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RESEARCH ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHINESE CLARINET ART
JiaKun Deng
Doctoral student
Lviv National Musical Academy named after Mykola Lysenko
Abstract
Clarinet, also known as clarinet, is a woodwind instrument that was born in Europe in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. With the continuous use of the clarinet, it has become a must-have instrument for Western composers. The clarinet is also developing rapidly in China. Although it has only been in the process for more than one hundred years, it does not affect the love of music lovers. Not only that, but the creation and performance of a series of clarinet works with Chinese characteristics have made this foreign musical instrument gradually localized and nationalized.
Keywords: Chinese clarinet development. Clarinet art. Localization. Development research
Clarinet, also known as clarinet or carat, is also known as clarinet in Taiwan (Clarinet in English, Clar-inetto in Italian, Clarinete in Spanish, Clarinette in French, Klarinette in German), and a "speaker" in an orchestra. And the soprano of the woodwind instrument. The high-pitched area is bright and clear; the middle part is rich in expression, the tone is pure, clear and beautiful; the low-pitched area is low, thick and plump, and it is one of the most widely used instruments in the wood tube music family.
The clarinet is a kind of woodwind instrument, usually made of African black wood, made of wood, hard rubber or metal. It has a bird's mouth and a round hollow. The body is composed of five detachable tubes. The tube body is cylindrical and the lower end is an open bell mouth. A reed is fixed at the mouthpiece, and the blower blows through the space of the reed and the mouthpiece, and with the appropriate pressure of the lower lip, the thin reed tip vibrates, causing the air column inside the instrument tube to start vibrating, thus making the feminine The tone. Its roots can be traced back to the horn and bagpipes, which are generally thought to have evolved from a clarinet-like single-reed instrument, the chalumeau. A clarinet is different from an oboe. The clarinet is a transposing instrument, the oboe is not a transposing instrument, and the oboe is squeaked with two reeds, and the clarinet uses a reed and a flute.
Musical instrument features: high-pitched area bright and bright; the middle part is rich in expression, pure tone, clear and beautiful; low-pitched area, thick and full, is the most widely used instrument in the wood tube family.
* With a vast range of nearly eight octaves, it is the champion of the wind music family.
* The bass is deep, the midrange is thick, and the treble is bright. It is suitable for expressing various musical traits, and it is very expressive in both band performance and solo.
* The performance is very flexible, and it is excellent in playing melody, scale, voice, and sound.
* The black tube family has about ten different pitch and tonal tubes for easy switching.
* Relatively cheap in Western instruments, and lower economic requirements for learners.
* Any age after the child has changed the front teeth is suitable for learning the clarinet.
* First learn the clarinet and you can easily transfer to saxophone.
* The black tube is small in size and easy to carry. It can be played in the park or by the lake.
* Clarinet sound is the most expressive of the wood tube, expressive, and is known as the "speaker."
* Clarinet is the most pleasant type of overtone pronunciation in wood tubes.
Common clarinets are bB, A, and C, all of which belong to the treble clarinet. But in fact, the clarinet family has about ten different pitches and tonal tubes (starting from the lowest note):
Octocontrabass minimum bass (BBBb) Octocontralto lowest mean (EEEb) Contrabass Bass (BBb/GG) Contralto Double Euphonium (EEb) Bass Bass (BBb) Alto Alto (Eb) Soprano Treble (Bb/A) Sopranino Super High (Eb/D/C) Another: Basset Horn Bassett (F)
1. The average person will think that the highest middle of the clarinet family is the E-turn clarinet, but it is not. Few people know that the highest range of the clarinet family is the A-flat clarinet, which once played an important role in European tube bands. The A-flat clarinet has the smallest body shape and the highest pronunciation, and can be played with Piccolo. But today, the A-regular clarinet has been extremely rare. Bartok and Verdi have written bands for this highestsound clarinet.
2. Other treble clarinet: There are three adjustments of F, bE and D. It is five degrees, four degrees and three degrees higher than the conventional bB adjustment clarinet. It is common with bE and is a must-have instrument in military bands.
