19Зарубежный опыт
/69
УДК 666.9
Review on the effect of basalt fiber on concrete and in structural construction
Chiadighikaobi Paschal Chimeremeze, Pacherozi Engineering and Materials Nigeria Limited, Abia State, Nigeria;
Asasira Naome, Kunda Kunda, Ngango Justin, Nankya Hilda, Zefack Mac Rollin, Department of Civil Engineering, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
Keywords: Basalt chopped fibers, basalt fiber reinforced concrete, mechanical properties of basalt.
Although several types of fibers have been used in concrete, however there is only limited information available on mechanical properties and fracture behavior of high strength concrete incorporating basalt fiber which is of great importance in understanding the material behavior and in designing structures. The primary aim of this paper was to study, analyze and compare the mechanical properties and behaviors of concretes reinforced with chopped basalt fiber and present a comprehensive study highlighting the properties of reinforced concrete in a comparative perspective. The study showed that incorporation of chopped basalt fiber has significant positive effects on the properties of the concrete. The use of basalt fiber is efficient in design and structural construction.
Исследование влияния базальтовой фибры на механические свойства бетона в строительных конструкциях
Чиадигхикаоби Паскал Чимеремезе, Пачерози Инженерный и Материалов Нигерия Лимитед, Абиа штат, Нигерия;
Асасира Наоме, Кунда Кунда, Нганго Джустин, Нанкя Хильда, Зефак Мак Роллин, Российский университет дружбы народов, Москва, Россия
Ключевые слова: базальтовые рубленые волокна, базальтобетон, механические свойства базальта, строительное производство.
Использование базальтовой фибры эффективно при применении ее в строительных конструкциях. Несмотря на то, что в бетоне используют разные виды фибры, имеется лишь ограниченная информация о механических свойствах и поведении высокопрочного бетона, содержащего базальтовую
/70
«Экономика строительства» № 3 (69) /2021
фибру. В то же время применение базальтовой фибры имеет большое значение для понимания поведения материала и проектирования конструкций. Основной целью данной работы было изучение, анализ и сравнение механических свойств и поведения бетонов, армированных рубленой базальтовой фиброй, и представление всестороннего исследования, выделяющего свойства армированного бетона в сравнительной перспективе. Исследование показало, что применение рубленой базальтовой фибры оказывает значительное положительное влияние на свойства бетона. В последствии приведенные данные могут быть использованы для расчета экономического эффекта при применении базальтовой фибры в изготовлении бетона.
Concrete is widely used in several civil and military infrastructures. It is presently the most widely used construction materials as most structures contain concrete. In addition to the static loading, concrete structures will inevitably suffer the dynamic loading from events such as earthquake, explosion and impact during their periods of service; moreover, a variety of protective structures are vulnerable to artillery attacks and explosions. The normal concrete exhibits brittleness because of its weak resistance to cracking. When exposed under impact loading, the normal concrete usually exhibits a failure mode of collapsibility, which results in further serious safety problems in normal concrete structures.
Concrete reinforced with steel reinforcement have shortcomings on the durability properties such as salty water penetrating concrete especially when such structure is erected in places prone to salty water and salty/acidic soil. When this water reaches the steel, it causes corrosion and crack in the concrete. Non-corrosive, non-magnetic and nonelectric properties are necessary for a good serviceability. Therefore, the replacement of the traditional steel reinforcement has been required recently. Defect's properties of traditional concrete have significantly improved using fibers as reinforcement material [1].
Effective measures that improve the impact-resistance behavior of concrete usually involve the addition of fibers to the concrete. These dispersed fibers in concrete can effectively prevent the formation and propagation of cracks through bridging and significantly increase the toughness of concrete, thereby improving the impact-resistance behavior of concrete.
The design of fiber reinforced composite materials is especially interesting, being probably the use of natural fibers one of the most important reinforcing elements to be considered. Among them, basalt fibers extruded from naturally fire-resistant basalt represent a very promising reinforcing agent for this type of materials.
