CC BY
9
ISSN 2617-2909 (print) ISSN 2617-2119 (online)
J ourn. Geol. Geograph.
Geology, 28(3), 519-527. doi: 10.15421/111948
I. S. Nikitenko, O. V. Starik, V. A. Marchenko Joum. Geol. Geograph. Geoecology, 28(3), 519-527.
Results of petrographic research of new finds from the archaeological monument Tokivske-1
I. S. Nikitenko1, O. V. Starik2, V. A. Marchenko3
Dnipro University of Technology, Dnipro, Ukraine, [email protected]
2Dnipropetrovsk National Historical Museum named after D. I. Yavornytskyi, Dnipro, Ukraine, [email protected]
3Classical Gymnasium named after Cyril and Methodius №136, Dnipro, Ukraine
Received: 30.12.2019 Abstract. The purpose of the work was to determine the provenance of the raw materials
Received in revised form: 04.01.2019 of ancient stone products, found during the excavations of the Bronze-Early Iron Age Accepted: 0Z 03.2019 monument Tokivske-1, with the aim to establish connections of the ancient population of
the area with residents of other regions. The archaeological monument Tokivske-1, located in the northern outskirts of the village Tokivske, Apostolove Raion, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, has been explored by the expedition of Dnipropetrovsk National Historical Museum named after D.I. Yavornytskyi since 2012. The authors of this article already carried out petrographic study of stone artefacts from this monument, which had been found during the first five years of excavations. However, over the past two years, a number of stone and other items were found that could expand our knowledge of the links of Tokivske-1 with ancient industrial centers of other regions. To carry out the petrographic analysis, six artefacts were taken, mainly those made from macroscopically different rocks. Most of them can be related to metalworking. The analyzed samples are represented by an amphibolite hammer for forging jewels or peening sheet copper, a dolerite anvil-prop for a specified hammer, a fragment of an abrasive stone made of ferruginous quartzite, a quartz tile, which is a fragment of an altar, and fragments of an anvil and a scepter-pestle made of sandstone. Petrographic analysis of artefacts allowed determining the probable provenance of their raw materials. Amphibolites are quite common in the territory of the Middle Dnipro area, but by the color of the hornblende, the predominance of epidotization processes over sericitization and macrostructural features, the studied rock is more similar to the amphibolites from the middle stream of the Bazavluk River. Dolerites, similar to the raw material of the anvil-prop, are also common in the area of excavations, and by the presence of the micropegmatite in its composition, its origin can be localized in the middle stream of the river Bazavluk or in the valley of the river Mokra Sura. Magnetite quartzite - the raw material of the abrasive stone - most likely comes from the territory of the city of Kryvyi Rih. Quartz tile - a fragment of an altar - is a quartz vein, similar to those that intersect granites of the Tokivskyi massif directly near the village Tokivske. Sandstones, from which the anvil and the scepter-pestle were produced, appeared to be very similar in their petrographic features. They are represented by quartz sandstones with fragments of rocks and polymineral cement with the predominance of quartz regenerative and porous sericite cement. Also, the relic chalcedony and, more rarely, clay cement are present in the pores. In the territory of Ukraine, the most similar to them, according to petrographic characteristics, are the sandstones of the Carboniferous system, which crop out in the Donbas. Thus, the obtained data testifies to the connection of the Tokivske-1 archaeological complex with other parts of the Middle Dnipro area, such as the middle stream of the Bazavluk River and the Kryvyi Rih area, as well as with more distant regions such as the Donbas. It should be noted that scepter-pestles, similar to the one studied by us, are associated with metalworking, and the Donetsk basin, where the raw material of the indicated tool originates from, was the copper production center of the Late Bronze Age.
