CC BY
1
DOI: 10.30842/ielcp2306901528047
Daniele Castrizio
University of Messina, ITALY. [email protected]
RHEGION'S FIRST MONETARY ISSUES IN LITERARY
SOURCES
The text analyzes the three first coin issues of Rhegion, focusing on a silver incuse drachma with a kneeling human-faced bull and a cicada, on a coin with a lion's head on the obverse and a calf's head on the reverse, and on a series with a mule chariot on the front and a hare on the reverse.
Regarding the first series, we will examine the relationship with a disastrous war of the Rheginoi against Lokroi and Zanklaioi and the interpretation of the river represented in the typology: is it the Halex, the Aspsias or the Kaikinos? The research will seek a solution to the question through literary sources.
Subsequently, the tyrannical period under the tyrant Anaxileos will be explored, with changes in the typology of coins, linked to the birth of the name Italy, linked to Heracles' stay in Rhegion.
Rhegion's defeat at Himera in 480 BC and the subordination to Syracuse will be studied through the typologies of the coins. We will discuss the representation of a mule chariot on the right, with different symbolic interpretations. It will also be an explanation of the typology of the reverse hare, linking it to an astronomical concept relating to the Pythagorean death-rebirth cycle of the sun. This is the famous monetary series treated by Aristotle and other sources, the analysis of which will allow us to unravel the propaganda meanings launched by the tyrant of the Strait between Scylla and Charybdis.
Keywords: Numismatics; Greek History; Greek Archaeology; Iconography.
Даниэль Кастрицио
Университет Мессины, Италия. [email protected]
Ранние монеты Регия и их толкование в свете литературных источников
В статье представлен анализ трех типов ранних монет Регия. Особое внимание уделено 1) серебряной драхме с изображением стоящего на согнутых коленях быка с человеческим лицом и цикадой, 2) серии монет с изображением головы льва на аверсе и головы теленка на реверсе, а также 3) серии монет с запряженным в колесницу мулом на аверсе и бегущим зайцем на реверсе.
Автор устанавливает связь первой серии монет с событиями 494 г. до н. э., когда Регий потерпел поражение в войне с Локрами и Занклой за территории. Период правления тиранна Анаксилея отмечен изменением в типе монет с изображением быка, отсылающим к мифу о возвращении Геракла через Регий после его победы над Герионом.
Поражение Регия в битве при Гимере в 480 г. до н. э. и подчинение Сиракузам также отразились в типе монет. В связи с изображением запряженного в колесницу мула автор вспоминает о победе Анасиклея на Олимпийских играх именно в соревновании мулов, впряженных в an^vn. Изображение зайца на реверсе монеты интерпретируется в контексте пифагорейской символики циклического возрождения Солнца.
Тем самым делается попытка увидеть в сменяющихся типах монет пропаганду взглядов тиранна Анасиклея, о притязаниях которого мы знаем из свидетельства Аристотеля и из других источников.
Ключевые слова: нумизматика; греческая история; греческая археология; иконография.
To understand the deep meaning of the military and political confrontation between Rhegion and the Doric Sicilian tyrannies, culminating in the Battle of Himera, it is necessary, in our opinion, to start from the period immediately preceding the advent of Anaxileos as the tyrant of the polis. This historical phase, marked by the decline of figures such as Charondas of Katane, who had written laws for the city of the Strait, and the poet Ibycus, who preferred to self-exile rather than become the tyrant of Rhegion, is known among modern scholars as the era of the "thousand tyrants," a name given to the oligarchy that held power in the polis. From this important period, straddling the 6th and 5th centuries BC, we do not have a large availability of literary sources. Therefore, we will try to shed some light using numismatic and archaeological sources. The first coinage of Rhegion, evidenced by a few specimens, of which only one is absolutely certain, was certainly minted during the period of the "thousand tyrants"1 . These are incuse silver drachmas of Chalcidian weight (the theoretical standard is 5.8 g), featuring a kneeling bull with a human face and a cicada above it (fig. 1). Recent studies have reiterated and confirmed the Pythagorean ideological substratum that substantiates and motivates the choice of coin typology. Benedetto Carroccio has demonstrated that the animal depicted above the man-headed bull is a cicada nymph,
