CC BY
12
Вестник КазНМУ №1-2017
349
УДК 613.5:645.444:372
E.I. KUSAINOVA, A.K.TEKMANOVA, A. ILYAS, A. ZHUNUSBAY, N. ZHAKSYBAI
Asfendiyarov Kazakh National medical university, Almaty, Kazakhstan
PHYSIOLOGICAL-HYGIENIC SUBSTANTIATION OF THE OPTIMUM RATIO OF BODY PROPORTIONS
AND CLASSROOM FURNITURE OPTIONS
A comparative, study concerning a better accommodation of the student's posture during classes (with the radio between the bodys proportions and classroom furniture height varying) has been conducted by physiological (spirography, plethysmography) andanthropological methods,as well as by the biochemical analysis of posture.The optimal classroom furniture heightvalues appropriate for instituteshave been established Keywords: students,anthropometry, parameters of classroom furniture
Introduction. As is known, the main criteriaor rationing furniture are comfortable working pose, its ergonomic and physiological rationale. For the normal functioning of various organs and body systems at work sitting, the main parameters of the furniture should be in a specific ratio to the value of the anatomical features. In this context, the development of standards at mass use of the furniture must be installed within range of anatomical differences in the ratio of features and furniture options. When developing standards for school furniture, it has been proven that the size mismatch of furniture anatomical values within M ± 15 (±2sm) does not effect on your posture and does not cause abnormalities in the functional status of the student body as including younger ages.
In this study, there was a task to determine what magnitude of mismatch between anthropometric parameters and features of the students of high school furniture does not cause them adverse changes of physiological functions.To solve this problemconducted complex investigations in the following areas: changing the growth (at 1 199 people) to determine the grafting differensesgrowth among groups of students; Applied anthropometry to 22 indicators (height above seat of eyes line, line of angles,shoulder bladesdepth, lumbar bends,shin, thigh length and etc. at 345 people). Study of the functional state of several body systems, external breathing function(100 spirogramm). Materials and methods. Based on actual 1 199 student growth data was constructed curve percentage distribution of this trait. From the data presented in the figure can be seen that the growth rates in 96.3% surveyed fall within the range from 160 to 185 cm, in 0.4% below - 160 cm and 3.9% - above 185 sm. The average rise surveyed contingent of 174.6 cm. Results and discussion. Based on the current practice of school furniture rationingobtained anthropometric data were grouped into two groups of growth at intervals of 15 sm, growth taken as normalized for school furniture. The first group included students with 161-176 sm. growth, the second - 177-192sm. Since extreme variants of
growth occurred in a small percentage of cases, and to the ends 18-26 years body growth and development of the main systems of the organism, including ensuring posture stability and regulation, the third group has been allocated, comprising the totality of the growth range (161-191cm) . Dimensions of furniture made to determine, based on the average values of body parts in each of the groups of growth as middle and close to them the cases are found in large number of cases. The formation of posture most affected by the size of tall furniture - seat height and height of table anthropometric criterion that determines the height of the seat is the length of the lower leg with the foot in the shoe, that is, the distance from the floor to the soft tissues of the human thigh dimples in a sitting position. Height of the table is made up of seat height and differentiation - the distance from the seat to the elbow, close to the body. l.V.Mihaylova and G.A.Sharshatkina established that the value of differentiation for pupils equal to the height of the elbow close to the body of the seat, with the addition of convenience pose 6 cm. According to our data, the convenience provided by students pose with the addition of 8 cm to the average height of the elbow (24,3sm). Mean values of anthropometric indicators that determine the size of tall furniture on these groups are presented in Table 1. From the table 1 it seen that at students of first and second groups the difference between the average values of the length of the lower leg with the foot in the shoe is 2,1sm. The average value of this antropometrical marks for all studied population of students (3 group) is 46.6 sm and diffirentiate from average value of the 1st and 2nd groups only on ±1sm.