Keywords: petroarchaeology, stone tools, Bronze Age, Tokivske-1
Результата петрограф1чного дослщження нових знахщок з археолопчнот пам'ятки Ток1вське-1
I. С. НЫтенко1, О.В. OrapiK2, В.А. Марченко3
1НТУ «Днтровська полтехнка», Днтро, Украша, [email protected]
2 Днтропетровський нацюнальний icmopu4Huu музей iM. Д.1. Яворницького, Днтро, Украша, [email protected]
3 НВО № 136 «Класична гiмназiя iM. Кирила i Мефодiя», Днтро, Украша
Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology
Journal home page: geology-dnu-dp.ua
Анотащя. За допомогою петрографiчного аналiзу визначаеться походження матерiалу кам'яних виробiв епохи бронзи з матерiалiв розкопок археолопчно! пам'ятки Тоювське-1, розташовано! на швтчнш околицi с. Токiвське Апостолiвського району Дншропетровсько! областi. Дослiджено шiсть вироб1в, знайдених пiд час останнiх археолопчних розкопок пам'ятки експедицiею Дншропетровського национального iсторичного музею iм. Д.1. Яворницького у 2017 - 2018 рр. Бшьшгсть iз них за функцюнальним призначенням можуть бути пов'язанi з металообробкою. Дослiджувана колекцiя представлена молоточком для кування ювелiрних виробiв або проковування листово! мвд, пiдставкою-ковадлом для зазначеного молоточка, фрагментом абразивного каменя, плиткою - фрагментом жертовника, фрагментом ковадла та фрагментом товкача-скшетра. Найбшьш цiкавим з дослiджених знарядь був тсковиковий товкач-скiпетр, подiбнi якому, на думку бшьшоста дослiдникiв, належали майстрам-металургам. Для проведення дослiдження були обрат зразки, виготовленi з макроскопiчно ввдмшних порiд, якi могли мати рiзне походження. Визначення походження вироб1в е важливим для встановлення зв'язк1в археолопчно! пам'ятки з шшими регiонами, зокрема виявлення торговельних зв'язк1в з центрами металовиробництва. В результатi виконаного петро-графiчного дослiдження визначено, що матерiал артефакпв представлений амфiболiтом, долеритом, затзистим кварцитом, жильним кварцом i тсковиком. За допомогою пор1вняння петрографiчних особливостей дослiджуваних зразкв та зразкiв, вщбраних з природних вiдслонень, а також за опублжованими i звiтними даними, було визначено iмовiрне походження сировини вироб1в. Всi дослiджуванi зразки, о^м пiсковикiв, мають аналоги серед прських порiд Середнього Придншров'я, при цьому амфiболiт та долерит, найiмовiрнiше, походять з середньо! течи р. Базавлук, а затзистий кварцит - з територп Криворiжжя. Можливо, племшне об'еднання доби бронзи, якому належала пам'ятка Тоювське-1, займало територта мiж рiчками Базавлук та 1нгулець. Зразки тсковик1в, найiмовiрнiше, походять з територи Донецького кряжу, що може свiдчити на користь зв'язкв Токiвського-1 з Донецьким гiрничо-металургiйним центром доби бронзи.
Ключовi слова: археологiчш петрографiя, кам'яш вироби, епоха бронзи, Тоювське-1
Introduction. Petrographic analysis is widely used in modern archeology. It is applied to determine the provenance of the artefacts' raw materials that cannot be done using conventional archaeological methods. Determining the raw materials of stone products can detect the connections between remote areas, establish the facts of the exchange trade between regions, and may help in finding places of ancient mining of stone raw materials.
Most often, petrographic methods are used in the research of polished stone tools, which were widely used from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. Recently, the materials of research of many such stone artefacts were published in the world literature, particularly stone axes and other tools of the archeological monument Wroclaw-Vidava-17 in Poland (Borowski, 2014), collections of Neolithic polished axes found in the southern Italy near Paestum (Aurino, 2017), basalt artefacts of the Bronze Age from Israel (Gluhak, 2018). One of the most comprehensive studies was the petrographic research of more than 400 polished stone tools and weapons dated to the Middle Bronze Age from central Hungary (Farkas-Peto, 2014). The subject of petrographic research were the altar stones of megalithic monuments as well, in particular, an additional study was recently conducted on the composition and provenance of the altar stone material of the world's most known Stonehenge complex in the United Kingdom (Ixter, 2019).