3. Alto clarinet: There are bE and F adjustments. Also made in the Bassett tube in 1760, the modified Bassett tube is F-adjusted, which is a little higher than the bE tuning mid-range clarinet. It is a slightly smaller bass clarinet with the bell mouth facing up.
4. Bass clarinet: lower than the treble drop B clarinet, the shape is like a saxophone, the whistle tube is
curved, the bell mouth is facing upwards, and the score is recorded with a treble. ..H. Tchaikovsky's "The Nutcracker" suite has excellent examples and is the standard instrument of the military band.
5. Double bass clarinet, bB tone, one octave lower than the bass clarinet, relatively rare.
Basset clarinet
The Bassett clarinet is a close relative of the clarinet. The sound is very "warm" sweet and has been loved by the public for a certain period of time. There are usually three kinds of C, bB and A, mainly A. The sound field is wider than the clarinet. Mozart has five songs and concertos for his creation. However, the instrument's pitch is extremely difficult to control, and the fingering is extremely difficult to master. The best Bassett player in the world today is Anton Stadler (1753-1812), a friend of Mozart. However, after Stadler passed away, the instrument gradually faded out of the music because of the difficulty. His main works include: Mozart's "The Masonic Funeral March" (K.477), "The Serenade No. 10" (K.361), the opera "The Harem of the Harem" (K.384), "The Kindness of Dito" (K.621), and the final Requiem (K.626).
Clarinet is used to become a "black tube" in China, and it is called "clarinet" in Hong Kong and Taiwan, English Clarinet is "Clarinna", Italian Clarinetto, French is Clarinette, German is Klarinette. Internationally referred to as "Clarnet". The instrument uses a reed to pronounce the instrument, one of the Western woodwind instruments, produced in the late seventeenth century, originated in ancient Greece, and introduced to China in the late nineteenth century.
The original clarinet was an ancient European instrument called Reed Flute. It was cylindrical, with no buttons, no bells, and only seven sound holes. Later, the reed flute gradually evolved into the only direct ancestor of the clarinet - the Sharumo tube (also translated into the Xia Lumo tube). With the development of music, this instrument has also been continuously improved. According to relevant information, the first person to reform this instrument was a German musical instrument maker named Johann Denner (1655-1707). Around 1700, he installed two keys on the instrument tube (one is the a1 key controlled by the left index finger, and the other is the twelve-degree overtone key controlled by the left thumb, which is different from today's The overtone key and the a1 key are pressed at the same time to get the b1 sound) and a bell mouth. This is the clarinet that was first invented by the Daine reform. From then on, the road of clarinet development was opened, and the instrument body was extended by Barthol, and the third key was added (bass e, open 12-degree overtone key to get b1 sound, then the overtone key opening The position is also lower, and the b1 sound is lowered when pressed with the front a1 button); the German music founder Joseph Beer (17441811) installed the fourth and fifth keys on the instrument. Added four tones (bass rises f, drops a, twelve degrees of overtones to rises c2, drops e2); by 1791 by the French clarinetist, the first instrumental professor of the Paris Conservatory, Gzhavier Lefe Jean Xavier Lefevre (1766-1829) added the sixth key to the instrument (liter c1, which is the case in continental Europe,
but in the UK for a side button controlled by the right index finger, playing a1 and b1 The vibrato effect between). At this point, the reform of the clarinet instrument has gone through a century, from Dene to Lefefort and others, and the clarinet has developed to six keys. During this period, the performance of the clarinet was also greatly developed. During this period, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) created the A major clarinet concerto and first applied the clarinet to the band. At about the same time, the composer, conductor and violinist Stamitz (J.Stamitz 1717-1757 and C.stam-itz 1745-1801) of the German Mannheim School developed the clarinet art. Tamiz created more than twenty concertos for the clarinet.