1 Babelon 1910: pl. 71, n. 8.
which buries itself for several days before "rebirthing" as an adult cicada2. The meaning of death/rebirth to which it alludes fits perfectly within the Pythagorean tradition present at that time in Rhegion. The figure of the man-headed bull is undoubtedly a representation of a river according to the iconographic standards of the time3, traditionally, it has been almost unanimously identified as the depiction of the Apsias River (modern-day Calopinace), described by the Delphic foundation oracle, a literary construction later than the time of the apoikia, as "the most sacred among rivers". Numismatic comparisons with the typology of the man-headed bull, such as the Siris and the Gela from the coinages of cities named after the rivers near which they were founded, have led Carroccio to consider the identification with the Apsias proven due to its proximity to the site of Rhegion.
In our opinion, however, no element of the coin typology appears compelling for such an identification, while the presence of the cicada seems, instead, to refer to the boundary river between Rhegion and Locri. This body of water was, in fact, the setting for the famous mythical episode of Heracles, who, upon returning from the task of retrieving the cattle of Geryon, was disturbed by the chirping of cicadas that prevented him from sleeping. He therefore asked and received from his father Zeus that they become "mute" on the Rhegion side of the river. The Halex River represented, throughout the classical era, the most unfavorable border with Locri for Rhegion, as it left the two ports of Capo Spartivento, known in ancient times as Promontorium Heracleum, in Locrian hands. These ports were essential for controlling the routes to and from Greece and the East. However, the traditional attribution of the mythical episode of the cicadas to the Halex River, which we identify as the Alica/Palizzi River, that by the 4th century BC had become the "definitive" border between the two cities, does not take into account some important considerations4.
2 Carroccio 2000: 47-69.
3 Contra, Isler 1970.
4 The correspondence between the Halex and the Palizzi River, which in its upper course is still called Alica (accusative Halika, with medieval iotacism), has been the subject of our reflections starting from Castrizio 1995: p. 122, note 107, and later revisited and deepened by Cordiano, Accardo 2004; Cordiano, Accardo, Isola 2006. After several decades, I am re-proposing the text of note 107: "We believe that the debate on the
Firstly, archaeological sources have demonstrated that Heracles of Rhegion 5 was entrusted with the protection of the polis boundaries6. Consequently, the name Heracleum at Capo Spartivento must have been given by the people of Rhegion, indicating that it was the border district with Locri.
It should also be noted that the name of the Kaikinos River, probably the modern Fiumara di Bruzzano on the Ionian coast between the municipalities of Brancaleone and Bruzzano Zefirio, not far from the original settlement site of the Locrians, could not have been given by Locri. This is because it is etymologically linked to the wind Kaikias, the northeast wind, also depicted on the Tower of the Winds in Athens (Fig. 2). While for the Locrians, the Kaikinos River was situated to the south, for the people of Rhegion, it was located to the northeast, making the name they gave to the watercourse understandable.
Lastly, it is worth remembering that even in Locrian territory there are signs of the divinization of a hero connected to the border with Rhegion, with the story of the Olympic boxer Euthymos of
Ionic border between Rhegion and Locri is far from closed. The communis opinio, which places the closer border river to Rhegion, the Halex, near Melito Porto Salvo, and the more distant one, the Kaikinos, near Bova, as appears in Kahrstedt 1960, 56, was questioned by Sabbione 1979, 286-296, with well-founded arguments. In addition to those offered by the scholar, we add the consideration of the necessity to find a credible historical motivation for the joint attack by Athenians and Rhegians on a chorion, probably the Kaikinon mentioned by Steph. Byz. s.v. Kaikinos, located near the Kaikinos river and a peripolion nearby, as noted in the Jacoby fragment, FGrHist, 577 F2 tentatively attributed to Philistus (Coppola, Momigliano 1930, 449 ff.), and by Thucydides III 103, as well as for the defense of the same peripolion the following year, in Thucydides III 115. The only explanation for such fervent efforts, in our opinion, lies in the need to secure possession of the landing points of the Herakleion/ Spartivento promontory, indispensable support points for navigation between Greece and Sicily, especially on a coast particularly lacking in inlets, and near a promontory impossible to round in unfavorable wind conditions.
