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14share of required funds is more realistic in comparison with the project which did not interest or inspired little interest with the investors. So a more realistic project should be evaluated higher.
There may exist different levels of the authorship. Here is another example. Let's admit for purely descriptive purposes that there has been suggested an idea of a bicycle, in which the source of the movement is not only the cyclist's feet but also the hands; steering function is performed by the moving of the head in the helmet (like in 3D virtual reality helmets appeared in the last 10 years). The author of this market demand for the invention can be guided by the conviction that sooner or later such invention appears because there exists an unconscious need for many people to combine the advantages of the well-known trainer and the possibility to move distributing the effort between the arms and legs at the same time. And it will contribute to the realization of this need. This is the first level of authorship. Those investors who agree with the fact that this invention is knocking at the door of a real business, will implement their implicit investments whose sum will condition whether it is worth working specific technical requirements. If the number of potential investors convinced that sooner or later such a
device appears is sufficiently large, there can be formed and a team of designers and marketers, which will set up the goal to develop a specific project of production and promotion of the product. It will be the second level of authorship.
The represented materials in the whole are also the idea-demand for a specific, more advanced and grounded incubator project in the pre-investment phase of a particular business designing. This project is based on the conviction that what happened in the real sector in the last century, i.e. the division of labor of owners and managers, will happen on the start-ups market.
References:
1. List of incubators of small business of the Republic of Belarus [Electronic resource] // The Ministry of Economy of Belarus. - Access: http://www.economy.gov.by/ru/small_business/support -of-small-enterprise/activities-of-infrastructure-to-support-small-businesses/perechen-incubatorov. - Access Date: 09.01.2017.
2. Small and medium business in the Republic of Belarus, 2016: Art. digest. - Minsk: The National Statistics Committee of Belarus (National Statistical Committee), 2016. - 368 p.
A.N. Kozlyanchenko
Competitor of the Department of Economic Theory Chernihiv National Technological University Chernihiv, Ukraine
RESEARCH OF MODERN PROBLEMS OF AGRICULTURAL MECHANICAL ENGINEERING OF
UKRAINE
Abstract. In the article the modern problems of agricultural engineering. Determined that agricultural engineering is an integral part of agriculture, whose main task - to ensure the agricultural production of reliable and high quality equipment. Today the industry is in decline, as evidenced by the volume of production. In addition, the technical equipment of agricultural production is in critical condition. To improve the situation the author proposes ways of crisis management of agricultural engineering at the macro and micro levels.
Keywords: crisis management, industry, agricultural machinery, processing, production, machine-building complex.
Formulation of the problem. Effective functioning of the industrial complex is the determining factor in the dynamic development of the domestic economy, improving its competitiveness in the global economic environment, achieving high social standards of living. The need for the development of mechanical engineering due to the fact that there are means of production, lays the rate of productivity growth, energy factors, reduction of material and a new quality of the final product. Agricultural machinery is an integral part of agriculture, whose main objective - to ensure the agricultural production of reliable and high-quality equipment. At the same time, there is the fact of the imbalance development of agricultural machinery, and therefore find ways to scientifically based industry revival is an important task of the day.
Analysis of recent research and publications.
Problems of development of agricultural mechanical engineering of Ukraine considered in their scientific works by such scholars as the E.P. Amosenok, Y.M.
Bartashevska, Y.K. Bilousko, I.S. Grozniy, B.M. Danylyshyn, N.P. Karachina, V.V. Rossokha, A.A. Shapurovo, N.I. Shifrin and many others. In particular, a significant contribution to the study of this problem was made by B. Danylyshyn, he focused on issues of functioning of the machine-building complex of Ukraine, and has proved its strategic goals and directions of further development.
Purpose of the study is to identify the main problems that hinder the development of agricultural engineering for further development of the crisis management arrangements and measures to counter the emergence of the crisis in the industry.
Key findings. The history of the emergence and development of agricultural engineering as a branch of industrial production, is engaged in manufacturing of labor resources in agriculture is directly linked with the global development of science and technology and socio-economic relations in the society. Machinebuilding industry of our country began in the first half of the XIX century and in the early twentieth century
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on the territory of Ukraine produced about 25% of engineering products in the Russian Empire. Note that the first machine-building plant was the company of agricultural areas. Machinery plant on the farm Dmitrov that in Chernihov is considered as such plant, where in 1841 produced agricultural machinery, steam boilers, machinery and equipment for sugar, textile and garment factories [1, p. 65].
