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DOI 10.14526/02_2018_308
ANALYSIS OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL-FUNCTIONAL INDICES CONNECTION DEGREE IN THROWING AMONG ATHLETES
1 2**3 3
Kuznetsova Z.M. , Kuznetsov S.A. , Ovchinnikov Yu.D. , Golovko P.V.
1Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named After I.N. Ulyanov" Russia, Ulyanovsk, kzm_diss@mail.ru 2Naberezhnye Chelny Branch of Higher Education Institution " TISBI University of Management»
Russia, Naberezhnye Chelny 3Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Kuban State University
of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism" Russia, Krasnodar, kzm_diss@mail.ru
Annotation. A purposeful long-term training and upbringing of high class sportsmen is a difficult process, the quality of which depends on several factors. One of these factors is gifted children and teen-agers selection. The objectives of sports selection in throwing at the stage of initial training were indirectly solved in some scientific research works. This problem is still very urgent and still has its scientific and practical importance at a modern stage of sport development. The effectiveness of managing a sports training mainly depends on objective character and accuracy of information, which a trainer has about a sportsman during the trainings. Quantitative and qualitative indices registration of physical, technical and other kinds of training in athletic throwing will help to predict sports results of sportsmen-beginners. Materials. In the article the authors analyze the degree of morphofunctional indices connection with sports achievements in throwing among young men. Research methods: scientific literature analysis and summarizing, morphological peculiarities of athletes' analysis, testing, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. For sportsmen, who specialize in throwing, it is typical to have morphofunctional features of physical development. At the first stage of training longitudinal body sizes (upper and lower extremities and their segments), become very important especially for discus throwers (30,76+0,46 cm and 45,16+0,62 cm) and shot putters (32,78+0,51cm), and their ratio. Discus throwers and shot putters have longer upper extremities. This advantage is observed owing to all parts of the upper extremity - a shoulder and forearm with a hand. High class athletes' morphological peculiarities analysis revealed a high connection between the indices of body constitution, weight, height, weight-height index, extremities length and their segments and sports specialization and sportsmen's effectiveness. Conclusion. For athletes who specialize in throwing, it is typical to have morphofunctional features ofphysical development. At the first stage of training longitudinal body sizes (upper and lower extremities and their segments), become very important especially for discus throwers (30,76+0,46 cm and 45,16+0,62 cm) and shot putters (32,78+0,51cm), and their ratio. Discus throwers and shot putters have longer upper extremities. This advantage is observed owing to all parts of the upper extremity - a shoulder and forearm with a hand. Keywords: biomechanics, body weight, throwing, sports result.
For citations: Kuznetsova Z.M., Kuznetsov S.A., Ovchinnikov Yu.D., Golovko P.V. Analysis of the degree of morphological-functional indices connection in throwing among athletes. The Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport (Pedagogico-Phycological and Medico-Biological Problems of Physical Culture and Sports). 2018; 13(2): 44-50. DOI 10.14526/02_2018_308
A purposeful long-term training and upbringing of high class sportsmen is a difficult process, the quality of which depends on several factors. One of these factors is gifted children and teen-agers selection.
The objectives of sports selection in throwing at the stage of initial training were indirectly solved in some scientific research works, held by the following scientists: Press T.N., Komarova A.D., Voznyak V.S., Tutevich V. N., Tumanyan G.S. and others [3,6,8]. This problem is still very urgent and still has its scientific and practical importance at a modern stage of elite sport development and pedagogical mastery improvement, however, it wasn't mentioned in scientific literature for a long time. Scientific research works, directed at psychological help and informativity estimation of physical working capacity and motional readiness indices among children, were widely discussed [4,5,6,11]. It shows special profile and specificity of this kind of sport, it's not cultivated character in the country, insufficient popularization among young people and, as a result, the absence of thorough scientific research works using miltifactorial analysis. This kind of sport demands former sports positions revival and it is necessary to start from sports selection analysis.
The effectiveness of managing a sports training mainly depends on objective character and accuracy of information, which a trainer has about a sportsman during the trainings (Groshchenkov S.S.; Han Chao, Hao Jun) [2,5,6,11]. Quantitative and qualitative indices registration of physical, technical and other kinds of training in athletic throwing will help to predict sports results of sportsmen-beginners.