5 Jeffery 1961: 234; Sestieri 1940: 21-24.
6 Castrizio 1995: 26.
Locri, who mysteriously disappeared in the Kaikinos River to prevent it from ever being crossed by armed forces from Rhegion7.
From the sum of all these elements, in our opinion, it can be inferred that the original episode of the "mute cicadas" must have originally taken place near the Kaikinos River. Later, when Rhegion had definitively lost that portion of territory, it was repurposed to the new border at the Halex.
The traditional dating of the Rhegion incuse series post-510 BC is based solely on the presumed connection between the fall of Sybaris and the hypothetical aspirations of Rhegion in the area between southern Campania and present-day upper Calabria8.
The choice to mint using the incuse technique, which exclusively characterized the coinage of the Achaean cities of Magna Graecia, according to this theory, would demonstrate the economic interests of Rhegion. After the conquest of Sybaris by Croton, Rhegion intended to penetrate the vast area of the former Sybarite "empire" on the Tyrrhenian Sea9. Significantly, following this hypothesis, even Dankle10 (fig. 3), around the same time, after minting in double relief, coined some incuse drachmas of Chalcidian weight, a standard also adopted by the Italic population of the So(ntini) n, presumably in southern Campania12.
In contrast to the traditional theory, we must consider that the first coin series of Rhegion undoubtedly belongs to a period when the polis was still governed by the oligarchic government of the "Thousand Tyrants," an expression of a landed aristocracy akin to
7 Aelian., Var. hist., VIII 18, p. 99.100 Dilts; Paus., VI, 6, 10; Plin., Nat. hist., VII, 152, cfr. Callim. Fr. 99 Pfeiffer. Cfr. Arias 1941, 77 ss.; Arias 1987, 1 ss.
8 Vallet 1958: 328-31; Parise 1987: 307.
9 In our opinion, the coin issuances on Achaean standard, often featuring Sybarite types, are indicative of contributions for military payments, demanded by Sybaris from allied cities falling under its authority.
10 We prefer the form "Dankle", as attested by the coins of the polis, over the traditional form of "Zankle", as found in literary works.
11 Parise 1987: 308.
12 Plin., Nat. hist., III, 11, 28; mediterranei Bruttiorum Aprustani tantum; Lucanorum autem Atinates, Bantini, Eburini, Grumentini, Potentini, Sontini, Sirini, Tergilani, Ursentini, Volcentani, quibus Numestrani iunguntur. Praeterea interisse Thebas Lucanas Cato auctor est, et Pandosiam Lucanorum urbem fuisse Theopompus, in qua Alexander Epirotes occubuerit.
the model of the motherland, Chalcis. The dissolution of the "Thousand Tyrants" occurred following a significant military defeat suffered by the Rheginians against the combined forces of the Locrians and the Dankleians. This war is not mentioned in any ancient source, but it is irrefutably evidenced by the weapons of the Rheginians who fell in battle, dedicated by the victorious Dankleians and Locrians at the temple of Olympian Zeus, which were discovered during archaeological excavations at the sanctuary in Olympia13. In our opinion, it was precisely the military defeat suffered that facilitated the rise to power of Anaxileos14, whose first recorded act, already in 494 BC, was to obtain peace with the Locrians 15 . The motivations and dynamics of such a war are completely unknown, but the coinage featuring the man-headed bull, representing the border river with the Locrians, could provide us, at the very least, the area of the conflicts, if not, as I believe, the object of the dispute. It should be considered, indeed, that throughout the 5th century BC, all the wars between Rhegion and Locri were centered between the Halex and the Kaikinos, with the repeated intent by the Rhegians to occupy the area of the Heracleum Promontory, modern-day Capo Spartivento, with its harbors, situated between the two rivers16. Even the coinage of incuses in Dankle, which had already begun to mint coins in the previous period but with the technique of "double relief," should, in our opinion, be connected with the expenses of this war ignored by literary sources but certainly fought in Italy.