These differences should be recognized as irrelevant according to L.V.Mikhailova mismatch of furniture and said anthropometric trait within ±2 sm ergonomic and physiologically insignificant even for students. The difference between the average values of the height of the elbow on the seat of the students of the first and second groups, compared with the third group also is insignificant and is 1 - 0.8 cm, respectively.
Table 1-Average values of anthropometric characteristics are determined by the dimensions of the furniture at the students of different growth groups_
Anthropometric sign Growth, sm the difference between the average values
1-group 2 - group 3-group 1-2 1-3 2-3
161-176 176-191 161-191
the length of the 45,6±1,6 47,7±1,5 46,6±2,0 -2,1 -1,0 +1,0
lower leg with the
foot in the shoe 23,3±1,8 25,1±1,6 24,3±2,0 -1,8 -1,0 +0,8
The lack of the meaningful difference of average many reasons. For the same length of the size of the body
fearuteogf these ergonomical values are expressed by parts of it in different individuals may be different (V.V.
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Bunakand others). For example, within the study of M.N. Korsunskaya and L.N. Zagluhinskayalower leg length of 34 cm met in groups surveyed with an increase from 127 to 148 cm and the height of the elbow on the seat 18 cm. -people with growth of 91 to 142 cm In our observations tibia length 46 cm found in individuals with growth ranging from 161 - 186 sm.
Another reason is that the length of the lower leg has a significant impact and the height of the heel shoes. We surveyed students it varied from 2.5 to 11 cm, with an average of 5.6 sm. Moreover, in patients with an increase up to 165 cm is equal to an average of 7.6 cm and in patients with an increase of more than 180 cm -3.2 cm. This is to some extent eliminates the differences in the length of the lower leg with the foot in the shoes of students of different heights.
The size of the elbow height of seat 24 cm met students with growth ranging from 165 to 183 cm. This is consistent with the results of SV Investigation Ermakova and al.authors, according to which the difference in average growth of students to 10 cm difference of averages compared to only 0.5 cm for men and 0.4 cm for men.No significant differences in the averages of the height of the elbow on the seat due to the fact that on the one hand human growth largely depends on the leg length than the length of the body on the other so that a change in shape of the spine in sitting posture helps smooth out differences in the length of the body from different heights persons.
Thus, the insignificance of the difference between the average values of the main anthropometric features in the two groups does not give grounds for classroom furniture offers two sizes for schools. Provided classroom furniture and equipment of two sizes in accordance with the average growth of anthropometric features two groups for the vast majority of students will be equally convenient to use for seating furniture both rooms. In order to clarify the need for the number of dimensions of the furniture was held physiological-hygienic substantiation of the optimum ratio of body proportions and parameters of classroom furniture for the indicators mentioned above. Under experimental conditions, the ratio of simulated seat height and length of the lower leg,
desk height and differentiation within M ±15, or 2 sm, (T.Sh. Minnibaev) and M ±1.55 (±3sm), the quantities of anthropometric characteristics for the entire population. It is possible to evaluate the convenience of working postures and for students with extremes anthropometric features. Comparative analysis of biomechanical parameters of working postures (Table 2) showed that the discrepancy between the size of the furniture values lower leg length DSO foot in the shoe, and the height of the elbow in the range ±1.55 (±3 cm) from the average feature has no significant effect on the biomechanics of students poses. Thus, the average value of the angles parts of the body at a value mismatch within ± 3 changed only 2-5 on the data discrepancy with the value received (±2cm). In both cases, your feet are on the floor and lean percentage asymmetric postures range but about the same level from 17 to 24. According to L.V.Mihaylovoya and G.A. Sharshatkinoya mismatch parameters tall furniture tibia length and height of the elbow at around ±3 to ± 4 cm in schoolchildren of different ages and does not cause significant changes in the angles of bending parts of the body (3-5). The study of the electrical receptacles lower limbs, body microvibrations amplitude, frequency and nature of complaints of the students did not reveal revealed no significant changes in these indicators for non-compliance seat height and lower leg length of between ±2 and ±3 cm. Bearing in mind that among the surveyed contingent are persons who have the length of the lower leg with the foot in the shoe extends beyond - 1.55 (undersized), It conducted a series of experiments using steps 5 sm feet tall while the students showed no adverse hemodynamic changes, and there were no complaints about the feeling of squeezing, pain, numbness in the legs.
