there can be a few animals or a few thousand saigas. But, there are herd generally consisting of 30-40 heads. In autumn, after a struggle, a large species form herd consisting of 5-10 females is arranged. Weak animals are killed during the fighting. Species can run in 70 km / h and hence their "enemies" are relatively rare. They float over Syr Darya River to cross it. Only the weak and sick animals are cought by wolves.
By the government to ensure the preservation of biodiversity "the Saigachy" reserve was reorganized as complex landscape according to decree.
In May 2015, Extermination of the saiga in the Kazakhstan part of the Ustyurt Plateau started. In 2014 256.7 thousand saigas were in Kazakhstan, in May and June 2015, 132 thousand animals were killed [5].
Lake Sudochye is located west-Asian migration path of birds flying back to the south and southeast Siberia and tundrax from warm countries.
In 1991, according to the decree of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Karakalpakstan State ornithological reserve Sudochye was organized.
The largest reservoir "Sudoche" Lake is situated to the South-West of the city Muinak, in the east of the Ustyurt, to the north-west of the Kungrad district. In 1950 it occupied an area of 40 thousand hectares of natural appearance, in terms of the geographical location of a very wonderful and beautiful lake in the world. Every year 15-20 thousand centners of delicious fish were caught. Due to the fresh water of the lake, musquash was easy to storage. That is why the local population called this lake, "suvi dushshi kol" also called as "the fresh water lake". In the nineteenth century, the Russians moved and failed to call Moynak "suvi dushshi kol" and called "Sudochye". The length of the lake in the beginning of the twentieth century was 130-135 km and a width of 16-43 km and a depth of 0.6 meters to 3 meters.
Every year during the migration 8-10 million different groups of birds stop for rest and nutrition in Sudochye Lake. In the territory of Lake Sudoche and Ustyurt escarpment 187 birds belonging to 44 families are found. Here, white bird, wild goose, koraboys, ducks, chagalay, kuliks of all living species and other aquatic ecosystems, birds build nests.
On January 11, 1999, the heads of states of Central Asia conference held in the city of Nukus "Program for improvement of the situation in the Aral Sea basin and the environmental and social ac-
tion" was accepted. The implementation of "Amu Darya delta lakes" project played an important role in the future of Sudochye. Now, the total area of the lake is 40 thousand hectares. Fish and aquatic animals started to increase. Today, in the south to the north, north-south migratory birds rest on the lake. Among them, birds being in the list of the international "red book", brown sokakush, small beans and leafy can be found.
This lake consists of several lake systems (small and big Sudochye, Qaratereng, Begdulla Aydin, Omar Salim, Qarajar, Aqushpa, etc.). It serves as a place of rest and nutrition before the flight for flying birds.
In terms of ecotourism, in Lake Sudochye people can watch birds, bird nests and eggs, boat, go expedition to the mountain, go fishing, study the life of the local population, the plants and have a chance to enjoy the whole nature holidays.
Sariqamish Lake is a transboundary lake and considered to be sub-irrigated fields on the left side of the Amu Darya in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan gathered in the drainage water. It has salty water in the lake area of 3670 km2 and a capacity of 59 km3, the second highest in Karakalpakstan on the extent of fishing in the lake. River water, as a result of the lowering of the lake and salts received more than 30 fish species, including commercial 12-13 fish aborigens, including silane, carp, cake, jumik fish, Tiran shabab, catfish, aq marq and sword fish. Int the part Uzbekistan, the lake has part silane and pulled fish.
On the way to the lake Sarykamysh, Ustyurt plateau and through the desert and over the hill beautiful nature appears, caves, depth in the Ustyurt, sheep, deers, colorful world of plants and lizards can be observed.
Sudochye, Jiltirbas and Dovudkol lakes and in the central part of the delta of the lake and river basin Mejdureche, Makpalkol, Maypost, Domalak system, as well as Gulf, Saribas lakes are located. They occupy the total area of around 200 ha. This lake is very rich in birds and waterfowl that eco-tourists can relax watching nature animal world which is of great importance.
Abovementioned two lakes, as well as Kegeyli and Dovudkol Lake that is located in District area have a great importance for tourism, which serve as a place for tourists to observe the birds. In particular, the flamingos, bizons, geese, and swans and ducks and unusually large swarms evoke tourists' interest.
There are some Ancient fortresses and ancient architectural complexes in the district Kungirat at the foot of a range of Ustyurt plateau.