During the years of existence of the Soviet Union in Ukraine created a powerful industry. In accordance with the principles of socialism was developed to monopolize the market of agricultural machinery. Closeness of foreign manufacturers, command and administrative management, directory pricing, lack of competition, public financing and lending led to a further backlog of domestic agricultural engineering from similar industries in developed countries.
During the period of transformation of economy of mechanical engineering for agriculture experiences all inherent in the process of destructive changes [2, p. 85]. At present, the reform of the sector is not completed. There is no clear government program that would provide market direction of scientific research and design development for the production of new equipment, the definition of the role and functions of the state.
Technical equipment of agricultural production is very low. In recent years, the amount of equipment of agricultural enterprises, the amortization period for which has expired, 8-10 times higher than the volume of its purchases. Grown deadlines mechanized operations, decreased quality, increased yield loss. Outdated technology requires significant funding to keep it in working condition.
Funds for the purchase of new equipment from the peasants mostly lacking. In addition, the Ukrainian producers of agricultural machinery and equipment is unable to provide the buyer with products of quality, which offer foreign firms. Reliability and technical level of Ukrainian agricultural machinery became a serious problem for both customers and machine builders as well as the use of unreliable technology negatively affect the production of competitive agricultural production, which, in turn, reduces the purchasing power of the agricultural sector producers.
In addition, most of the equipment that was in the former collective and state farms, has moved into the private sector, it is outdated and energy-intensive, requires frequent repairs. Powerful companies work the land and harvest the modern appliances. Even farmers who mainly buy second-hand, but the foreign technology. Kherson harvester became too expensive, and virtually no state subsidies today. A few years ago, there was a partial compensation for the purchase of equipment, payment of loans, which canceled due to financial problems.
Historically, that domestic agricultural machinery industry has become one of the most successful industries in the country by making the full range of necessary equipment. However, to date, it can be argued that the earlier progressive and prosperous industry is unprofitable and needs state support.
State buys hardware abroad. The above men-
tioned is done on this illogical conditions. The draft contract for the supply of harvesters is assumed that the loans under state guarantee is actually provide foreign producers that they produce and supply to our market. Accordingly, Ukrainian farmers are stimulating the creation of jobs abroad and develop foreign agricultural machinery [3, p. 110].
The volume of agricultural technology provides products of foreign production, in particular the low level of technological excellence - about 85%. Agricultural machinery, manufactured in the United States, intended primarily for large commodity farms. Most of the technology in Europe made companies and subsidiaries of US companies. There is a growing issue of technology in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, where it is produced under license of European and American manufacturers, or as part of joint enterprises with them [4, p. 205].
The new technique can buy only an economically powerful economy of Ukraine. The vast majority of medium-sized manufacturers are forced to buy agricultural machinery, second-hand. Due to the rise in price of new products, secondary market of machines is becoming increasingly popular not only in Ukraine. In the United Kingdom, Germany, USA, France, on one bought new tractor there are 3-4 second-hand goods. Foreign agricultural enterprises a significant part of agricultural machinery purchased in the secondary market equipment. The market of "old" harvesters in the United States three times the market for new cars. In addition, technique previously used, often dismantled and sold as spare parts. In Western Europe, about 50% of the work farmers operate tractors, purchased on the secondary market.
Branch of Agricultural Engineering of Ukraine unites 129 specialized companies and design offices, which employ about 70 thousand. Workers. In addition, 360 companies supplying hardware, components, assemblies and parts. This makes it possible to produce nearly 2,600 kinds of agricultural technology, particularly compact and versatile tractors. However, through the outdated technology and equipment, the critical financial situation of the rate of production of farming and the quality poor. This reduces the possibility of providing farmers with domestic products, in spite of its great adaptability to the conditions in Ukraine [5, p. 108; 6, p.208-209].
Agricultural engineering is of great importance for the domestic agro-industrial sphere of control -machines and equipment, machinery and spare parts -in order to increase the level of mechanization of production processes and the production and reproduction of technical capacity. At the same time, the assessment of the role of agricultural engineering in the Ukrainian economy (Table 1) gives reason to believe that its share is negligible. Thus, the share of industry in 2014 was 0.6%, and the cost of production of agricultural engineering was 8.1% of the total cost of the engineering industry in the country of production. During 2015, agricultural machinery was 0.5% of the value of industrial production, and in the structure of the machine-building industry - 6.8%, which indicates a gradual decline in the sector in the total volume of
production industry and specifically Ukrainian engi- neering.