Thus, data analysis of physiological reactions of biomechanical characteristics of the item and the frequency of complaints indicates that the seat height is equal to the average length of the whole population of the lower leg (46cm) is optimal for people with lower leg length in the range of M ±1.55 and the presence of steps in furniture design - and for people with the length of the lower leg goes beyond M - 1.55.
Table 2-Angles parts of the body at different ratios of seat height and lower leg, desk height, and differentiation
Biochemical characterization of the working dose
the value of non-compliance of anthropometric characteristics and dimensions of the furniture
M±2 sm for 2
parameters
Seat Height
above the tibia 3 cm
above the tibia 2 cm
the value of differentiation
L* + 3 sm
L* - 3 sm
inclination of the head relative to the torso
The slope of the body from the vertical The angle of sight The angle of the hip joint The angle of knee joint The angle of the ankle joint The distance from the eyes to the Working surface poses
Asymmetry
The position of the feet when the feet are all based on the floor
14,8±0,1
14,4±0,1
69,0±0,2
82,1±0,2
92,3±0,2
98,4±0,2 35,1±0,2 19,7 100
12,0±0,1
10,9±0,1
72,2±0,3
88,0±0,2
88,1±0,3
93,4±0,3 29,1±0,2 17,3 100
15,4±0,1
18,4±0,1
74,0±0,2
79,2±0,2
97,0±0,2
96,8±0,2 31,4±0,2 24,1 100
12,6±0,1
11,2±0,1
72,4±0,3
83,4±0,2
90,1±0,2
95,5±0,2 32,9±0,2 23,4 100
15,1±0,1
19,2±0,1
66,4±0,1
86,5±0,2
98,1±0,3
103,1±0,3 34,1±0,2 18,4 100
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It is seen from the table 3, that delay on average equal to the value of the height of the elbow of the forearm in a position comfortable for writing (32cm) for the entire population does not cause significant subjective complaints and shifts the physiological reactions of the organism studied at the value of non-compliance as ±2
(±15) cm and 3 cm (±1.55). For more evidence of that delay on within the M ± 1.55 is optimal, has conducted a series of studies at the value of differentiation within ±25 ±2.55 material adverse changes in the functional state of an organism of students have been identified in these cases.
Table 3 - Changes in the frequency of complaints and indicators of the functional state of an organism of students with different ratio values of differentiation, and the height of the table
The value of differentiation Complaints%
fatigue numb the pain poses an incon breathing capacity, ml MBC, l LCL, l
venie nce boys girls boys girls boys girls
M+4-5sm M 19.1 17.0 22.6 58.4 842.7 656.1 17.2 16.7 3.48 2.80
±m 5.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 59.8 23.8 1.7 1.4 0.11 0.08
t 2.48 9.0 3.97 3.9 2.9 0.7 1.8 2.8
P <0.05 <0.00 1 <0.001 <0.001 <0.01 >0.5 >0.5 <0.01
M+3sm M 9.4 3.8 3.8 6.7 1170.0 840.0 25.0 18.5 3.80 3.16
±m 4.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 52.0 41 1.5 1.3 0.08 0.09
t 0.9 1.1 0.4 0.07 0.3 0.2 0.07 0.2
P >0.5 >0.5 >0.5 >0.5 >0.5 >0.5 >0.5 >0.5
M-3sm M 7.5 7.5 8.0 1100 854 25.3 17.9 3.71 3.24
±m 3.0 3.0 4.0 58.0 39.2 1.8 1.0 0.08 0.09
t P 0.66 1.4 1.1 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.06 0.8
>0.5 >0.5 >0.5 >0.5 >0.5 >0.5 >0.5 >0.5
M-4-5sm M 23.2 15.1 9.4 78.6 716.1 519.1 15.1 15.2 3.40 2.75
±m 4.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 43.8 29.9 1.5 1.4 0.02 0.10
t 3.7 12.2 6.0 6.3 4.0 1.5 2.3 2.9
P <0.001 <0.00 1 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 >0.5 >0.5 <0.01
Conclusion.