The choice for the use of basalt fiber (BF) as reinforcement for concrete lies in the fact that they are characterized from a large variety of excellent properties such as high tensile strength, high young modulus of elasticity, high abrasion strength, high temperature resistance, high resistance to aggressive media, excellent thermal and sound insulation, good chemical stability. Also, BF have better tensile strength when compared to E-glass fibers, greater failure strain than carbon fibers as well as good resistance to chemical attack.
This review paper would be looking into the effect of chopped basalt fiber in concrete. To achieve the purpose of this review paper, a review of the works written by previous authors on chopped BF would be investigated. This study will enable engineers to have a general overview idea on the usage of chopped BF, its properties, and advantages, where it could be used.
The method used in this paper is general review of works done by earlier authors on related topic to elaborate the use and properties of basalt fiber in concrete. Different concrete types will be investigated, and conclusion drawn.
Chopped basalt fiber. Basalt fibers are generally known to be produced from basalt rocks (fig. 1), which are melted at 1400oC. Basalt fibers due to their natural properties and characteristics are considered environmentally safe, non-toxic, and possess high stability and insulating characteristics [2]. Unlike carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) materials, basalt fibers (BF) have not been much widely used. The limitation of their use may be attributed to the lack of fundamental research and extensive testing required to establish appropriate design recommendations and guidelines. Chopped basalt fibers (fig. 2) have been also introduced as an additive to concrete mixes to produce fiber reinforced concrete (FRC).
Most of the research into basalt fiber reinforced concrete has focused on its mechanical
Fig.1. Basalt: Igneous Rock https://sites.google.com/site/ ilgirodelmondoin80questioni/ home/rocce/basalto
Fig.2. Chopped Basalt fiber https://haisan.en.made-in-china. com/productimage/jBQnRxMvqgUA-2f1j00myKTaSzlYRpG/China-Chopped-Basalt-Fibre-for-Cement-Concrete.html
properties [3]. In these studies, the results do not suggest the fibers are particularly effective in enhancing the post-cracking response of the concrete, which is one of the most significant benefits of fiber reinforcement. Previous research has also indicated BF without any protective coating suffer from a lack of long-term durability in the alkaline environment of concrete. Until this problem is resolved, a useful application of the fiber in its current state of development could be in enhancing the durability of concrete by preventing early-age cracking due to plastic shrinkage. It seems probable the fibers could be effective in this regard before any potential degradation negates their benefit [4,5].
Concrete reinforced with chopped basalt fiber. Investigation of BF on concrete as an external strengthens materials as a Reinforced Polymer (FRP) has been done by [6]. Chopped BF have been also introduced as an additive to concrete mixes to produce fiber reinforced concrete (FRC).
Ramakrishnan et al. [7] investigated the use of chopped basalt fibers to enhance the material properties of concrete. The study concluded that basalt fibers can be easily mixed with concrete without any balling or segregation. In addition, there was also a noticeable increase in the post-cracking energy absorption capacity and increase of the impact resistance.
Usual Concrete. According to research paper referenced [8], developing and maintaining world's infrastructure to meet the future needs of industrialized and developing countries is necessary to economically grow and improve the quality of life. They explained that the quality and performance of concrete plays a key role for most of infrastructure including commercial, industrial, residential, and military structures, dams, and power plants. Concrete which is known as the single largest manufactured material in the world, accounts for than 6 billion metric tons of materials annually.
Chopped basalt fiber in unusual Concrete. Using fiber in the concrete increased the flexural strength of the concrete and ensures concrete to exhibit ductile behavior. Likewise, in recent years, the studies on reducing the cracking and breakage that may occur due to shrinkage by increasing flexural strength have been initiated. For this purpose, some studies have investigated the effects of fiber on lightweight concrete and Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) [9].
Investigation of BF on concrete as an external strengthens materials as a reinforced polymer (FRP) has been done by [10] recently. They reported that the properties of high strength concrete (HSC) have been improved using FRP such as strength and durability.
