CC BY
39
FROM THE HISTORY OF THE SAXOPHONE Bosilov D.Ya.
Bosilov Doston Yakhshiboy ugli - Conductor, MILITARY BAND, ACADEMY OF THE MINISTRY OF EMERGENCY SITUATIONS, TASHKENT, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the saxophone is a musical instrument that has the ability to produce a powerful sound, and shows all its characteristics with the help of timbre and dynamic playing styles. A. Saks participated in the improvement of many musical instruments from his youth, working in his father's workshop. He was looking for the idea of a wind instrument that was different from brass and woodwinds, and that had a strong sound and timbre unlike any other instrument. In 1841, he presented the first examples of a saxophone called the ophicleide at a production exhibition in Brussels.
Keywords: sound, music, musician, performance, style, sound, tembre, saxophone.
ИЗ ИСТОРИИ САКСОФОНА Босилов Д.Я.
Босилов Достон Яхшибой угли - дирижер, военный оркестр, Академия Министерства по чрезвычайным ситуациям, г. Ташкент, Республика Узбекистан
Аннотация: саксофон - это музыкальный инструмент, обладающий способностью издавать мощный звук и проявляющий все свои характеристики с помощью тембра и динамичных стилей игры. А. Сакс участвовал в совершенствовании многих музыкальных инструментов с юношеских лет, работая в мастерской своего отца. Он искал идею духового инструмента, который отличался бы от медных и деревянных духовых инструментов и который имел бы сильный звук и тембр в отличие от любого другого инструмента. В 1841 году он представил первые образцы саксофона под названием офиклеид на выставке производства в Брюсселе.
Ключевые слова: звук, музыка, музыкант, исполнение, стиль, звук, тембр, саксофон.
Saxophone is a musical instrument with tongue-and-groove sound and belongs to the family of woodwind instruments. The difference between saxophones and other musical instruments is that they do not have an ancient history. The family of saxophones was invented in 1842 by the Belgian musician and master of musical instruments Adolph Sax.
In the 19th century, the saxophone began to be used in the orchestra of wind instruments, and in some cases it was included in the composition of the symphony orchestra as a solo instrument. It is one of the main instruments of jazz and pop music.
A. Sachs came to Paris in 1842 to implement his new invention. At the same time, A. Sax's friend, composer Hector Berlioz, published an article called "Saxophone" in the Paris "Journal des Debats" magazine on June 12, and soon the name of this new instrument became famous.
G. Berlioz created the first piece with saxophone. It features the human voice and six musical instruments. All six of these instruments are instruments improved or reworked by A.Sachs. On February 3, 1844, Berlioz himself conducted this work, and after that, the saxophone was used for the first time in the opera "The Last King of Judea" by George Kastner. In the same year, the saxophone was put on sale in Paris.
In 1846, A. Sax received a patent from the French authorities for 8 types of saxophones called "Systemal wind instruments, saxophones". Until then, the saxophone was used instead of the oboe, bassoon and horn instruments in the French military orchestra.
G. Berlioz, as an expert with a lot of experience in instrumentation and orchestration, publishes a comprehensive article in this field called "Instrumentation". After that, composers began to use saxophones widely in their works: Galev - "Vechnyy jid" (1852), Meyerbeer - "Afrikanka" (1865), Tom- "Hamlet" (1868), "Francesca da Rimini" (1882), Delib "Silvia" (1876), Massenet "King Lakhorsky" (1877), "Irodia" (1881), "Werther" (1886), Saint-Saens - "Henry VIII" (1883), Vincent d'Andy - "Fervaal" (1895 ) and others.
The saxophone is rarely used in a symphony orchestra. In 1874, George Bizet performed two themes in the music he wrote for Alphonse Dode's drama "Arlesianka".
1857 - 1870 A. Sax taught the saxophone to the military at the Paris Conservatory and trained several famous musicians. During this period, he was able to interest artists in writing pieces for the saxophone. His childhood friend, the composer Jean-Baptiste Singele, composed pieces for special exams for the saxophone. With the hard
work and diligence of A. Sax, a saxophone performance school was established, but in 1870, as fate would have it, the war began and most of the school's students went to the front. Therefore, the school is closed and attention to art, interest in playing the saxophone decreases. After the saxophone school was closed, it was opened only in 1942 at the Paris Conservatory. Also, during the turbulent period in Paris, one of the American solo performers, Eliza Hall, was involved in the promotion of the saxophone and organized concert programs.