Table 1
Production The volume of sales
2015 year 2016 year
mln UAH in % to industry in % to mechanical engineering mln UAH in % to industry in % to mechanical engineering
Industry 1389140,5 100 - 1500518,4 100 -
Mechanical engineering 99387,1 7,2 - 103599,7 6,9 -
Agricultural mechanical engineering 8104,4 0,6 8,1 7051,1 0,5 6,8
Source: [7; 8], the author summarized
The following features characterize the current state of the agricultural engineering industry:
- backwardness of domestic appliances foreign models in all respects;
- underdevelopment of infrastructure of the domestic market (there is no real monitoring, distribution systems);
- decrease of load capacities of the enterprise;
- decline in demand of domestic consumers of agricultural machinery;
- decrease in the profitability of production of agricultural machinery (at the level of 1-2%);
- conversion of agricultural engineering at the repair base of agricultural machinery;
- reduction of professionally trained factory workers, the lack of increasing qualification;
- low level of innovation activity of domestic en-
terprises;
- control system of agricultural engineering industry is imperfect, leading to failures in planning, coordination and control.
The main manufacturers of tractors in Ukraine there are companies TD "MTZ-Belarus-Ukraine" and JSC "Kharkov Tractor Plant". Manufacturers of tools for soil are such companies as PKF "Veles-Agro", JSC "Shepetivka cultivators plant", JSC "Red Star", JSC "Umanfermmash". The largest producers of harvesters are considered "Berdyansk jatki," NPP "Kherson Machine-Building Plant", and the main producers of forage harvesters is the NPP "BelotserkovMAZ" and SE "Berdyansk factory of agricultural machinery".
Table 2 shows the volume of major products of agricultural engineering.
Table 2
Production of basic agricultural engineering products
Year Tractors, thsd. pcs. Harrows, thsd. pcs. Harrow point thsd. pcs. Rippers, cultivators, thsd. pcs. Seeders, thsd. pcs. Mowing, thsd. pcs. Machines for preparation of forages, thousand pcs. Combine harvester's pcs. Combines beet-harvesting, pcs.
1940 10,4 * * * 11,0 * * * *
1960 88,0 * * * 72,2 * * * *
1980 136,0 * * * 78,8 * * * *
1990 106,0 * * * 57,1 * * * 8600
2000 4,0 * * * 2,0 * * * 700
2001 3,6 * * * 3,8 * * * 160
2002 3,0 * * * 4,9 * * * 120
2003 4,6 2,1 10,0 7,7 8,0 1,5 47,2 101 398
2004 5,8 4,1 17,3 8,9 9,9 3,1 66,3 305 109
2005 5,5 4,5 20,4 8,0 11,3 3,8 107,0 308 88
2006 3,7 4,4 13,8 11,5 9,0 3,2 101,0 ** 201
2007 5,3 5,8 18,6 9,2 7,1 3,1 72,8 137 18
2008 6,3 5,5 20,4 10,4 7,7 3,4 87,4 309 **
2009 1,4 1,1 5,0 4,6 1,5 1,6 166,0 56 **
2010 5,2 4,8 5,5 6,4 3,8 1,8 187,0 97 **
2011 6,8 7,4 11,0 7,4 4,9 2,3 161,0 39 *
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2012 5,3 1,7 7,5 4,7 2,7 2,8 123,0 59 *
2013 4,3 1,9 7,8 4,3 3,6 2,7 109,0 68 *
2014 4,1 2,0 7,9 3,7 3,0 2,9 98.7 38 *
* there isn't statistical information
** confidential data in accordance with Law of Ukraine "On State Statistics" Source: [7 p. 64; 8], modified by the author
The main reasons for the crisis are:
- price conversion of 90-th, led to higher prices for engineering products, resulting in a sharp decline in buyers of agricultural machinery;
- loss of markets;
- drop in agricultural production, which makes agricultural producers insolvent;
- severance of economic relations with enterprises of the former Soviet republics;
- competitive advantages of foreign enterprises of agricultural machinery;
- absence of well-functioning business management system that can form the anti-crisis policy [9, p. 352].