This article is devoted to the research of new finds of polished tools and constructional elements from the Tokivske-1 archaeological monument. It is located at a distance of 0.23 km from the northern outskirts of the village Tokivske, Apostolove Raion,
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, on the right bank of the river Kamianka, which is the right tributary of the Bazavluk River. Archaeological explorations and excavations on this site have been carried out by the expedition of the Dnipropetrovsk National Historical Museum named after D.I. Yavornytskyi since 2012. Studies in the territory of the monument showed three main cultural horizons. The lower one dates back to the transition period from the Middle to the Late Bronze Age (the cultural circle Babine), with which the creation of the monument is associated. The next layer is the Late Bronze Age (Sabatynivska culture). The upper horizon dates back to the Early Iron Age (Scythian culture) (Starik, 2017).
The authors already carried out a petrographic study of stone artefacts from Tokivske-1, found during the first five years of excavation (Nikitenko, 2018). However, new discoveries in the territory of the complex led to the need in revising the role of the studied monument, particularly as a metal processing center of the Bronze Age. Thus, in 2017, six stone and clay casting molds and their fragments with negatives for casting bronze pins with ball-shaped heads, sickles, needles, chisels, daggers, and socketed axe-celts were found. In 2018, two stone double-sided molds for casting of daggers, a mold with a lid for casting round-shaped ingots and a unique four-sided casting mold were also found. Thus, the issues of finding the other evidences of metalworking in the territory of the monument and the establishment of the raw materials sources of supply appeared.
Petrographic study of a number of artefacts, which may indicate the existence of interregional relations, was necessary for solving the formulated problems. To
carry out the research, the artefacts, which origin was of the highest interest for archaeological study, were selected (Tab. 1). Most ofthem could be related to metal processing. Of special interest was the provenance of
Table 1. The list of studied stone artefacts
of the artefacts was determined by comparative petrographic analysis with samples of similar rocks from the Middle Dnipro area and other regions. Similarly, the comparison was performed with the
No. Name Inventory number Measurements, cm Material
1. Working tool (hammer for forging jewels or peening sheet copper) 86 7 х 5.5 х 5 Amphibolite
2. Anvil-prop for forging jewels or peening sheet copper 305 11.5 х 7 х 6.5 Dolerite
3. Abrasive stone (fragment) none 4 х 4 х 4.5 Ferruginous quartzite
4. Tile (fragment of an altar) none 6 х 12 х 8 Vein quartz
5. Anvil (fragment) none 7 х 6.5 х 6 Sandstone
6. Scepter-pestle (fragment) 152 7.2 х 5 х 7.5 Sandstone
the raw material of the stone scepter-pestle (Fig. 1), since such instruments are quite rare and are related to the centers of metal processing in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. According to Boroffka and Sava it belongs to the type Ia, widespread from the Volga to the Danube River, mainly in the territory of Ukraine and Moldova (Boroffka, 1998).
thin sections produced from the materials of other archaeological artefacts, which origin was established during previous studies. In addition, the data from the reports of primary geological survey and literary works of the mid-twentieth century were used, which provided a detailed petrographic description of rocks from natural exposures, since ancient miners could
Fig. 1. Scepter-pestles of the Bronze Age.
A - studied fragment of the pestle from Tokivske-1 (sample 6); B - intact sample from the museum collection.
