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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/AJT-17-1.2-80-83
Maksimova Sevinj Abusalat qizi, PhD. Candidate, Department of Environmental economics, Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC) E-mail: Sevinj_Mahsimova@unec.edu.az
Research of new environmental methods for obtaining the organic-mineral fertilizers
Abstract: The essence of this research consists in that when municipal solid waste and sludge generated from waste water decompose with waste nitric acid produces organic-mineral fertilizers. As a result of the interaction the waste nitric acid with compounds contained in municipal solid waste and sludge, obtains high quality product: organic-mineral fertilizers with increased content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The technological process conducts in continuous mode. The result is solid and liquid phases of fertilizer. The released mixture of nitrous gases is absorbed and in the reaction with the limy milk obtained fertilizer. The heavy metals are also adsorbed during the process. Using the waste nitric acid significantly accelerates the decomposition process. Giving the title-product of fertilizer for agriculture increases the economic efficiency of the work done.
Keywords: solid waste management, decomposition, organic-mineral fertilizers.
Introduction Efficient use of natural resources
Development and growth capacities of different in- Nowadays, all countries are taking measures to
dustries are based on waste-free technologies, and it reduce the natural resource extraction. But it is not calls for new approaches for the development of methods for recycling of household and industrial waste. And it is difficult to find the same point of views on the prospects of human society development on the issue of environmental protection and sustainable use of natural resources.
In parallel with the growth of world population the power of various industries is growing, despite the high requirements imposed on them. Due to this, environmental condition is getting worse and worse, and it has a negative impact on the food industry, agriculture, and as a consequence, the planet's health.
As it has been noted by many researchers, the main contradiction between economic and environmental development is that, on the one hand, the economy should be developed. On the other hand, the development increases harmful consequences for the environment (N. Rogojina, 1999).
For example, the analysis of the mining industries of some countries leads to the following conclusions. According to experts, opencast mining is damaging to natural ecosystems, despite the fact that it is a cheap way of production. In mining areas the enrichment and processing of raw materials are producing mountains of waste. This is a serious source of contamination of surface and underground waters, air and soil.
enough. It is necessary to undertake measures for nature restoration. For this approach, the scientists developed a system of measures for the environmental protection and restoration. These activities are carried out not only by the governments, but also by private organizations. Many scientists lead different methodologies of economic calculations of such activities. The economic results of the environmental protection measures, as E. D. Kazyanova argues (E. Kazyanova, 2003), are preventing the loss of natural resources and improving work efficiency in productive and non-productive areas of economy. Then, in her opinion, the economic justification for the protection of the environment should follow these steps:
More complete accounting ofall positive and negative socio-economic impacts of different options ofenvironmental protection measures, both in the short and in the long term perspective; The most comprehensive accounting of cost, relevant to the implementation of various environmental action methods; Accounting of the time factor in the assessment of costs and benefits;
Intersectoral approach to the selection of certain measures by taking into account saving costs for environmental improvement and ensuring more
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Research of new environmental methods for obtaining the organic-mineral fertilizers
effective usage of natural resources of the territory in question (M. Golubets, 1982).
In this case, as shown by M. A. Golubets in his research on the efficient use of mineral resources, you must base upon a few basic principles (M. Golubets, 1982). He offers three basic principles:
1. the use of a minimum of natural resources to produce target products;
2. decontaminate wastes;
3. taking into account the recycling of raw natural resources.
It is the fact, that, the world technologies are based on these principles.
Analyzing foregoing and other researches examining the impact of the growth ofwaste on the environment as a whole, it becomes obvious that one of the major challenges to address these issues is a creation of environmentally safe and non-waste technologies.
Many scientists have developed various methods of processing for solving these problems. Among the many existing recycling methods, the most important is a comprehensive solution of the problem with an economic effect. Considering the state of the issue to date, our research work was carried out in the direction of the most effective recycling and the least of environmental contamination.
Experimental part
This paper presents the results of investigation decomposition process of the waste nitric acid, a mixture of municipal solid waste and the sludge formed after wastewater treatment. Researches performed to recycling and obtain the desired product. Thus, besides the solid waste and sludge utilization, the importance of the test process is that: when the joint expansion of solid waste and the sludge waste nitric acid obtained organic-fertilizer improved quality (S. Sakmanli, 2015). In order to investigate the average composition of MSW tentative amount of waste from different areas of the city and in different seasons were taken.