In our opinion, the future of the Ustyurt Plateau in Karakalpakstan depends on the use of ecotourism as the object of all the opportunities available in this direction and addressing the development and implementation of programs. For this purpose, only the activity of local entrepreneurs in order to attract tourists and national and local media, effective means of Internet advertising are necessary. In particular, eco-tourism, mainly individuals interested in mountain tourism, extreme tourism, and agro tourists in the expedition, along with bands with animal run across the hill at the foot of the mountain in winter expedition in the spring. Tourists interested in the lifestyle of the shepherds for one or two days a week can live along with the shepherds. To interest these tourists videos depicting their life should be broadcasted on the world's leading TV and video clips on the Internet and inviting the leading film companies to film there. The reason is that there are a lot of natural decorations. For example, commercial video of the world famous actress Julia Roberts in the deserts of Mongolia interested many people. Ustyurt plateau deserts of flora, fauna and history differ completely. In 2002, the famous Russian pop "Reflex" group was in Tashkent, Nukus, and Muinak cities and captured video from the depth and the Mercedes car was still there. Fans will be there to see it.
In addition, there are opportunities for the development of domestic tourism. As the Ustyurt plateau is an important strategic object of the economy. With the initiative of the President of Uzbekistan in Elobod residential areas built "soda plant". A branch of the Institute of Chemical Technology, which teaching and laboratory facilities were placed on the territory of the factory. The university's Department of correspondence has four specialties 65 bachelors, 15 master's graduates, operating in the country companies. On the basis of of Surgil one of the world's major projects worth more than US $ 4 billion Ustyurt gas-chemical complexes have been built and put into operation. Along with the construction of the complex in "Kirk Kiz" village houses are being built for the workers. For The
workers during weekends or holidays excursion services, the expedition along the tourist trails, fishing, velotours and different sports can be arranged.
Table 1
The ancient fortresses and architectural complexes in the Kungirat district of the Ancient
Archaeological monuments
№ The name of Archaeological object Period Location
1. Ajigeldi Karavansaray XII Yoshlik town
2. Akchulak fortress X-XII Akchulak TOWN
3. Alan fortress XII-XIV Yoshlik TOWN
4. Assekeaydan fortress XIV Akchulak TOWN
5. Bograxan fortress IX-XII Kipchok TOWN
6. Bashnya «Urga» IX-XII Kibla Ustyurt TOWN
7. Buraxan fortress X-XVIII Kipchok TOWN
8. Galla gumbez IX-XI Kibla Ustyurt TOWN
9. Dayana korgan b.c. V-IV Yoshlik TOWN
10. Daukesken 4 stronghold b.c. V-IV Ustyurt ovul town
11. Erburqn fortress XII Kibla Ustyurt TOWN
12. Karavansaray «Beleyli» XII-XIV Yoshlik TOWN
13. Ajiboy karavansaroy IX-XIII Akchulak TOWN
14. Kosbulak karavan saroy XIV Yoshlik TOWN
15. Kazakli degish IX-X Kibla Ustyurt TOWN
16. Karaumbet kani X-XI El obod TOWN
17. Karaumbet Korgan IX-XIII El obod TOWN
18. Kaska jol X-XIII Ustyurt town
19. Kulanlk fortress IX-XII Raushan town
20. Kurgansha fortress (Dayletgerey) X-XIII Yoshlik TOWN
21. Kustay fortress X-XIII Kibla Ustyurt TOWN
22. Kuya jol 1 XI-XIII Ustyurt town
23. Kuya jol 2 XI-XIII Ustyurt town
24. Nazar ata XI-XII El obod TOWN
25. Puljay fortress IX-XIV El obod TOWN
26. Saksaul say IX-XII Raushan OFY
27. Sudochg'e XIV- XVI Kibla Ustyurt TOWN
28. Taylq XII-XIII Kibla Ustyurt TOWN
29. Tomar fortress stronghold XII-XIII Ornek OFY
30. Toprak fortress IX-XIV Adabiyot OFY
31. Urga XII-XIII Kibla Ustyurt TOWN
32. Uchkuduk karavan saray XII-XIII Yoshlik TOWN
33. Churuk karavansaray XIV Yoshlik TOWN
34. Shibinli XII-XIII Raushan town
ARCHITECTURE COMPLEXES
1. Abdiraman Otepov mausoleum XIX-XX Suuenli town
2. Bola avliyo mausoleum XVIII-XIX Ustyurt town
3. Dovud ota mausoleum XVIII-XIX Adabiyot town
4. Paygambar Kizi mausoleum XVIII-XIX Ustyurt town
According to surveys, the Ustyurt Plateau in Karakalpakstan has opportunities the establishment of scientific eco-tourism. In particular, the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan border areas of higher education institutions in the region, history, biology, geography, ecology and tourism students in summer training, field operations (gerbariys collection, archaeological excavations, depth, descend the hill and geographical coordinates measuring and fauna lifestyle, nutrition, growth, plants, etc.) to bring scientific research and to promote it among young people.