13 De Sensi Sestito 1987: 251-257.
14 In this case as well, regarding the various attestations of the tyrant's name in the different literary sources, we prefer to prioritize the "difficilior" version, as documented by Herodotus, with the unusual Ionian dialect form of the name.
15 The presence of Anaxileos in Locri, as documented by Herodotus VI, 23, during which he persuaded the Samians to attack Dankle instead of accepting the invitation from the Sicilian polis Scythes to found a colony at Kale Akte, is explained, in our historical view, as the new tyrant of Rhegion's first formal act to conclude the disastrous war evidenced by the votive offerings at Olympia.
16 Castrizio, Iaria 2014: 31-32; 100-110. The two military attacks on the promontory of Heraclea seem very significant to us: the one during the march of Anaxileos and his son and tyrant of Rhegion Kleophron shortly before the tyrant's death, and the one during the Athenian expedition of 427-424 BC to Rhegion.
The position of the man-headed bull in the Rhegion coinage is completely different from those that characterize the same iconographic type in the contemporary and subsequent periods, effectively making the Rhegion typology almost unique. Skipping over naive theories based on mere common sense, such as that of a river shown kneeling because it represents its mouth (really!), we must note the perfect resemblance between the Rhegion monetary bull and the Achelous defeated by Heracles placed on a terracotta altar from Locri, now exhibited at the Archaeological Museum of Reggio Calabria (fig. 4). This compelling comparison allows us to place another piece of evidence that proves the importance of Heracles as the guardian deity of Rhegion's borders, turning the coin typology into a sophisticated game of references and allusions, with the "mute" cicadas because they are still in the nymph stage, and the Halex river equated with Achelous: both defeated by the hero Alcides. For completeness of information, it should be noted that a similar position of the androprosopic bull is found, a few decades later, in Katane on various emissions of tetradrachms, including one with a satyr on the back of the man-headed bull17 (fig.
5). In light of the comparisons presented, the correct description of the Rhegion type should be: androprosopic bull succumbing, facing left; above, cicada nymph.
The subsequent, tyrannical phase is the one studied in greater detail, thanks to the research of Maria Caltabiano Caccamo18. In 494 BC, the power of the tyrant Anaxileos, belonging to the Messenian lineage of the city's population, was established in the polis of Rhegion. Under the rule of Anaxileos, the coinage underwent a complete change in its typology, adopting the types of the frontal lion's head on the obverse and the calf s head on the reverse19 (fig.
6), while maintaining the weight and the Chalcidian alphabet. These are the years in which the tyrant worked to gain control of the Strait, first "advising" the exiles from Samos, called by Scythes of Dankle to found Kale Akte on the Tyrrhenian coast of Messina, to seize Dankle, then undertaking a successful military expedition himself. In 491 BC, Dankle was virtually destroyed and "refounded" with the name of Messene. The tyrant moved to Messene, while in Rhegion,
17 Rizzo 1946: pl. 9, 14.
18 Caccamo Caltabiano 1993.
19 Historia Numorum. Italy, n. 2469.
his son Kleophron was left as governor. The coins of Rhegion and Messene adopted the same typology, differing only in the legend, always in Chalcidian characters: RECINON for those of the Italiot coast, MESSENION for those of Sicily.
The coinage of Rhegion, still of Euboic-Chalcidian weight standard, as we have already mentioned, featured on the obverse a frontal lion's head, associated with the solar cult of Apollo, which in the Strait, under Pythagorean influence, was merging with that of the titan Helios, giving rise to the powerful Elean deity of Magna Graecia. The coin depicts precisely a head and not a lion's scalp, as seen instead on the coinage of Samos20 (fig. 7), because the beast's eyes are perfectly visible, and its jaws do not appear disjointed.
On the reverse of the Rhegion coinage appears the profile head of a calf, for which many solutions have been proposed, although only one seems well-established to us: the interpretation that sees in this typology the memory of Heracles crossing the Strait with the cattle of Geryon, and of the calf that escaped from the herd, forcing the hero to swim across the stretch of sea, an event that gave the name "land of the calf" to the coastline from which the animal departed, namely Reggio, from which Vitulia > Vitalia > Italia > Italia21.