1. Inconsistency basic parameters tall sizes of classroom furniture respective values of anthropometric characteristics within M±1.55 (±3sm) covering the 90% students surveyed, does not cause adverse changes in the functional state of the organism.
2. With the standardization of functional dimensions of classroom furniture as raw averages of anthropometric characteristics for the population without division into growth group optimum value of the seat height to be taken shall be 46 cm, Differ -32sm, the height of the table top, facing the sitting - 78cm (46±32).
REFERENCES
1 Bashkirov P.N. The teaching about the physical development of people. - M.: 1982. - 584 p.
2 Bunak V.V. Scientific notes. - M.: 1937. - 732 p.
3 Ermakova S.V., Podstavkina T. P., Strokina A.N. Anthropometric atlas. - M.: 1997. - 138 p.
4 Korsunskaya M.I., Zagluhinskaya L.N. Hygiene and epidemiology. - 1931. - №1. - 526 p.
5 Minnibaev T. Sh. Hygiene and san. - 1980. - №10. - 232 p.
6 Milhailova L.V. Hygienic standardization of functional sizes of school furniture: autoref. dis. ... d-r. med. scin - M., 1974. -76 p.
352
Вестник КазНМУ №1-2017
Э.И. КУСАЙЫНОВА, А.К. ТЕКМАНОВА, Э. ИЛЬЯС, А. ЖYНIСБАЙ, Н. ЖАКСЫБАЙ
С.Ж. Асфендиаров атындагы К,азац ¥лттыцмедициналыцуниверситетi
АУДИТОРИАЛЫЩ ЖИНАЗДАР ПАРАМЕТ1РЛЕР1 МЕН ДЕНЕ ПРОПОРЦИАЛАРЫН ФИЗИОЛОГИЯЛЫЩ-ГИГИЕНАЛЫК; Т¥РFЫДА НЕГ1ЗДЕУ
Тушн: Бiлiм алушылардын, денсаулыгын са;тау жэне жумыс кабшеттшпн арттыру мемлекет тарапында басты роль аткарады. Келесi багыттар бойынша кешендi зерттеу жумыстары журпзквд: студенттердщ эртYрлi топтагы бой ерекшелiктерi бойынша бойынын, узындыктарын елшеу, колданбалы антропометрия, жумыс калпына кейбiр агзанын, тура;тылыгын зерттеу, сырт;ы тыныс алу кызме™, сонымен катар арнайы курастырылган сауалнама бойынша субъективтi калыпты багалау. Гигиеналык; негiздеу мен калыпты саба; кестесшщ болмауы, жумыс орны мен оку жагдайын дурыс уйымдастырумау жумыс кабшет мен оку белсендiлiн темендетш студенттер арасында аурушацдылыктын, жогарлауына экелш согады.