Chopped basalt fiber in concrete from waste. Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) is widely said to provide an efficient way to solve the destruction of natural ecological environment caused by mining stone, shortage of building stone as well as the problems of land filling and environmental pollution by construction waste [11]. Recycled aggregate concrete has an important engineering application value and social, economic, and environmental benefits. To make this technology feasible, a significant amount of experimental works has been carried out [12]. It has been found that due to the lack of bonding between recycled aggregate and cement matrix and the high-water absorption capacity of recycled aggregate, the mechanical properties, durability, and deformation ability of the recycled aggregate concrete is lower than that of normal concrete (NC).
Chopped basalt fiber in asphalt concrete. In the study [13], the author investigated the usability of BF in order to bear the stresses occurring at the surface layer of pavement, which are directly subjected to the traffic effects. In the research, specimens were produced and tested under Marshall Stability Test, and the optimum bitumen content value for the aggregates sample to be used was determined. Based on the determined value for the optimum bitumen content (5%), three specimens for each of a series of different fiber ratios were prepared for the experiment. The optimum value for fiber ratio that results in the best stability value was determined. To determine whether the best fiber ratio (0.50%) might result in a better stability value for other bitumen contents, the authors had to prepare extra specimens with different bitumen amounts and with the best and five different fiber ratio values close to the optimum value. These specimens were tested under Marshall Stability Test and the obtained results were evaluated.
Chopped basalt fiber in lightweight expanded clay concrete. Kim et al. 2010. The author developed fiber reinforced aerated lightweight concrete to reduce concrete's density and to improve its fire resistance, thermal conductivity, and energy absorption. In their paper, compression tests were performed to determine basic properties of fiber reinforced aerated lightweight concrete. The primary independent variables were the types and volume fraction of fibers, and the amount of air in the concrete. The lightweight aggregate used in their research was made of expanded clay. Their study provides basic information regarding the mechanical properties of fiber reinforced aerated lightweight concrete and
compares fiber reinforced aerated lightweight concrete with fiber reinforced lightweight concrete. The properties they investigated included the unit weight, uniaxial compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and toughness index. Based on the properties, a stress-strain prediction model was proposed. It was demonstrated that the proposed model accurately predicts the stress-strain behavior of fiber reinforced aerated lightweight concrete [15].
From the review analysis summary of the research earlier done by some authors, the below figures of the tables and graph were derived. Table 1 shows the 28 days cylindrical compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and splitting tensile strength of the specimens without fiber reinforcements and those reinforced with 1, 2 and 3% of Basalt fibers (added by volume of the concrete).
Compressive Strength. The results of maximum cylindrical compressive strength, as presented in Table 1, show that in each series, slight increase in the compressive strength was observed up to 2% fiber volume; however at 3% fiber volume, compressive strength observed to be decreased from 2.36% (in Series «M») to 15.1% (in Series«S»). Comparing the results of compressive strength of all series on the basis of fiber volume added in concrete mixes of each series (i.e. Series «P», Series «S» and Series «M»); it was found that highest compressive strength was achieved in Series «M» at all Basalt fiber volumes compared to Series «P» and Series «S» as shown in figure 4. When no fiber was added, the compressive strength of mix sample «M0» was obtained as 15.12% and 2.31% higher than mix "P0" and mix «S0», respectively; whereas the strain gain of mix sample "SO" was observed as 12.52% higher than mix sample "PO" seen in figure 3. This shows the use of met kaolin is not only beneficial in terms of highest strength gain and economical compared to imported silica fume also as it is locally produced from locally available Kaolin. At 1% Basalt fiber volume, the strength increase of mix sample «M1» was about 14.32% and 3.37% compared to the mix samples «P1» and «S1", respectively check figure 3. The strength increase of mix sample «S1» was 10.6% higher than mix sample «P1». Similar behavior was observed at 2% Basalt fiber volume i.e. the strength increase in mix sample «M2» was 13.38% and 2.11% higher than mix sample «P2» and «S2», respectively as shown in figure 3. The strength increase of mix sample «S2» was 11.03% higher than mix sample «P2». Opposite to 1 and 2% Basalt fiber volume, the results of compressive strength at 3% Basalt fiber volume were quite improved. The strength increase of mix sample «M3»was 24.12% and 17.65% compared to mix sample «P3» and mix sample «S3», respectively.
The strength increase of mix sample «S2» was 5.5% higher than mix sample «P3».