The purpose of the work is to determine the provenance of the materials of the Bronze Age stone artefacts that were found during the excavations of Tokivske-1 in order to establish connections between the monument and other regions. Materials and methods. Microscopic research ofthin sections was carried out using polarizing microscope LOMO POLAM R-312. The origin of raw materials
only use rocks that occur close to the day surface. Results and their analysis. As a result of mineralogical and petrographic analysis of six artefacts it was established that they were made from amphibolite, dolerite, magnetite quartzite, vein quartz and sandstone (Tab. 1).
Amphibolite (sample 1) is represented by a finegrained rock, in which the femic mineral - hornblende
- contrastingly stands out against the background of a lighter salic mineral - plagioclase. Mineral composition of amphibolite (vol. %): hornblende - 50 - 55; plagioclase - 45 - 50; quartz, epidote, opaque mineral, sphene - less than one percent. Hornblende forms tabular crystals of light green color with rhombic amphibole cleavage. It demonstrates pleochroism from green-yellow to turquoise-green with brown-green spots. The size of crystals is 0.5 - 2.0 mm, mainly 1.0 - 1.5 mm (Fig. 2). Plagioclase is represented by crystals of a tabular and irregular shape (conformal boundaries) with polysynthetic twins. The size of the plagioclase crystals is from 0.5 to 1.5 mm, the mineral is weakly sericitized. Quartz forms crystals of isometric shape up to 0.2 mm in size. In contrast to
Provenance. Amphibolites are common rocks in the Middle Dnipro area; also, they are exposed in the North Azov Sea area, the Bug River area, in the Inhulno-Inhuletskyi and Rosynsko-Tikytskyi areas of the Ukrainian Shield (Yesypchuk, 2004). The biggest outcrops of amphibolites are located in the Kryvyi Rih area and in the right-bank part of the Middle Dni-pro area in the valleys of the rivers Bazavluk, Mokra Sura, Chortomlyk and their tributaries. The analyzed sample differs from the Kryvyi Rih amphibolites, exposed in the valleys of Saksahan and Inhulets rivers, by the shape of hornblende crystals and lack of biotite; from Saksahan amphibolites it also differs by the presence of twins in plagioclase. According to Usenko, amphibolites of the right-bank part of the
Fig. 2. Amphibolite (sample 1).
Hbl - hornblende; Pl - plagioclase; Ep - epidote; Spn - sphene. Transmitted light, nicols (-), x 47
plagioclase, it is transparent and has no impurities of secondary minerals. The epidote is contained in the form of crystals of irregular and tabular form in the size up to 0.2 mm with anomalous interference colors. Usually, the crystals of epidote form aggregates. The mineral replaces the hornblende, less - plagioclase. The opaque mineral is represented by angular crystals. Several grains on the edges are translucent in red, which makes it possible to relate the opaque mineral to hematite. Sphene in the studied amphibolite forms isometric crystals that differ in the thin section with a high refractive index and interference color. Sphene is surrounded by aureoles of secondary alteration products with lower refractive index (epidote?). The main minerals of the amphibolite are gathered into aggregates, therefore its texture can be defined as glomero-granoblastic.
Middle Dnipro area, which form natural outcrops, are divided into two groups: amphibolites of the middle stream of the river Bazavluk and the group of amphibolites of the lower stream of the Bazavluk River (Sholokhove village), Chortomlyk River and the river of Mokra Sura (Usenko, 1953). At all of these occurrences the varieties of amphibolites, which have common features with the analyzed sample, crop out. But, taking into account the predominance of epidoti-zation (as opposed to the sericitization that is typical for Sholokhove amphibolites), lighter, spotty color of hornblende, high content of plagioclase, macrostructural features (dark crystals of hornblende stand out against a background of light-gray plagioclase), the studied sample is more similar to the amphibolites of the middle stream of the river Bazavluk. The comparative petrographic analysis of amphibolites from this
area and the raw material of the analyzed tool showed the greatest similarity to the sample we picked up at the rocky outcrop in the village Udachne in the middle stream of the river Bazavluk.