The main indicators characterizing the physical properties of waste as raw material for producing fertilizers and fertilizer quality assessment include: an average density (volume weight), a morphological composition, fractional composition and humidity.
A. M. Kuzmenkova affirms that (A. Kuzmenkova, 1976), the volumetric weight of solid waste from the well-appointed apartment houses with a high level living conditions is 0.35 m/m, whereas the volume of waste by weight of poor areas reaches 0.65 t/m3 (based on date). According to our research, it is neces-
sary to take into account the volume of solid waste by weight, which is constantly changing and depends on many factors. For example, the humidity waste changes depend on the distance. The following shows the elemental and morphological composition of MSW, %, based of dry substance (table 1): (http://portaleco. ru/ekologija-goroda/sostav-svojstva-i-obem-tverdyh-bytovyh-othodov.html, 2016).
Table 1. - The elemental and morphological composition of MSW in %, based of dry substance:
t+H iS o Elemental composition
Components Content, % (humidity MSW) Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen
Food waste 15 41.7 5.8 27.6 2.8
Garden waste 10.1 49.3 6.4 36.3 3.0
Newsprint 11.6 48.8 6.1 42.7 0.1
Mixed paper 11.6 44.0 6.2 41.7 0.4
Corrugated cardboard 4.3 45.5 6.1 44.5 0.2
Plastic 11.5 59.8 8.3 19.0 1.0
Glass 5.0 0.5 0.1 0.4 0
Ferrous metals 3.9 0.8 0 0.2 0
Aluminum 1.2 0.8 0 0.2 0
Other inorganic waste 7.1 0.5 0.1 0.4 0
Other organic waste 8.8 48.8 6.1 28.3 1.8
Total 100.0 38.3 5.1 27.2 0.8
For Azerbaijan, the average chemical composition of solid waste is shown in table 2.
Table 2. - The average chemical composition of solid waste for Azerbaijan
Indicators Climate zones, %
Middle South
Organic substance 56-72 56-80
Ash content 28-44 20-44
Total Nitrogen 0.7-1.1 1.2-1.9
Calcium 2-3 4-5.7
Carbon 30-35 28-39
Phosphorus 0.5-0.8 0.5-0.8
Total Potassium 0.1-0.6 0.4-1.1
Humidity ( % of the total weight) 40-50 35-70
For obtaining more exact results take we need to the average composition of solid waste in terms of the basic elements of which are presented in the tables 3 and 4 (S. Sakmanli, 2015).
Conducted researches show that a continuous process, allows a large amount of solid waste and sludge generated from waste water. For research, we used a solid waste and sludge in the ratio of (80:45) : (15:50). Decomposition of resulting mixture with waste nitric acid takes place in a continuous mode (S. Sakmanli, 2015). Heavy metals contained in the solid waste and sludge is adsorbed from the liquid phase. At the same time, the process of capture and absorption of gases evolved. Table 5 shows the results of experiments, neutralization and utilization of solid waste and sludge. It was revealed that a change in the ratio of solid waste and sludge is inappropriate, since it is within the specified range to achieve the best results.
Table 5. - The dependence of the degree of decomposition of municipal solid waste and sludge generated after waste water treatment waste nitric acid, the ratio of solid waste and sludge
Table 3. - The solid municipal waste, %
Nitrogen Phosphorus* Potassium**
0.8-1.5 0.5-0.8 0.3-0.6
Table 4. - Sludge from wastewater treatment, %
Nitrogen Phosphorus* Potassium**
1.7-5.5 0.9-6.5 1.8-1.9
Note: * — In terms of P2 05, ** — In terms of K2 O
In the process is the waste nitric acid also used, which is a waste product electropolishing of steel and alloys of the following composition, %: HNO3 — 27-35; F — 0.01; Cu — 1.1; Ni — 1.1; Cr — 1.2; CrO — 0.3; Mo — 0.3; Co — 0.1; Al2O3 — 0.03; organic impurities — 0.1-0.4; H20 — the rest of it (M. Alosmanov, 1988).