Based on the results of a survey, there are the following conclusions and recommendations:
- First, there is the prospect of plateau above the sands as the "Paris-Dakar" race, the development of tourism through the establishment of avtorallies for extreme;
- Secondly, based on the study of the life of the people living in the rural areas of the Ustyurt plateau and the foot of the plateau, cultural tourism can be developed;
- Thirdly, the deficiency of tourism development is caused by the lack of infrastructure development on the one hand, tourism companies, on the other hand due to the hospitality of the local people, the lack of services needed;
- Fourth, Kazakhstan's border city of Kungrad intermediate distance is long, cold winter months, the cold of the plateau and the hot summer months, temperatures in cars broken in order to avoid catastrophic situations on the road to open the service points (car repair, kitchen, motel, pharmacy, telephone, etc.), it is very important;
- Fifth, in order to attract tourists to the area guides should tell during expedition about history, legends and traditions of the ancient peoples who lived there, as well as the history of the city, which is one of the oldest cities in the Kungrad. in addition the prospectus of the Ustyurt plateau advertising leaflets or ready to print multiple copies of a centralized as well as one of the leading agencies in all regions of the corporation, for free distribution should be given;
- Sixth, the Ustyurt plateau for the development of eco-tourism in the region primarily tourist coming from the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan should be welcomed in Kungrad station and the occasional tourist routes on the basis of the following is desirable to carry out the objects of tourist:
• "Urga" complex and the nearby ancient caravansarays, Aran (sardoba-water tank) travel. During travel the nights how ancient people used arans and other information about the fortressess of the Ustyurt should be given;
• Plateau escarpments and information about their structure and properties should be given;
• Bird watching Sudochie Lake, climbing to mountain Ustyurt. Watching bird nests, eggs in the boat on the lake and local fishing techniques, information about lake Sudochye history should be given;
• Information about the boundaries of the ancient history of the city Kungrat;
•Dovud ota masaleum - provide information about the history of the Dovud ota, telling people's oral tradition, climbing to the mountains the Ustyurt;
• Khakim ota masaleum - information about the student of Khoja Ahmed Yassavi Sulayman Bokirgoniy (Hakim ota) should be given. Legends about his arrive in Kungrad should be told;
•Moynak - Muinak local museum- Muinak port- "graveyard of ships" - Uchsay port;
•Sarykamysh Lake - on the road of the ancient fortrress, barely, deer, wild, rare plants and animals, such as rabbits, observing the depth of the lake for fishing, bird watching, watching the escarpment.
The implementation of the mentioned above and on the basis of new routes to organize tours to Karakalpakstan we think it will be an important step in the development of eco-tourism.
References:
[1] www.wto.org
[2] The newspaper "Erkin Karakalpakstan" \\ 2005, 11 January, 5-edition.
[3] G.Khodjaniyazov, J.Khakimniyazov. Beautiful seven monuments of Karakalpakstan. Nukus, 2004, P.30-31
[4] Kh. Esberganov. Historical and cultural monuments Kungrad. Nukus, 1993, P.52.
[5] Daryo.uz /2015/06/16/ The President of Kazakhstan critisized scientists who failed to find out of saygaks' dying out.
УДК 330.338 (467).123.6
А.К. Алымов
РОЛЬ УСТЮРТСКОГО ПЛАТО В РАЗВИТИИ ТУРИЗМА В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ КАРАКАЛПАКСТАН
В данной статье рассматриваются некоторые вопросы развития туристического потенциала в Узбекистане и роль Устюртского плато в развитии экотуризма в Каракалпакстане.
Ключевые слова: туризм, туристический потенциал, экотуризм, туристическая инфраструктура, транспортные услуги, заказник, заповедник, Устюртское плато.