In 1812, through the painstaking research of the famous clarinet player Iwan Mueller (1786-1854), the 13-key clarinet capable of playing various styles was successfully developed. This new structure of the clarinet allows the player to obtain skills. Great development, praised by people. And later by Oskar Oehler made further improvements to make it more compact, and the formation of the Euler system (Oehler system). Today, German and Austrian clarinet players mostly use the instruments of the Olle system.
As early as the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, following the deepening of the exchanges between China and the West, the clarinet has now been introduced to China. At that time, a palace musician ordered his artist to draw all the instruments of the Western messenger, including the clarinet, which is the first time that the clarinet was presented in China in the form of images. During the Opium War, the British Hurd served as the Customs and Excise Department in China. This person is a clarinet enthusiast. Due to the needs of his homework, he often holds various banquets to establish the first Western orchestra in China. Customs operators and young students at the time. Mu Zhiqing, who is known as the first person of the Chinese clarinet, is a performer of this band.
During the May Fourth Revolutionary Movement, a large number of musicians returning from overseas studies began to set up music teaching in China. The most contributor was Xiao Youmei. He founded Shanghai National Music College in Shanghai, emulating the Western music teaching system and hiring time. Mu Zhiqing is one of the foreign musicians in China as a faculty member. In addition, Jinling Women's University and Peking University have successively opened clarinet art teaching, which has cultivated the first batch of teachers for the development of Chinese clarinet art.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the state attached great importance to the construction of music culture. The symphony orchestras were established in various places, providing a broad platform for the creation and performance of clarinet art. And under the instructions of Premier Zhou, many professional music colleges, especially clarinets, have been restored and established, and they have also been introduced into normal colleges. Mu Zhiqing, Qin Pengzhang, Zhang Wei, etc., have shouldered the burden of cultivating talents. In particular, Mr. Zhang Wei
made an indelible contribution to the nationalization of the clarinet.
During the Cultural Revolution, it was a decade of cultural and artistic work. As the clarinet art, under the highest instruction of the use of the ocean, the first large-scale exploration of the nationalization of the clarinet art began, and the unexpected results were received. .
After the reform and opening up, the clarinet art also ushered in its own spring. The first is the creation of the clarinet. There are three styles of the portal, the traditional and the popular, which have created a large number of excellent works, not only in line with the essential characteristics of the clarinet art, but also in harmony with the Chinese traditional music culture. And in the works reflect the most popular composition techniques at the time, and also has a strong influence in the world. Together, China's nine music colleges and most art colleges have also opened the clarinet profession, and have produced a large number of clarinet creation and performance talents. Most of them have become the masters of the clarinet work.
Mr. Tao Chunxiao of the Central Conservatory of Music is one of the founders of Chinese clarinet teaching. She studied under Mr. Mu Zhiqing in the early years, and later went to the Czech Republic to study. She received a good and systematic skills learning process and had a very solid and profound performance. skill. Under her leadership, the Central Conservatory of Music has trained a number of clarinet art talents. With the development of the clarinet teaching, the clarinet art has gradually moved toward the direction of induction and diversification. Professor Wang Zhenxian of Nanjing Art College, who has cultivated a large number of performance talents, also pays attention to the theoretical study of clarinet, not only provides sufficient theoretical support for clarinet performance, but also provides the first research for clarinet art in China. Hand information.
By the 21st century, clarinet art has become an important part of Chinese music. Not only do the pure clarinet masters such as Tao Chunxiao and Tao Xuguang, but also the young and middle-aged backbones such as Yuan Yuan and He Yi, and the clarinet
teaching system has been initially perfected. More importantly, the masses of the clarinet art The foundation has been greatly enhanced. Since 1998, the annual Chinese Clarinet Art Festival has become a grand event for Chinese clarinet art. It has also become a shining art brand, a variety of Chinese and foreign exchange activities and world competitions. The figure of the Chinese clarinet player, the children of the clarinet played by a large number of students all over the country, the clarinet art has now blossomed everywhere in China, showing a flourishing scene.
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