Dolerite Provenance. Dolerites (diabases) are quite common in the territory of the Middle Dnipro Megablock of the Ukrainian Shield. Fresh olivineless species form natural outcrops along the river Bazavluk, in the middle stream of the river Bazavluchok, as well as in the southern part of the Mokra Sura River and the river Dnipro. We investigated a similar rock in the valley of the river Mokra Sura. The peculiarity
interference colors, probably, talc, which could replace a mineral of the cummingtonite-grunerite series (Fig. 4). Goethite is represented by single large grains, as well as a disperse admixture that tinctures the seric-ite flakes and fills the gaps between quartz grains. As a result of the polished section analysis, it was determined that the ore mineral crystals are represented by one mineral species with the same reflectance, which is shown by all aggregates. Considering the results of macroscopic and microscopic study, the rock can be defined as a magnetite quartzite.
Provenance. Ferruginous quartzites are wide-
Fig. 3. Dolerite (sample 2).
Cpx - clinopyroxene; Pl - plagioclase; Mag+Gth - magnetite and goethite. Transmitted light, nicols (+), x 90
of the raw material of the artefact is the presence of micropegmatite, which is the intergrowth of feldspar and quartz. Similar inclusions were noted by Usenko in pyroxene diabases, which are exposed on the river Mokra Sura and between the tributaries of the river Bazavluk - the gullies Krynychevata and Bakulin Brid (Usenko, 1952).
Ferruginous quartzite (sample 3) is represented by a dark grey, fine-grained rock. The examined sample is magnetic, the ore layers have a black streak. The rock consists of parallel substantially ferruginous and substantially quartz layers up to 1 cm thick. A study of the rock under a microscope showed that the ferruginous layers contain less than half the volume of quartz, and the quartz layers contain up to 10% of linearly located grains of an ore mineral. The size of quartz and ore mineral crystals is 0.05 - 0.3 mm. Between crystals of quartz there are aggregates of flakes of a transparent mineral of the group of sheet silicates with straight extinction and higher than quartz
spread in the territory of the Ukrainian Shield inside numerous iron-siliceous formations, most of which are covered with sedimentary rocks. The outcrops, sufficient for surface development in ancient times, are located along the Inhulets and Saksahan rivers (modern Kryvyi Rih basin) and at the Korsak-Mohyla deposit in the North Azov Sea area (Usenko, 1975). Taking into consideration the proximity of the place of the sample finding to Kryvyi Rih, most likely, the raw material of the tool originates from there.
Vein quartz (sample 4) is represented by a tiled sample obtained as a result of a thin quartz vein separation from the adjoining granitic rock. The investigated sample is composed of coarse-crystalline quartz. Between quartz crystals, the crystals of feldspar (microcline and plagioclase) are located, which make up to 5 % of the volume of the rock. Plagioclase is replaced by secondary sericite. The size of quartz crystals - up to 10 mm, feldspar - up to 1 mm. The texture of the rock is heterogranoblastic.
Provenance. The veins of quartz intersect pink granites of the Tokivskyi massif in the area of the excavations. Similar mineral bodies were observed by the authors in rocky outcrops of granites in the valley of the river Kamianka.
fers from the other by lower content of clastic grains of chert, as well as the presence of single flakes of muscovite in the thin section. Quartz is represented by grains with conformal boundaries formed as a result of dense compression. The size of the fragments is 0.2
Fig. 4. Ferruginous quartzite (sample 3).
Qz - quartz; Mag - magnetite; Tlc - talc. Transmitted light, nicols (+), x 90
Sandstone in the collection is represented by two samples with similar mineral composition and litho-logical features (samples 5 and 6). Both rocks can be defined as quartz sandstones with polymineral cement.