ТYЙiндi сездер: студенттер, антропометрия, аудиториалы; жиhаздар параметрi
Э.И. КУСАЙЫНОВА, А.К. ТЕКМАНОВА, А. ИЛЬЯС, А. ЖУНИСБАЙ, Н. ЖАКСЫБАЙ
Казахский Национальный медицинский университет им.С.Д. Асфендиярова
ФИЗИОЛОГО-ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКОЕ ОБОСНОВАНИЕ ОПТИМАЛЬНОГО СООТНОШЕНИЯ ПРОПОРЦИИ ТЕЛА И ПАРАМЕТРОВ АУДИТОРНОЙ МЕБЕЛИ
Резюме: Сохранение здоровья, повышение работоспособности учащихся имеют большую актуальность и являются общегосударственной задачей. Проведено комплексное обследование в следующих направлениях: измерение роста для определения распространённости различных ростовых групп среди студентов; прикладная антропометрия, изучение некоторых систем организма устойчивости рабочей позы, функции внешнего дыхания, а так же субъективную оценку удобства позы с помощью специально разработанной анкеты. Отсутствие гигиенического обоснования и норму занятий, организации рабочего места и условиям обучения приводят к учебной перегрузка, снижению работоспособности и учебной активности и повышению заболеваемости студентов. Ключевые слова: студенты, антропометрия, пропорции тела параметры аудиторной мебели
УДК 613.954 (075.8)
С.М. ЗИКРИЯРОВА, А.К. ТЕКМАНОВА, Э.И. КУСАЙЫНОВА, С.Р. ДАУРОВА, А.А. САРЫБАЙ, У.А. САРЫБАЙ
С.ЖАсфендияров атындагы К,азак ¥лттыкмедицинаyrneepcumemi
МЕКТЕП ОКУШЫЛАРЫНЫН, БУЛШЫК; ЕТ ЖYЙЕСШЩ КЫЗМЕТ1НЕ САНДЫК; БАFА БЕРУ
Бул жумыста эр турлг жастагы мектеп окушыларыныц булшык ет кызметтщ жагдайыныц сапалык жэне сандык керсеткштер1 бойынша б1рщгай булшык ет тесттщ сынамасыныц кортындылары керсетлген. Tyurndi сездер: мектеп окушылары, булшык ет жуйеафукционалдык кор жэне ауыткулар,булшык еттщ езгерктерщаутаз факторлар.
6cin келе жат;ан балалар opraHraMi крршаган ортанын, эр TYpлi факторларынын, эсерше мшдетл турде кездесш отыратындыгы зандылы; болганымен, осы факторлардын, кепшшп, эарсе кешнп жылдары ecin даму процесше кеpi эсерш типзш, opганизмдi ;олайсыз езгерютерге экелетш «;ауштшк» факторлары pетiнде
;арастырылады.Балалар мен жасeспipiмдеp агзалары есу жэне даму процесшещ жетiлмегендiгiнен ;оршаган ортанын, эpтYpлi факторларынын, эсеpiне сезiмтал болып келедШлардын, денсаулы; жагдайыныц нашарлауы деш сау балалардын, санынын, азаю мен барлы; ауру TYpлеpi бойынша аурушандылы;тыц,соныц iшiнде ;ац;а-булшы; ет ЖYЙесiнiн, ауруларынын, артуына алып келiп отыр. (Потапов А.И. 2000., Онищенко Г.Г., 2001,2005 с соавт.Кучма В.Р. с соавт., 2008.) Кац;а-булшы; ет ЖYЙесiнiн, ауыт;уларыныц артуын шет ел мамандары да ;адагалап отыр,ДД¥ комитетшщ
шешiмi бойынша балалар арасында мониторинг ЖYpгiзiген (Balague F.,Troussier В., 1999; Richchiardelli L, Ban-field S, 2000; Kasperczyk Т., 2000). Балалардын, жеке даму кезен,шде,сонын, iшiнде алгаш;ы мектепке бару кезецдершде ;оршаган ортага деген сез1мталдык; артып дисгармонды даму кepiнедi (Р. Айзман, 1988; И. Г Блинова и др., 1994). Осыган байланысты балалар гигиенасы мен жас eспipiмдеp гигиенасынын, басты мэселесi болып, есш келе жат;ан агзанын, денсаулыгын арттыру мен ;оргау ;ажетт кepсеткiштеpдi зерттеу болып табылады. Мектеп о;ушысы оку Ypдiсi кезiнде уза; статикалы; ЖYKтеме сезiнедi,oл балалар мен жасeсmpiмдеpдiн, функционалды жэне физиологиялы; ЖYЙесiне колайсыз эсер етедь Fалымдаpдын, зеpттеуi бойынша (K.Provoznik и соавт.) мектеп о;ушыларыныц жасына байланысты ™рек-;имыл аппаратынын, булшы; еттершщ ;ыс;аруы аны;талган жэне Х. Сейффаттыц аны;тауы бойынша мектеп жасындагы балаларда