The results of several experimental works, dedicated to throwers' morphological peculiarities influence study on the results of motional tasks, are different. In heavy projectiles throwing (shot, hammer) there is a positive dependence between body weight and sports result [2], however, there is no dependence between body weight and spring ability [1]. Biomechanical quality "quickness" of the fulfilled movements has an inverse dependence on body weight. With body
weight increase, decrease the results in power and speed-power exercises, connected with own body moving in space (Kostyuchenko V.F., Vrublevskiy E.P., Borovaya V.A.) [4].
The scientific work of V.N. Tutevich [10] is about a thrower's body length and mass influence on output angle, initial speed and distance of a projectile flight. Distance of a projectile flight in throwing depends on speed of its output. The second law of Newton says, that the speed of projectile output is directly proportional to power and time of its use (mass of a projectile is constant). It means that throwers should have high indices of muscle power and have long levers, which increase time of power exert to a projectile. Nevertheless, some trainers consider that for discus throwers these factors are not basic, as because of projectile lightness results mainly depend on the level of throwers' speed qualities [4].
According to Komarova A.D., during selection of sportsmen into the group of throwers it is necessary to pay attention to children, who have average and above the average height (for their age group) with sufficiently developed muscles and proportional ratio of the separate parts of the body [3,7,8]. The height of 12-13-year-old girls should be no less than 168-170 cm, the height of 12-13-year-old boys should be no less than 170-175 cm, body weight is not great, as children with muscle mass don't have sufficient power and flexibility of nervous processes. For discus throwers it is important to take into account shoulders width, for hammer throwers length of arms is very important, but shoulder width is practically not important. While paying attention to height of the future throwers, not only existing data should be taken into account, but also potentialities of this important index change.
Potentialities of body growth can be determined according to the length of a hand and feet (Krivolapchuk I.A., Chernova M.B., Gerasimova A.A., Barantsev S.A., Myshyakov V.V., Prosyankin V.V.) [5]. If a beginner, who is not very high, has big hands and feet, we can reckon for a considerable height increase of a sportsman in the future.
Aulik I.V. considers that selection, which is based only on the level of physical
qualities development estimation, is ineffective [1]. Scientific research works show and practical experience proves scientific ideas that in childhood, during adolescence and even during pre-adult age the best results are seen not among the most clever and promising people, but among those, who goes ahead of his coevals in biological age, at the same time, development tempos have strictly individual character (Lovyagina A.E.) [6].
According to well-known scientists Komarova A.D., Press T.N., Tumanyan G.S., Martirosov E.G., anthropometric indices
(height, body weight, arms span) are very important for outstanding results in throwing achievement [3,8,9, p.55].
During morphofunctional features determination, which condition the ability to go in for athletic throwing, we used scientific methods, which prove objectivity of the held research works.
During anthropometric characteristics measuring 3 groups of interconnected indices were examined, which help to see objectively the results of scientific research works (anthropometric method).
Table 1 - Groups of anthropometric characteristics
№ Longitudial body sizes: Total body sizes Transversal body sizes
1. Body length (height standing), body weight, Acromial diameter (shoulders width) -
2. The upper part of the body length (height standing) Body length Pelvisridge diameter (pelvis width)
3. body length chest circumference
4. hand length
5. shoulder length
6. forearm length
7. hand length
8. leg length
9. hip length
10. shin length
11. foot length
Terminology of the table:
Acromial diameter (shoulders width) - the distance between the right and the left acromial points (during measuring shoulders shouldn't be strongly raised or let down).
Pelvisridge diameter (pelvis width) - distance between the right and the left iliac -ridge points. Transversal chest diameter- distance between the most protrudent side parts of ribs.
Anterior-posterior thoracic diameter - distance between lowsternal point and spinous process of vertebra, which is in the same horizontal plane.
Transversal diameter of the lower part of a shoulder - the greatest distance between the outer and inner epicondyles of humerus.
Transversal diameter of the lower part of a forearm- the greatest distance between styloid processes of radius and ulna. Transversal diameter of the lower part of a hip- the greatest distance between inner and outer epicondyles of femoral bone.
Mathematical statistics methods were used in order to substantiate subjectively the reliability of and validity of quantitative characteristics of the studied values.
Statistical handling of experimental material included the following values calculation: S arithmetic mean; S arithmetic mean error; S standard deviation;
S standard deviation error;
S coefficient of variation;
S Student criterion for validity of the compared results differences revelation.