The ratio of clastic material and cement in the sandstone is nearly 95 to 5. Composition of clastic grains (% of clastic material): quartz - 97; chert - up to 2; feldspars and microquartzite - less than a percent (Fig. 5). It should be noted that the sample 5 dif-
- 1.4 mm, mostly 0.3 - 0.5 mm. The regenerative cement encircles many of quartz grains. Chert is mainly represented by semi-coarse isometric grains with the size of 0.2 - 0.4 mm, formed by a micro-flaky aggregate of chalcedony, and sometimes also contains admixture of hydromica flakes (siliceous slate). Crystals of feldspar are close in size to quartz grains and differ from the latter by intensive alteration with sericite. Possibly, some individual aggregates of sericite were
Fig. 5. Sandstone (sample 6).
Qz - quartz; Fsp - sericitized feldspar; Chert - fragment of chert; Cement - sericite and chalcedony cement. Transmitted light, nicols (+), x 47
formed due to the replacement of feldspars. sedimentary rocks and practically do not have relic Cement of the sandstones has a polymineral cement, which is composed of sedimentary minerals. composition with a predominance of sericite and Based on this, we are inclined to regard the raw materegenerative quartz cement. In general, the most of rials of the investigated tools as a Donbas Carbonifer-clastic grains are connected without cement (dense ar- ous sandstone.
Fig. 6. Sandstone (sample 6).
Qz - quartz; Ser - sericite cement; Chal - chalcedony cement. Transmitted light, nicols (+), x 400
rangement) or have thin rims of quartz regenerative cement around. Relic cement is contained mainly in pores, sometimes it forms thin interlayers between clastic grains. Porous cement is represented by the micaceous (sericite) and siliceous (chalcedony) types. Sericite cement fills pores as well as it is contained in small quantities between clastic grains. Chalcedony cement is represented by a micro-flaky aggregate that fills the pores (Fig. 6). In both samples, the two types of cement may coexist in one pore. In the sample 5, in some pores, the zones of kaolinite cement are also contained. Also, there are aggregates and disperse admixture of goethite in the cement. The texture of both samples of sandstone is psammitic.
Provenance. Similar varieties of sandstones are not typical for the Middle Dnipro area. (Tkachuk, 1981; Vidergauz, 1964). Sandstones of the late stage of catagenesis are characteristic for geosynclinal structures. In the territory of Ukraine the nearest occurrences of the rocks that are similar in petrographic features are located in the Central Donbas, where Carboniferous quartz sandstones, which contain debris of rocks (mainly chert), muscovite, have regenerative quartz, sericite-siliceous and kaolinite cement, crop out (Tkachuk, 1981). Similar rocks are also common in Podilia as a part of the Yampil layers of the upper Vend, but these sandstones are more catageneti-cally altered, they contain significantly less debris of
Thus, based on the petrographic study, it was established that the most of analyzed artefacts were made from the rocks that are common in the Middle Dnipro area - the region of excavations. The am-phibolite of sample 1 has close analogues among the rocks, which are exposed in the middle stream of the river Bazavluk. From there the dolerite of the sample 2 may also originate. Ferruginous quartzites, similar to the sample 3, are most common in the Kryvyi Rih area, where they crop out in the valleys of the rivers Inhulets and Saksahan. The quartz of the sample 4 is found in the form of veins that intersect the granites of the Tokivskyi massif in the village Tokivske. Only the sandstones of specimens 5 and 6 have no analogues among the rocks of the Middle Dnipro area, and the most similar rocks to them are the Carboniferous sandstones of the Donets Basin.
Based on the obtained data, we can make assumptions about a certain ethnic homogeneity and close trade and cultural connections of the population of the Bronze Age, which lived in the territory of the Bazavluk and Inhulets rivers' basins in the Middle Dnipro area, who created and used the archaeological monument Tokivske-1. Probably, there lived a tribal union in these territories, and the Tokivske-1 belonged to one of its centers. The production of the scepter-pestle from the sandstone, which most likely originates from the territory of the Donets Ridge, may
indicate the connection of the monument with the Donets Mining and Metallurgical Center of the Late Bronze Age, where the development of copper ores was carried out within the Bakhmut Basin (Broven-der, 2007). It is also necessary to take into account the assumption that similar scepter-pestles belonged to masters-metallurgists who enjoyed a high status in the contemporary society. In the petrographic study of stone tools of ancient miners and metallurgists, found during excavations at the Kartamysh deposit (Lu-hansk Oblast), one of the authors established the origin of a considerable number of them from the Middle Dnipro area, in particular casting molds (Nikitenko, 2010). Thus, the obtained data once again testifies in favor of the existence of an ancient trade route, which connected both regions.