The results of strain corresponding to maximum compressive strength (referred as Peak strains in Table 1) show an increase in strains at all fiber volumes in all series. Comparison of strains across the series is shown in figure 4 and it can be seen that at 0 and 3% fiber volume, higher strains were obtained with met kaolin comparing to silica fume, whereas at 1 and 2% fiber volume higher strains were obtained with silica fume. This shows that the use of mineral admixtures as partial replacement of cement is highly beneficial and improves the performance of the concrete.
Locally produced met kaolin together with the Basalt fibers performed very well at higher fiber volume.
Elastic modulus is interdependent on the concrete compressive strength. It can be seen in figure 3 that there is slight improvement in the compressive strength results with respect to the increase in fiber volume. Similarly, results of elastic modulus, presented in figure 5,
Table 1
Results of the mechanical properties at 28 days
Samples Compressive test results Elastic modulus (GPa) Splitting tensile strength results
Maximum cylinder strength (MPa) Strength increase with respect to Control Percentage(%) Strains (^m/m) Strength (MPa) Strength increase with respect to control Prcentage(%)
Peak Ultimate
Series "P": Plain concrete reinforced with 0, 1, 2 and 3% Basalt fibers
P0 71.86 - 2411 14630 40,76 5,27 -
P1 73,51 2,29 2782 19511 42,01 5,40 -4,78
P2 74,14 3,19 2831 18334 41,88 5,523 -2,24
P3 65,07 - 9,45 2968 16663 16663 6,00 8,62
Series "S": Concrete with 10% silica fume as partial replacement of cement and reinforced with 1, 2 and 3% Basalt fibers
S0 80,89 - 2599 14548 42,99 6,66 -
S1 81,32 0,62 2901 12820 41,35 6,71 0,90
S2 82,33 1,82 2904 15358 45,55 6,72 1,05
S3 68,65 - 15,11 3033 15125 37,82 7,98 20,15
Series "M": Concrete with 10% met kaolin as partial replacement of cement and reinforced with 1, 2 and 3% Basalt fibers
M0 82,73 - 2640 10499 42,03 5,27 -
Ml 84,06 1,58 2749 13476 41,90 5,49 4,17
M2 84,07 1,62 2819 15582 41,25 5,87 11,20
M3 80,77 - 2,36 3412 15989 39,16 7,18 36,24
Fig.3. Variation in compressive strength
o 1% 2% 3% Basaltfiibervolume (%)
H Se ries P ■ Se ries S jSe ries M
Fig.4. Variation in peak strain
show no significant variation in the elastic modulus due to the addition of fiber. Therefore, it may be inferred that the addition of Basalt fiber does not influence the elastic modulus.
Results of splitting tensile strength are presented in figure 6 which shows that the addition of 1, 2 and 3% volume of Basalt fibers improved the tensile characteristics of the concrete (with and without containing mineral admixtures). Comparing the results of
Yohane
Fig.5. Variation in elastic modulus
splitting tensile strength across the series, it was found that high-performance concrete containing 10% silica fume better improved the splitting tensile properties for all fiber volumes (i.e. 1, 2 and 3% Basalt fibers) and these results are better than normal concrete as well as the concrete in which met kaolin was added as partial replacement of cement.
In conclusion, the following was observed:
• Chopped basalt fiber has the ability to resist cracks, corrosion and other environmental hazards.
• The properties stated and showed clearly of the durability, sustainability and the trust basalt fiber offers to structures.
• The literatures confirmed that adding different basalt fiber content to improve the tensile strength of concrete has a significant effect. The longer the basalt fibers used in the mixture, the higher the tensile strength achieved. Moreover, the literature agreed that increasing both content and length of basalt fibers in reinforced concrete increases the flexural strength, elastic modulus, and crack resistance of concrete.
• From the review, it was observed that the use of basalt fiber additions in hot-mix asphalt concrete had a positive impact for stability. But, it is advised be by add them
Fig.6. Increase in splitting tensile strength with respect to control
/76
«Экономика строительства» № 3 (69) /2021
only to binder course in order to avoid the negative effects due to basalt fibers that can be damage for vehicle tires. Notwithstanding, additional costs may be required to add basalt fibers to the asphalt mixtures, when its overall long-term contributions are considered, it is still considered that basalt fiber asphalt concrete can be utilized in the binder course.