Having allied himself with Terillus, the tyrant of Himera, through marital ties, Anaxileos remained by his side even when Terillus was ousted by Theron, the tyrant of Akragas. In order to regain control of Himera, Anaxileos sought help from the Carthaginians, offering his own sons as hostages. In the Battle of Himera in 480 BC, Rhegion was not directly engaged against the Siceliotes, led by Gelon of Syracuse and Theron of Akragas, but, in our opinion, contributed to the payment of the Carthaginian mercenary army. Many of the Rhegion drachmas that we know today likely served to pay the Carthaginian mercenaries, in an attempt to "liberate" the Ionians of Sicily from the power of the Dorians of Syracuse, Gela, and Akragas.
The defeat suffered at Himera, even though it did not entail significant territorial losses for the tyrant of Rhegion, marked the entry of the polis into the sphere of Syracusan influence, although
20 SNG Copenhagen, Argolis-Aegean Islands, Copenhagen 1944, n. 1674.
21 Dion. Hal. I, c. 35 = Hellanic. FGrHist 4 F 111. Sull'attraversamento dello Stretto, vedi anche Diod. IV, 23; Pseudo-Apollodoro, II 5.10.
Hieron married a daughter of Anaxileos for diplomatic reasons. The evidence of subordination to Syracuse is clear in the coinage, which aligned with the Attic standard used by Syracuse, which had imposed it on the whole of Sicily. The change in weight standards also necessitated a change in typology, obliging Rhegion to adopt a coin type that echoed the solar quadriga of the Siceliot polis, a common feature of all cities subordinate.
On the obverse of the coins of Rhegion (fig. 8) and Messene (fig. 9), after 480 BC, a team of mules is depicted22, while on the reverse, a hare is present23. The explanations of these typologies given by scholars and experts are, as usual, numerous and often fanciful. The team of mules may appear to be connected with Anaxileos's Olympic victory with the apene (the racing chariot drawn by mules), which Aristotle describes in great detail24 (the lavish, excessive banquet offered by the tyrant; the episode of the poet Simonides, tasked with composing the victory ode, who, reluctant, was convinced only by a substantial sum and avoided mentioning the "awkward" mules, calling them "daughters of mares with stormy feet"). Aristotle also asserts that the reverse with the hare, from which the nickname lagones (hares) was given to the coins of Reggio, would testify to the introduction of this animal into Sicily by Anaxileos25.
The misconceptions of distinguished mainland Greeks regarding Reggio are numerous, starting with the false etymology of the city's name itself, traced by Aeschylus to the Greek verb rhegnymi (= to break), while the entire local tradition agreed in seeing in Rhegion an indigenous name (a hero; Regium oppidum, "the royal city"?), as had also happened in Dankle, a Sicilian and not Greek name. Aristotle presumes that Anaxileos wanted to boast of having imported hares into Sicily, as if they had not always been there, perhaps induced by the comedy "The Islands" by the Syracusan Epicharmus, in which the inhabitants of Karpathos made the mistake of introducing hares to their island, with the result that they devoured the crops. From this theatrical work derived the saying "the man of Karpathos and the hares," but it can be easily explained
22 Caccamo Caltabiano 1988: 41- 60.
23 Historia Numorum. Italy, n. 2472.
24 Arist. Rhet. 3, 2, 1405b 23.
25 Arist. fr. 578 R ap. Poll. V, 15.
when we consider how the coinage of Karpathos featured dolphins26 (Fig. 10), just like that of Dankle: beware of the Rheginians, who with their hares will put an end to the issuance of Danklean dolphins!
In any case, the choice of the hare typology, which lent itself to easy ironies (which, in fact, there were, by the paid comedians of Syracuse, like Xenarchus, instigated by Dionysius the Elder, who joked about the hares/coins and the "hare" Rheginians, meaning cowards27), must have had a very strong symbolic motivation. Maria Caltabiano is convinced that the obverse represents the deity Apollo/Helios, the sun in the orderly course of the day, while the hare is a benevolent animal, connected with the death/rebirth concept dear to the Pythagoreans28. As the scholar has emphasized, the Egyptian hieroglyph with the hare means "to leap up," also in the sense of "living forever."