Conclusions. As a result of the study, the list of rocks that were used as raw materials for the production of tools and for the construction of cult objects in the territory of the archaeological monument Tokivske-1 was expanded. In particular, taking into account the data of previous studies, in the Bronze Age, such rocks as granite, amphibolite, dolerite, metadolerite, quartzite, quartz-zoisite-actinolite schist, pyroxene quartzite, magnetite quartzite, vein quartz and sandstone were used. Most types of stone raw materials have analogues among the rocks that exposure directly in the village Tokivske or, most often, near the neighboring village Sholokhove. Among the investigated artefacts, not of local origin are the samples made of amphibolite and dolerite similar to those, which crop out in the middle stream of the Bazavluk River, as well as those made from magnetite and pyroxene quartzites, which most likely originate from the Kryvyi Rih area. Two artefacts made of sandstone, which is not typical for the Middle Dnipro area, are most likely to come from the territory of the Donets Ridge. This fact indicates the possible trade relations of Tokivske-1 with that region. Acknowledgements. The authors are grateful to the direction of the Dnipropetrovsk National Historical Museum named after. D.I. Yavornytskyi for the reimbursement of costs associated with the conducting of research. We are thankful to O.V. Rutkovskaya for her help in working with the collection and comprehensive support. The authors express sincere gratitude to V.I. Hanotskyi, V.D. Evtekhov and Ye.V. Soldatenko for their useful consultations.
The work was carried out at Dnipro University of Technology within the framework of the Agreement No. 070111-18 dated October 3, 2018, to order of Dnipropetrovsk National Historical Museum named after. D.I. Yavornytskyi.
References
Aurino, P. and Mancusi, V.G., 2015. Primary raw materials, finished products and exchange circuits. Archaeometry, petrography and traces of the use of stone materials from the prehistoric excavation of Spinazzola in Paestum. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Metrology for Archaeology (Benevento - Italy - October 21 - 23, 2015), 20 - 25. Avalible at: https://www. academia.edu/17618554/Primary_raw_materi-als_ finished_products_and_exchange_circuits._ Archaeometry_petrography_and_traces_of_the_ use_of_stone_materials_from_the_prehistoric_ excavation_of_Spinazzola_in_Paestum.
Boroffka, N. und Sava, E., 1998 (1999). Zu den steinernen „Zeptern/Stössel-Zeptern", „Miniatursäulen" und „Phalli" der Bronzezeit Eurasiens. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan, 30, 17
- 113.
Borowski, M., 2014. Wyniki badan petrograficznych materialow kamiennych [Results of petrographic studies of stone materials]. Obozowiska, osady, wsie. Wroclaw - Widawa 17 (Redakcja Miroslaw Masojc). Uniwersytet Wroclawski, Wroclaw, 439
- 450. (In Polish).
Brovender, Yu. M., Zagorodnyaya, O. N., 2007. Formalno-tipologicheskiy analiz orudiy metalloproizvod-stva berezhnevsko-maevskoy srubnoy kultury (po materialam pamyatnikov Kartamyshskogo mikrirayona) [Formal-typological analysis of the tools of metal production of Berezhnevsko-Mae-vskaya Srubnaya culture (by the materials of the monuments of Kartamysh archaeological microdistrict)]. Materialy VI-ho mizhnarodnoho Karta-myskoho poliovoho arkheolohichnoho seminaru. DonDTU, Alchevsk, pp. 52 - 68. (In Russian).