№ Taken Obtained Decomposition degree, %
municipal solid waste, kg. sludge generated after waste water treatment, kg. waste nitric acid, in terms of 100 %- HNO3, Kg. The solid phase, Rg. Liquid phase, kg. including, %
P2O5 N , total K2O
1. 80 15 5 64.0 36.0 5.0 6.6 1.6 88.6
2. 75 20 5 63.5 36.5 5.2 6.8 1.7 88.9
3. 70 25 5 62.0 38.3 5.25 6.9 1.8 88.7
4. 65 30 5 61.5 38.5 5.3 7.1 1.9 87.4
5. 60 35 5 59.5 40.5 5.36 7.6 1.95 86.3
6. 55 40 5 53.5 46.5 5.4 7.9 1.99 85.9
7. 45 50 5 47.5 52.5 5.5 8.1 2.1 85.8
Solid waste and sludge, generated from wastewater treatment, react with various acids by in different ways. As indicated above, the mineral acid used in our studies, is a waste of industrial production. Although, the low concentration ofwaste acid and impurities, a nitric acid is very strong by nature, so the waste decomposes sufficiently.
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Fig. 1. Depending on the changes in the proportion of solid waste and sludge, and the degree of decomposition of waste
Fig. 2. The increased percentage of phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium in the obtained organic-mineral fertilizers
The study examines the degree of decomposition of solid waste and sludge with the waste nitric acid, combined in different proportions. The experimental results are shown in figures below. The experiments has been used the same amount of acid. Fig. 1 shows the change in the content of the solid and liquid phases, depending on
Removal of aromatic hydrocarbons from waste water of industrial oil processing
the changes in the proportion of solid waste and sludge, and the degree of decomposition of waste.
In fig. 2 we see the increased percentage of the basic chemical elements, phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium in the obtained organic-mineral fertilizers. This changes the percentage of solid waste and sludge at a constant amount of waste nitric acid. During the experiments, get steady indicators. As a result, it can be argued that the investigated process of obtaining organic-mineral fertilizer from solid waste and sludge is an efficient technological process (S. Sakmanli, M. Alosmanov, H. Bafadarova, 2010).
Conclusion
The organic fertilizer obtained in the process as the desired product and its usage shows the high importance in terms of economic efficiency of the work done. Additionally, all the prerequisites for creating a waste-free process are formed. Even the evolved gases in the
process are captured and absorbed, thus also get a valuable product.
As a result of this research, it has been achieved an acceleration of the process of decomposition of municipal solid waste and sludge generated from waste water, usage of waste nitric acid, obtaining organic — mineral fertilizer with a relatively high content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, preventing of contamination of waste and sludge.
The Government of our country making major steps towards the rapid development of agriculture accepted many programs, laws, etc. in this area. Keeping the above principles the least use of natural resources and the maximum protection of the environment, the proposed technology allow to solve the problem of effective agricultural development and environmental protection. In order to improve this technological process researches continue.
References:
1. Kuzmenkova A. Using composts from municipal solid waste. - Moscow: Rosselhozizdat, 1976.
2. Kazyanova E. The damage caused by of environmental contamination. - Astrahan: Report, 2003.
3. [Electronic resource]. - Available from: http://portaleco.ru/ekologija-goroda/sostav-svojstva-i-obem-tverdyh-bytovyh-othodov.html (2016, 01).
4. Alosmanov M. Physical and chemical research and development of technology of phosphate fertilizers by using industrial wast and natural resources of the South Caucasus. - Baku: ANSA, 1988.
5. Golubets M. Actual matters of environment. - Kiev: Nauka, 1982.
6. Rogojina N. In search of answers to the environmental challenge. World economy and international relations. - 1999.
7. Sakmanli S. Patent No. i20150041. - Azerbaijan, 2015.
8. Sakmanli S., Alosmanov M., Bafadarova H. Physico-chemical research ofprocessing ofmunicipal solid wastes// Ecoenergetika. - 2010. - № 3.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/AJT-17-1.2-83-88
Salimova Nigar A., Professor and associate Professor Mamedova Farida M., Department of Oil-chemical Technologies and Industrial Ecology, Azerbaijan State University of Oil and Industry, Baku, Azerbaijan E-mail: farida.mamedova@yahoo.com
Removal of aromatic hydrocarbons from waste water of industrial oil processing
Abstract: Discharging waste water in marine environment without previous treatment has severe effects on the marine environment and produces aqua-toxicological effects, which is deleterious to aquatic life. The main contributors to acute toxicity of waste water have been found to be the aromatic and phenol fractions