54 young sportsmen at the age of 1316 years old took part in the experiment. Among them 27 beginners, 10 sportsmen have the 2nd junior category, 14 people have the 1st junior category and 6 people have the 3 rd senior category.
Great attention during athletes' selection was paid to morphological peculiarities. High class athletes' morphological peculiarities analysis revealed connection between the indices of body structure, body weight, height, mass-height index, extremities length and their segments and sports specialization, sportsmen's effectiveness.
Body length as an integral index of organism formation is very important in some kinds of sport (total sizes of body). The received interconnection between body length and sports result among young men prove great influence of this index on sports result in discus throwing and in shot put (h = 0,724 - 0,726).
The indices connection of pair correlation of body length and sports result among young athletes with age (with sports qualification improvement) increases, achieving maximum at the age of 15.
In the studied kinds of juvenile throwing there is a valid connection between body weight and sports result (h = 0,563 -0,580). As the components of weight parts are difficult the average value correlation, with general regularity of connection increase with the age and sports training.
Transversal body sizes, especially extremities and their parts, being bone lever, can influence greatly sportsmanship of young throwers. Great degree of these indices dependence on inheritance gives reliable information for their use in training practice as the tests for selection.
While characterizing interconnection of transversal sizes of the upper extremity and its parts, it should be noted, that
interconnection between these indices and a sports result in throwing is not equal.
The greatest connection, which increases with ages, between arm length index and the result in throwing is seen in shot put and discus throwing (h = 0,459 - 0,507).
Considerable degree of connection between shoulder length and sports results is seen in discus throwing and shot put (h = 0,636 - 0,746), in javelin-throwing this index is not very important for results achievement (h = 0,329).
It should be noted that shoulder length in comparison with arm length is more important in discus throwing and shot put.
Speaking about forearm length, we can mention that its importance for mastery achievement in throwing is not great, degree of connection is within the limits of the average values (h = 0,302 - 0,402).
Correlation between hand length and sports result is valid in shot put and discus throwing (h = 0,422 - 0,452), in javelin-throwing it is lower than the limits of validity (h = 0,403).
Characterizing interconnection of the upper extremity and its parts with sports result, we can mention, that this index value for results achievement in throwing is not equal.
The greatest connection, which increases with age, between arms length index and the result in throwing is seen in shot put and discus throwing (h= 0,459 - 0,507).
The greatest degree of connection between shoulder length and sports results is in discus throwing and shot put (h = 0,636 -0,746), in javelin-throwing this index is not very important for results achievement (h = 0,329).
It should be noted that forearm length in comparison with arm length is more important in discus throwing and shot put.
Speaking about forearm length, we can say that its value for mastery achievement in throwing is not great, degree of connection is within the limits of the average values (h = 0,302 - 0,402).
Correlation between hand length and sports result is valid in shot put and discus throwing (h = 0,422 - 0,452), in javelin-throwing it is lower than validity limits (h = 0,403).
Characterizing interconnection of the upper extremity and its parts with sports result, we can mention, that its value for results achievement in throwing is not equal. Valid connection between the upper extremity length and its segments, mainly shoulder length, with sports result is seen in discus throwing and shot put, in javelin-throwing this connection is insignificant, which is, in our opinion, can be the result of insufficient technical mastery of young javelin throwers.
The connection between leg length and sports result is valid in shot put and discus throwing (h = 0,465 - 0,515), in javelin-throwing it is not strongly expressed (h = 0,217).
The connection between hip length and sports result is great in shot put and discus throwing (h = 0,478 - 0,481). The same connection is between the result and foot length, however, correlation coefficient value (h = 0,482 - 0,585) is higher, than hip length and it is important for necessary bearing area provision.
Characterizing interconnection of the lower extremity and its parts with sports result, we can mention, that hip length is the most important, the same as in the upper extremity, proximal part, especially for discus throwers and shot putters.
Transversal body sizes. The following transversal body sizes were analyzed: shoulders width and pelvis width. The first parameter characterizes muscles development and constitution type, the second parameter characterizes body steadiness of a sportsman during throwing.
Correlation between the studied index of shoulder width and sports result is more considerable in shot put and discus throwing (h = 0,542 - 0,685). In javelin-throwing it is valid only at the age of 16 (h=0,412).
Correlation between the index of pelvis width and sports result is significant in all kinds of throwing (h = 0,425 - 0,541).