Farkas-Petö, A., Horvath, T., Papp, I. and Kovacs-Palffy, P., 2014. Archaeometric investigation of the stone tools of the vatya culture (Pest country, Hungary). Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, 81 - 94.
Gluhak, T. M. and Rosenberg, D., 2018. Back to the Source-Geochemical Data from Israel for the Provenance Analyses of Basaltic Rock Artefacts and Their Implications on Previous and Future Studies. Archaeometry, 60, 1153 - 1169. DOI: 10.1111/arcm.12389
Ixer, R., Bevins, R., Turner, P., Power, M. and Pirrie, D., 2019. Alternative Altar Stones? Carbonate-cemented micaceous sandstones from the Stonehenge Landscape. Wiltshire Archaeological & Natural History Magazine, 112, 1-13.
Nikitenko, I. S., 2010. Pro material kamianykh znariad Kartamyskoho arkheolohichnoho mikroraionu epokhy bronzy, vyhotovlenykh iz pryviznoi syrovyny [On the material of stone tools of Kartamysh archaeological microdistrict].
Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, 9 - 10, pp. 5 - 9. (In Ukrainian).
Nikitenko, I.S., Starik, O.V, Kutsevol, M.L. and Shevchenko, S.V., 2018. Petrographic research on stone tools from the megalithic cult site of Tokivske-1, Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, 4, pp. 5 - 12. DOI: 10.29202/nvngu/2018-4/1
Starik, O.V., Romanchuk, D.S., Rutkovska, O.V, Roztriopa, VS., 2017. Statsionarne mehalitychne kultove misce Tokivske I [Stationary megalithic cult place Tokivske I]. Visnyk NIAZ "Kamiana Mohyla", issue II, Dyke Pole, Zaporizhzhia, 69 -78. (In Ukrainian).
Tkachuk, L. G., Litovchenko, E. I. and Kovalenko D. N., 1981. Oblomochnye porody Ukrainy [Clastic rocks of Ukraine]. Naukova Dumka, Kyiv. (In Russian).
Usenko, I. S., 1952. Pro zhylni porody Ukrainskoho krystalichnoho masyvu [On vein rocks of the Ukrainian crystalline massif]. Heolohichny zhurnal, XII, 4, pp. 3 - 21. (In Ukrainian).
Usenko, I. S., 1953. Arkheyskiye metabazity i ultrabazity Ukrainskogo kristallicheskogo massiva [Archaean
metabasites and ultrabasites of the Ukrainian crystalline massif]. Izdatelstvo AN USSR, Kyiv. (In Russian).
Usenko, I. S., Yesipchuk K. E., Lichak, I. L., Slipchenko, V A. and Tsukanov, V A., 1975. Spravochnik po petrografii Ukrainy. Magmaticheskiye i metamorficheskiye porody [Reference book on petrography of Ukraine. Igneous and metamorphic rocks]. Naukova Dumka, Kyiv. (In Russian).
Vidergauz, L. M., Alekseyev, Yu. N., Bilichenko, Ye. Ya., Vasilyeva, L. P., Pechenkina, L. M., Morokhovskaya, I. N., Bogomolova, R. I., Kamenskaya, I. N. and Pavlova, N. K., 1964. Stroitelnye materialy Dniepropietrovskoy oblasti [Building materials of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]. Budivelnyk, Kyiv. (In Russian).
Yesypchuk, K. Yu., Bobrov, O. B., Stepaniuk, L. M., Shcherbak, M. P., Hlevaskyi, Ye. B., Skobeliev, V. M., Drannyk, A. S. and Heichenko, M. V., 2004. Koreliatsiina khronostratyhrafichna skhema rannioho dokembriiu Ukrainskoho shchyta [Correlational chronostratigraphic scheme of the Early Precambrian of the Ukrainian Shield (explanatory note)]. Kyiv.
