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2ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ UOT 504.06:504.4
RISKS CAUSED BY TOXIC COMPOUNDS OF OIL IN CONTAMINATED AREAS
1LALA JABBAROVA, 2ABDULLAYEVA ZEYNAB
institute of Radiation Problems of the Ministry of Science and Education AZ 1143, Baku, st. B. Vahabzade 9 2Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University
Abstract: The environmental transformation and mutual transformation of oil's multi-core aromatic hydrocarbons under the influence of various factors is of great practical and scientific interest in terms of studying these processes. The polycondensation processes of aromatic hydrocarbons with higher molecular weights and more aromatic rings are faster. PAHs with lower ring content are more often solved in water, so they undergo significant biodegradation of microorganisms. When water is contaminated with petroleum products, a layer is formed on the surface, and serious environmental consequences - are the accumulation of PAHs in elements of marine ecosystems. Rain PAHs flow into rivers and lakes. PAHs includes numerous periodic individual carbohydrates based on benzene. In addition, the main danger of PAHs is that they are mutagenic in the Caspian ecosystem. Unsurprisingly, the most carcinogenic PAHs is benzopyrene, which is considered an environmental indicator. Due to the fact that multicore compounds are the most environmentally toxic, in this environment, it is interesting to study their changes in time during the process of oil degradation.
Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons, degradation, polycondensation transformation processes
The distribution of aromatic hydrocarbons contained in oil and petroleum products, and the study of the mechanism of physical and chemical processes occurring in them, from many aspects, is also important in terms of solving environmental problems. These compounds are exposed to biotic and abiotic factors in nature, as a result of which the processes of physicochemical transformation in their composition occur and the oil content changes. Under the influence of sunlight, many reactions can occur both within the substance and between chemical compounds. These changes in the composition of the oil can be studied using physicochemical methods. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the most hazardous compounds that have arisen during fuel combustion, as well as in the chemical, petrochemical, metallurgical, pulp and paper, and energy industries. PAHs can be found everywhere in nature. As a result, geological sediments, soil, air, surface water, and plant and animal seeds contain all this. These chemicals have toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic effects. In sunlight or the air, polysymillary aromatic carbohydrates (PAHs) react with other molecules, resulting in a decrease in their concentration over time. The impact of PAHs is primarily determined by the type of hydrocarbon structure. Chemical carcinogens predominate in polycystic aromatic hydrocarbons. As a result, chemicals such as benzanthrasene, benzpyrene, and oval are more likely to become carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic. The PAHs are in a solid crystalline state at room temperature. These compounds are compressed and located in the surrounding area when the PAHs-rich gases are cooled. The surface of the earth was contaminated with PAHs a few kilometers from coal-fired power plants. Higher molecular weight PAHs undergo faster polycondensation. Less annular PAHs are better addressed in water and are more sensitive to the biodegradation of microorganisms. The collection of these chemicals in an aquatic environment leads to serious environmental impacts. Precipitation leads to the collection of PAHs in rivers and lakes. They are also mutagens in PAHs reservoirs. Benzopyridine is the most carcinogenic of the PAHs homologs. In principle, many PAHs are not used. It is used for the production of flowers, plastics, and insect medicines. PAHs are resistant to the environment and can be collected in the body. PACs occur more
often when burning petroleum products and organic chemicals, and environmental toxicological hazards are a concern, so their concentrations in the environment are closely monitored. The table below shows homologs of carcinogenic PAHs that occur in various products. Table 1.Carcinogenic PAHs and their analogues found in various products
Connections Degree of carcinogenic activity
Benzene +
Naphthalene +
Anthrasene +
Chrysene +
Methyl tetraphins +++
Dimethyl tetraphins ++
20-metilkholantren ++
1,2-3,4-and 1,2-7,8 dibenzanthrazene ++
3.4 benzopyrene +++++
Dimethyl and 5 methoxium-3,4 ++
Benzoirenes +++
B enzfluoranthene
1,2-5,6-dibenzacridine ±
R-1,2- Benzacridines and RR-1,2 benzacridines ++
R-3,4- Benzacridines and RR-3,4- benzacridines +
RR-alkyl radicals; ± questionable values, + less mutagenic properties; + + substances with a high mutagen value. The more methyl groups, the more carcinogenic properties.