For our part, we would only add that if the depicted hare was conceived strictly in relation to Helios in his chariot on the obverse, it might represent the constellation of Lepus, which along with the more famous Taurus is the "celestial gateway" through which the sun chariot passes at the beginning of spring29. Furthermore, as shown by a later bronze fraction from the Messana mint (Fig. 11), the hare is depicted at the moment it is struck by the lagobolon30, the curved stick used for hare hunting thrown by Orion. The "death of the hare," that is, the disappearance of the Lepus constellation below the horizon, marked the beginning of spring: the myth held that it was slain by Orion, the constellation that dominates it at every spring equinox, only to be reborn at the beginning of winter. In the oldest depictions of Orion, it can be observed that the celestial hunter still holds the lagobolon in his hand, ready to be hurled against the hare below31 (Fig. 12).
The combination of the two coins depictions, as can be observed, celebrates a springtime Helios, different from the Sicilian Apollo, always associated on coins with Cancer and Aquila (the
26 SNG von Aulock 2743.
27 Pace 1945: 348.
28 Caccamo Caltabiano 1998: 33-40.
29 Castrizio 2018: 83-95.
30 SNG ANS 382.
31 Leiden, Universiteitsbibliotheek, VLQ 79, folio 58v.
constellations of the beginning of summer). On the coins of Reggio, a god not of grain (certainly more suited to the Sicilian reality) but of spring crops is depicted, more in line with the nature of the vegetation of the Strait.
Connected with the defeat of Himera and the new Syracusan supremacy, is the radical change in alliances of Rhegion towards the Carthaginians and Etruscans. In line with the anti-Etruscan policy of the Dinomenids, Anaxileos, guarding the Strait against Etruscan pirates, fortified the rock of Scylla, where a military naval base was established.
The death of Anaxileos did not mark the end of the "Kingdom of the Strait": due to the minority of Anaxileos' remaining sons, governance passed into the hands of Smikythos32, perhaps a mercenary leader from Arcadia who had earned the trust of the tyrant in the years preceding the defeat of 480 BC. Under his command, the polis resumed the essential lines of its foreign policy, both with the foundation of the colony of Pissunte in an area that had always been at the center of its commercial interests, and with the dispatch of an expeditionary force of three thousand Rhegian hoplites to aid the Tarantines, who were at war against the Japygians and Messapians. Both initiatives did not achieve the desired effect: the colony did not have a long life, but, above all, all the Rhegian hoplites were slaughtered within the walls of Kailia, in what Herodotus called "the greatest slaughter of Greeks"33.
The tyranny of the son of Anaxileos was overthrown in 461 BC, and the polis returned to assume an oligarchic structure of Pythagorean mold. Political life, after the relative stability of the tyranny of Anaxileos, must have been marked by turmoil, which, according to Thucydides, lasted for at least thirty years34.
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Fig. 1 Incuse drachm, Rhegion. Cabinet des Médailles de Paris, n. inv. 1964. Fig. 2 The wind Kaikias on the Tower of Winds in Athens.
Fig. 3 Incuse drachm, Dankle. THE NEW YORK SALE, AUCTION 27, LOT 141.
Fig. 4 Arula from Locri. Museo Archeologico di Reggio Calabria.
Fig. 5 Tetradrachm, Katane. ROMA NUMISMATICS LIMITED, AUCTION 4, LOTTO 73.
Fig. 6 Drachm, Rhegion. STACK'S BOWERS GALLERIES, JANUARY 2012 NYINC AUCTION, LOT 18.
Fig. 7 Drachm, Samos. ROMA NUMISMATICS LIMITED, AUCTION 4, LOTTO 1713, 30.09.2012.
Fig. 8 Tetradrachm, Rhegion. NOMOS, AUCTION 14, LOT 45.
Fig. 10 Stater, Karpathos. ROMA NUMISMATICS LIMITED, AUCTION 16, LOT 299.
Fig. 11 Bronze coin, Messana. BERTOLAMI FINE ARTS, E-AUCTION 77, LOT 336.
Fig. 12 Orion and Lepus. Leiden, Universiteitsbibliotheek, VLQ 79, folio 58v.