• In this review, High-Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (HPFRC) incorporating mineral admixtures as partial replacement of cement was found to be beneficial to improve the properties of concrete.
• Additions of Basalt fibers did not significantly influence the results of elastic modulus.
References
1. W.H. Zhang, Y.S. Zhang, Research on the static and dynamic compressive properties of high performance cementitious composite (HPCC) containing coarse aggregate, Arch. Civil Mech. Eng. 15 (2015) 711-720.
2. Hannant DJ. Fibre reinforced concrete. In: Newman J, Choo BS, editors. Advanced concrete technology-processes.
Oxford: An Imprint of Elsevier; 2003. p. 146-63.
3. V. Fiore, T. Scalici, G. Di Bella, A. Valenza, A review on basalt fibre and its composites, Compos. Part B Eng. 74
(2015) 74-94, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.12.034.
4. K. Singha, A short review on basalt fiber, Int. J. Text. Sci. 1 (2012) 19-28,http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j. textile.20120104.02.
5. V. Dhand, G. Mittal, K.Y. Rhee, S.-J. Park, D. Hui, A short review on basalt fiberreinforced polymer composites,
Compos. Part B. 73 (2015) 166-180, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.12.011.
6. J. Sim, C. Park, D.Y. Moon, Characteristics of basalt fiber as a strengtheningmaterial for concrete structures, Compos. Part B Eng. 36 (2005) 504-512,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2005.02.002.
7. Felekog lu B, Tosun K, Baradan B. Effects of fibre type and matrix structure on the mechanical performance of
self-compacting micro-concrete composites. Cem Concr Res 2009; 39:1023-32.
8. Grdic ZJ, Curcic GAT, Ristic NS, Despotovic IM. Abrasion resistance of concrete micro-reinforced with polypropylene fibers. Constr Build Mater 2012;27:305-12.
9. D. Kim, S. Park, G. Ryu, K. Koh, Comparative flexural behavior of hybrid ultra high performance fiber reinforced
concrete with different macrofibers, Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (2011) 4144-4155.
10. Lee, Y.T., J.H. Lee, H.S. Hwang and Y.D. Kim, 2002. Performance of concrete structures retrofitted with fibre reinforce polymers. Mag. Korean Conc., 14: 89-96.
11. J.M. Khatib, "Properties of concrete incorporating fine recycled aggregate", Cement Concr. Res., vol. 35, pp. 763769, 2005. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.06.017]
12. J.A. Bogas, J. de Brito, and J.M. Figueiredo, "Mechanical characterization of concrete produced with recycled lightweight expanded clay aggregate concrete", J. Clean. Prod., vol. 89, pp. 187-195, 2015. [http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.11.015]
13. Morova Nihat. (2013). Investigation of usability of basalt fibers in hot mix asphalt concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 47. 175-180. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.04.048.
14. Shams A, Stark A, Hoogen F, Hegger J, Schneider H. Innovative sandwich structures made of high performance concrete and foamed polyurethane. Compos Struct 2015; 121:271-9.
15. Kim, Y. J., Hu, J., Lee, S. J., and You. B. H. (2010). "Mechanical properties of fiber reinforced lightweight concrete containing surfactant." Adv. in Civ. Eng., 2010, 8, Article ID 549642. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/549642.
Авторы
Чиадигхикаоби Паскал Чимеремезе, Пачерози Инженерный и Материалов Нигерия Лимитед. 14 Чеф Анди Обидики Лен, офф Удеагвала, Аяба Умуезе, Осисиома, Абиа штат, Нигерия; e-mail: passydking2@mail.ru;
Асасира Наоме e-mail: naomiloretta20@gmail.com, Кунда Кунда e-mail: kuncokunda20@gmail. com, Нганго Джустин e-mail: justinngango@gmail.com, Нанкя Хильда e-mail: nankya6@yahoo. com, ЗефакМак Роллин e-mail: 6rollinzefack92@gmail.com