Quantitative analysis and identification of petroleum products in the marine environment create significant difficulties not only because of their multicomponent and various forms of existence, but also because of the natural background of hydrocarbons of natural and biogenic origin. In general, the fate of the oil layer at sea is characterized by a common chain of sequential processes: evaporation, emulation, solution, oxidation, formation of aggregates, collapse, biodegradation, destruction, and assimilation of microbes. Under the influence of water and sunlight, petroleum hydrocarbons gradually lose their original individual properties. The composition of the oil is constantly changing due to the splitting and transformation of individual components. As a result of observations, it was found that within a few days, as a result of evaporation and solution of low molecular weight fractions, up to 25% of oil spots disappear, and aromatic carbohydrates are solved faster than open-chain paraffin. The ultraviolet component of solar radiation significantly accelerates the elimination of oil components, but from an environmental point of view, this process is dangerous, usually due to the formation of decay products that are highly toxic to hydrations. After evaporating the most volatile components, the destruction of the oil film slows down, as the residues are subjected to biological and chemical effects. Microbiological paraffin cleavage is the easiest. More resistant ticycloparaffins and aromatic hydrocarbons are stored in the marine environment for longer. The rate of decomposition of petroleum hydrocarbons depends on the temperature, oxygen release, and food regime of the aqueous medium, i.e. the factors determining its microbiological activity. When oxygen is depleted, fat decomposition is slowed down. Heavy oil fractions are not destroyed or destroyed in seawater. They create stable emulsions, which facilitate the presence of hanging organic particles, bacteria, and plankton in water bodies. The rate of chemical oxidation of oil in an aqueous medium is only 10-15% of the rate of biochemical oxidation. At low temperatures, oil decomposition is slower, and oil can persist for up to 50 years. Evaporation is intense during the first half hour after an oil spill, and then leaves small amounts of volatile compounds on the sea surface. At the end of 1 day, 50% of compounds with C13-C14 evaporate, at the end of 3 weeks, 50% of compounds with C17
evaporate. However, heavier petroleum products are difficult to evaporate. Light fractions of hydrocarbons break down within a few months, but bits of bitumen disappear only after a few years. Under the influence of sunlight, petroleum hydrocarbons are oxidized by atmospheric oxygen and become harmless, forming water-soluble substances. Heavy oil residues can sink. After a certain time, the oil spilled on the water loses its light fractions due to evaporation, while the more stable asphalt fractions break down more slowly and their resistance increases due to the formation of a water-oil emulsion (about 70-80% sea water), called chocolate foam. This type of emulsion consists of 80% water and 20% oil and is rapidly formed from all types of crude oils containing non-volatile asphalt fractions.
The concentration of hydrocarbons in the waters of the Caspian Sea varies from 0.43 to 16.0 mg. The average concentration of hydrocarbons in the central part of oil fields is 0.11-0.20 mg. As a rule, the maximum price for river waters and port waters with an oil product content of 1.46-2.07 and 9.4-10.3 mg, respectively. In the South Caspian, there are several so-called "dead zones" in terms of pollution. The oil content in the waters of these territories reaches 1.26-3.83 mg. Oil stones - up to 24 g of oil in the main building, on the main overpass, on the Pirallakhi Peninsula 15-20 g, on the land of Krasnovodsky Bay - 1.9, in the port 123 sq.m. Baku Bay is a "warehouse" of real oil products. The land here is saturated with oil products at a depth of 3.5-5.7 m. Along with oil, police aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pose a serious threat to the environmental situation in the Caspian Sea. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) containing oil pose a serious threat to environmental degradation in the Caspian Sea. One of the reasons for the oil pollution of the Caspian Sea is the transportation of oil and petroleum products from the polluted lands of the Absheron Peninsula to the sea. Natural sources of PAHs in the marine environment are griffins, underwater volcanic eruptions, hydrothermal channels, and precipitation from dry and coastal flows. The source of PAHs in the sea is river flow, and atmospheric flows, the average share of other main sources is 35-50%. [1-9].
PAHs have a thousand times higher toxicity than other hazardous substances. The conversion of PAHs is of great practical and scientific importance from an environmental point of view. Absheron land degradation and transformation of PAHs of the Surakhani oil field were studied at the ANAS Institute of Radiation Problems [10-12]. In order to evaluate the role of radiation in the process of oil degradation in the environment and to investigate the possibilities of purifying water from oil mixtures by the radiation-chemical method, the radiation-chemical processes occurring in the oil samples taken from the well in the Surakhani area, as well as separated from the water, were studied. It was determined that oil samples separated from water are more resistant to radiation.