The family of the saxophone is a large one, and each member has its own characteristics, timbre, performance technique, expressiveness and history. One of them, the soprano saxophone, was widely used in the works of modern composers in the first quarter of the 20th century. Darius Mio's ballet "Sotvorenie mira", Germain Teifer, Maurice Ravel's "Bolero" used three types of saxophone at the same time - sopranino, soprano and tenor, Manuel Rosenthal and other modern composers. In the 20th century, the saxophone became one of the most popular and well-known instruments for jazz music, which became a tradition in European countries. It can be said that after the works mentioned above, Paul Hindemith's opera "Cardillak" (1926), Dmitri Shostakovich's ballet "Golden Age" (1930), Sergei Prokofiev's "Poruchik Kije" suite (1934) and the ballet "Romeo and Juliet" (1938), Arthur Onegger's oratorio "Jeanne d'Arc na costre" (1935), Alban Berg's Violin Concerto and opera "Lulu", Aram Khachaturian's ballet "Gayane" used the saxophone. Modest Mussorgsky's "Kartinki s vystavki" series "Staryy zamok" has a saxophone playing the main theme, as well as Sergei Rachmaninov's "Symphonic Dances" saxophone solo.
A number of solo works were composed for saxophone: Claude Debussy's Rhapsody for saxophone; Alexander Glazunov - Concerto for saxophone; Frank Marten - Two Ballades for Saxophone; Filipa Glass -Concerto for saxophone quartet and symphony orchestra; Works such as Michaela Nyman - Concerto for saxophone, cello and symphony orchestra (1996). Among the Russian composers - Edison Denisov, Sofia Gubaidulina, Vyacheslav Artyomov, Nikolai Peiko, Andrey Eshpay, Tatyana Chudova, Yuri Kasparov, Dmitry Kapyrin created works for solo and ensemble.
Since 1969, the International Congress of Saxophonists has been held, competitions and festivals, and books on the saxophone are published. In 1995, the European saxophone center was opened in the city of Bordeaux, and as a result, all the information about the saxophone around the world was collected, and scientific works and works were created in the direction of the saxophone instrument in modern music.
In the 19th century, a new musical genre emerged in the United States, in which the saxophone became one of its main instruments, and in 1918, American critics noted that the saxophone had overtaken this genre over another instrument. In this century (1910-1920), it can be said that the saxophone was widely spread and popularized precisely through jazz music. Also, the fact that the production of the saxophone instrument is well established, and the fact that there are many creations, plays an important role in its popularity.
The 1930s saw the emergence of big bands playing in the traditional swing style, and the use of the saxophone as a mainstay brought the instrument even more popularity. No less than five saxophones are used in the big band: two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones and a baritone saxophone. In this composition in the style of jazz, the instrumentalist who played the saxophone played the saxophone, flute or soprano, sopranino types of the saxophone. Lester Young (1909-1954), Coleman Hawkins (1904-1969), and later Charlie Parker (1920-1955) were among the most skilled saxophonists of this period.
In modern jazz music during the 20th century, the saxophone became widespread as a solo or lead instrument. The saxophone, which has become popular due to the demand of listeners, has also discovered professional musicians. In the second half of the 20th century, we can see Julian Adderley (1928-1975), John Coltrane (1926-1967), Gerry Mulligan, Bad Shank, Phil Woods, Ornette Coleman, Stan Getz, Paul Desmond and other famous saxophonists.
The saxophone family consists of a group of instruments of various tessitura, from the sopranino E-flat (the smallest saxophone) to the largest saxophone, the subcontrabass B-flat saxophone. Until now, saxophones (except sopranino and soprano), which have remained almost unchanged in shape, are made in the shape of S, with a conical widening towards the mouth. Similarly, the volume of the sound changes. Only valves are included. In 1887, the lower B flat valve was installed, and the lower lye valve was added to the baritone saxophone.
The saxophone has a wide pipe compared to other string instruments, and it sounds strong and resonant. Sopranino and soprano saxophones have a straight conical shape. Other saxophones are provided with a curved, muzzled tube. The S-shaped metal body of these saxophones with wide diameter playing holes allows for a clean and powerful sound.
In the saxophone instrument, mute can be used to reduce the volume and change the tone and character of the timbre. The most common of the saxophone family are the alto and tenor instruments. Due to its beautiful and expressive timbre and technical capabilities, it can be found alone in various orchestras and ensembles.
Because the saxophone has a high and warm, soft and expressive timbre, modern symphony orchestras use two, rarely three or four types of saxophones, while the saxophonist with the last number can play the bass part in the score. Also, in the orchestral score, the saxophone part is defined as a separate group, in which tenor, alto and baritone saxophones are used in most cases.
It should be noted that more soprano, alto, tenor and baritone saxophones are used than the compositions listed above. They form a saxophone quartet. Sometimes, a second alto saxophone takes the place of the soprano saxophone in ensembles. Soprano, alto and tenor saxophones are used in classical music and jazz music. Baritone saxophone is used in jazz and similar genres.
References / Список литературы
1. Murtazayev В. Saks ovozi. Toshkent, 2003.