Analyzing interconnection of shoulder and pelvis width with sports result, we can mention that if shoulder width is important both in discus throwing and shot put, pelvis width is important in all studied kinds of throwing.
Morphofunctional features comparison of physical development among young throwers helped to set several significant regularities.
According to body length discus throwers and shot putters leave javelin throwers behind. The same connection is seen during chest circumference estimation.
Shot putters and discus throwers have the greatest body weight. Among all groups of throwers body weight increases not equally.
Young discus throwers have the longest upper extremities (it is seen in comparison with shot putters in all parts of the upper extremities - a shoulder, firearm and a hand), which form biomechanical lever (which helps throwing). This regularity is seen in all age groups.
In lower extremities length the same differences are seen between javelin throwers, discus throwers, on the one hand, and shot putters, on the other hand. Differences are in a hip length. Such kind of the lower extremities parts ratio is necessary for steadiness of throwers provision. The average value of a shin provides general center of body gravity (GCBG) lowering, in terms of considerable body length among shot putters and discus throwers, which leads to great steadiness of throwers' pose and a longer hip increases area of bearing, giving the opportunity for body movement during circular motion with a projectile without balance loss.
In all studied age range shoulders width among discus throwers prevails over shoulders width of people, who go in for other kinds of throwing, though, differences between the indices of discus throwers and shot putters is not great. So we come to the
conclusion that the last two groups this index is more important, which is proved by variability coefficient of this parameter, which is considerably lower, than among javelin throwers. Speaking about pelvis width, there
are no significant differences in this index among throwers. The results of mean value, standard deviation and arms span increase among young throwers are presented in table 2.
Table 2 -Mean value (M), standard deviation (Q) and arms span increase among young throwers
Age Kinds of throwing
javelin discus shot
М Q increase М Q increase М Q increase
13 179,69 14,93 - 194,94 13,54 - 182,89 14,50
14 186,57 16,62 6,88 193,34 15,79 9,40 190,73 16,24 7,84
15 197,33 13,15 10,76 206,5 12,37 12,19 202,69 12,75 11,95
16 207,82 14,36 10,48 218,51 13,09 11,98 204,06 14,03 11,38
According to covering sizes of shoulder, forearm, hip, shin extremities segments javelin throwers and shot putters have higher indices, than discus throwers.
The difference in hip musculature development is conditioned by specific work of its muscles. Heavy projectiles throwers (javelin, shot put) have bigger hip circumference, than discus throwers. In shin perimeters there were no significant differences among throwers.
The greatest connection among anthropometric indices with a sports result in throwing has arms span of young athletes in discus throwing (0,204, 0,551, 0,746, 0,827) and in shot put (0,161, 0,545, 0,633, 0,798). In javelin throwing (0,173, 0,588, 0,662, 0,823) quantitative concept of this connection increases till the age of 16. Correlation dependence between arms span and sports result of young throwers is presented in table 3.
Table 3 - Correlation dependence between arms span and sports result of young throwers
Age ■Cinds of throwing
javelin discus shot
13 0,173 0,204 0,161
14 0,588 0,581 0,545
15 0,662 0,746 0,683
16 0,823 0,827 0,798
For athletes who specialize in throwing, it is typical to have morphofunctional features of physical development. At the first stage of training longitudinal body sizes (upper and lower extremities and their segments), become very important especially for discus throwers (30,76+0,46 cm and 45,16+0,62 cm) and shot putters (32,78+0,51cm), and their ratio. Discus throwers and shot putters have longer upper extremities. This advantage is observed owing to all parts of the upper extremity - a shoulder and forearm with a hand.
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Kuznetsova Z.M. - Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named After I.N. Ulyanov", 432700, Ulyanovsk, Russia, the 100 Anniversary of V.I. Lenin's Birth Square, House 4, e-mail: kzm diss@mail.ru
Kuznetsov S.A. - Candidate of Pedagogics, Senior Lecturer, Naberezhnye Chelny Branch of Higher Education Institution " TISBI University of Management», 423800, Russia, Naberezhnye Chelny, Tatarstan str., House 10, e-mail: stas1979@mail.ru
Ovchinnikov Yu.D. - Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Kuban State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism", 350015, Russia, Krasnodar, Budenyi str., House 161, e-mail: kzm_diss@mail.ru
Golovko P.V. - Student, Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Kuban State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism", 350015, Russia, Krasnodar, Budenyi str., House 161, e-mail: kzm_diss@,mail.ru