METHODOLOGY
The chromato-mass-spectrometric method was used to analyze the products in the liquid phase. Chromatographic analysis GCFID (GS-450, Varian-2010 USA) and mass spectrometric GC / MS Trace DSQ (Thermo Electron, Finngan ABS, 2005) were used. Oil samples were dried with dry Na2SO4, then mixed with dichloromethane (CH2Q2) for chromatographic analysis. . Analysis was also performed on a GC/MS Trace DSQ (Thermo Electron, Finngan 2005) instrument in the m/z = 35-400 (mass to charge ratio/z) range, and the components of the products were determined based on the mass spectra. In terms of the reason why polynuclear compounds are the most ecologically toxic, it is interesting to study their changes over time in the process of oil degradation in this environment.
Table No. 2 shows the main characteristics of the oil content of 16 PAHs.
Table No 2. 16 main characteristics of PAHs in oil composition
M, chemistry mistry oxic maximum
16EPA -PAK q/mol structure mula , n valence permissible
actor concentration
Naphthalene 128 CO C10H8 2 0.001
Acenaphthylene 152.2 OÖ C12H8 3 0.001
Acenaphthene 154.2 65 C10H10 3 0.001
Fluorene 166.2 og C13H10 4 0.001
Phenanthrene 178.23 co:s C14H10 3 0.001
Anthracene 178.23 ox C14H10 3 0.01
Fluoranthene 202.26 cxß C16H10 4 0.001
Pyrene 202.26 69 C16H10 4 0.001
Benzo(a)anthrac ene 228.29 (CCD C18H12 4 0.1
Chrysene 228.29 o5° C18H12 4 0.01
Benzo(k)fluoran thene 252.32 caS C20H12 5 0.1
Benzo(b)fluoran thene 252.32 C20H12 5 0.1
Benzo(a) pyrene 252.3 cxf2? C20H12 5 1
Indeno(123cd)p yrene 276.3 c® C22H12 6 0.1 9
Benzo(ghi) perylene 276.3 «г? C22H12 6 1 3
Dibenzo(ah) anthracene 278.3 C22H14 5 5 0,007 mq/m3
As can be seen from the table, the toxicity of individual PAKs (especially benzo compounds) is a thousand times more than other toxic compounds. Therefore, ecological transformations and mutual transformation of PAHs are of great practical and scientific interest from the point of view of
studying these processes under the influence of various factors.PAHs has a thousand times higher toxicity than other hazardous substances. The transformation of PAHs is of quite practical and scientific importance from an environmental point of view. A study of the role of radiation in the decomposition of oil exposed to environmental factors was conducted [10-12]. To assess the role of radiation in the process of oil degradation in the environment and to study the possibility of purifying water from oil mixtures by the radiation-chemical method, radiation-chemical processes occurring on oil samples extracted from wells from the territory of Surakhana, as well as isolated from water, were investigated. Oil samples isolated from water were found to have high radiation.
A small amount of PAHs occurs in oilseed, coal, bitumen lakes, volcanic ash, and during forest fires, several PAHs are released into the atmosphere. Anthropogenic sources contribute to PAHs environmental pollution. PAHs are formed during the incomplete combustion of coal, gasoline, and fuel oil (in conditions of oxygen deficiency). This is a waste of petrochemical and coke chemical production. PAHs pollutes the surface of the oceans and the coastal strip during an oil spill during transport [13].PAHs are found in tobacco smoke, they can form when smoking. PAHs pollute the air of settlements when burning household waste and fallen leaves. PAHs formed during the pyrolysis of carbon-containing materials are initially in a gaseous state. However, as the temperature decreases, the ash particles condense or dissolve on the surface. The slow collapse of such particles contaminates the soil and water bodies at a considerable distance from the PAK source [14]. PAHs can be used by microorganisms, plants, and animals. PAHs molecules can assemble in the tissues of living organisms. They have carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties and cause serious diseases and developmental disorders. The harm that PAHs causes to the human body can manifest itself not only in the life of a certain person, but also in several subsequent generations.
PAHs are not used in principle. However, some are used for the production of paints, plastics, and pesticides. Patches persist in the environment and may bioaccumulate. 87 PAHs are mainly formed during combustion, processing and use of petroleum products and organic substances (coal, firewood, bitumen, polymer materials). Waters can also be contaminated with PAHs through the accidental spillage of oil and petroleum products from sewage or other sources. Since the environmental and toxicological hazards of PAHs are a matter of acute concern, their concentration in the environment should be greatly reduced and, in the best case, they should be completely eliminated.
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