In the field of agricultural engineering, there are a number of problems that significantly impede the creation and production of contemporary art. One of the
main is the lack of investment and high cost of long-term credit resources, which, in turn, is an obstacle to the modernization and reconstruction of technical and technological base of domestic agricultural engineering companies. In an increasingly globalized world economy Ukrainian products have a low level of competitiveness is a major factor in the negative impact on the realization of the export potential (Table 3).
The conflict in eastern Ukraine has caused not only a number of socio-political transformations, but also caused changes in the national economy, including in the structure of Ukrainian exports. The loss of the Russian market led to the fact that Ukrainian producers are export-oriented, have been forced to look for new markets for their products for equipment prices have fallen dramatically.
Table 3
The volume of exports of certain types of agricultural machine-building production
Product Name 2012 2013 2014 2015
quantity mln USD quantity mln USD quantity mln USD quantity mln USD
Machinery and equipment for the a/m, thousand units 11,0 58,0 7,8 58,3 11,1 60,5 12,4 49,9
Combine harvesters, pcs. 13 0,5 15 0,6 38 5,2 18 0,8
Forage harvesters, pcs. 38 0,3 50 0,4 59 0,8 36 0,7
Tractors, thousand units 1,8 78,7 1,9 76,9 1,8 63,9 2,3 55,0
* there isn't statistical information
Source: [10, p. 52-53; 11, p. 54-55; 12, p. 58], the author summarized
Ukraine has considerable potential for development of agricultural machinery, the necessary basis for the formation of industrial complexes for the production of the whole range of techniques and equipment for growing, harvesting, storage and processing of agricultural products. However, technical accessories production is in critical condition. Agricultural enterprises provide agricultural equipment only 45-55% of technological needs, 90% of the equipment needs to be replaced due to obsolescence and wear and tear. Agricultural Engineering companies curtail production and upgrading capacity, are loaded only by 10-20%. Depreciation of manufacturing equipment in them reaches 70-80%, and its average age - 30-35 years. Domestic machinery manufactures machinery and equipment, which are 2-3 generations behind their foreign counterparts [6, p.207].
Most of the specialized machine-building factories are equipped with rigid technological lines; do not allow quickly and at low costing switching to the production of new advanced technology models. It is still not formed locked marketing industry complexes corresponding to the modern post-industrial industry devices and enable the most efficient way to compete in
world markets. In the absence of orders employees of enterprises for a long time while on vacation at his own expense. Agricultural engineering companies working on the 30-40% of capacity, and some even 5%. Because of the large amounts of receivables and payables, most enterprises in the industry are in a critical area of insolvency [13, p.16-17].
Our own analysis of the situation, the study of the major industry issues allow us to formulate the direction of the future development of agricultural engineering (Table 4).
The solution of problems of financial security is a priority for the withdrawal of almost all areas of agricultural production to a new level of functioning. Government of Ukraine carried out a number of measures to support domestic agricultural producers. The Law "On stimulation of development of domestic mechanical engineering for agroindustrial complex" [14], which provides for public expenditure in the amount of one percent of the total budget allocated to the partial (40%) reimbursement of the cost of complex equipment of domestic production, partial (70%) compensation NBU discount rate on bank loans.
Table 4
The main ways of crisis management Agricultural engineering
Ways for improving the condition of agricultural engineering
At the macro level: At the micro level:
- form the legal framework of functioning of the enterprises of agricultural engineering, to develop a unified system of technical and quality standards, compliance with WTO requirements; - contribute to a positive investment climate in the agricultural sector; - exercise strict control over the import process, and to establish a system of quotas for the import of foreign-made equipment, the possibility of which the production is in Ukraine; - increase public funding of agricultural machinery, the volume of concessional loans; - promote innovative development of the industry; - develop an effective system of state orders for the production of the most important types of agricultural machinery; - contribute to updating the material and technical base of enterprises by facilitating access to finance. - introduce permanent monitoring of the technical and technological level and the level of innovation of products; - assess the quality of products in order to increase its competitiveness; - continuously improve the research intensity, quality, reliability of domestic agricultural machinery through the introduction of advanced innovative solutions in design, product specifications, as well as a comprehensive modernization; - to carry out total or partial technical and technological re-equipment of agricultural machinery enterprises in order to create production facilities for the manufacture of modern high-quality competitive agricultural; - due to the rise in fuel prices it is essential to develop the engines of agricultural machinery, providing the same level of performance with lower fuel costs.
Source: author suggested
With the development of market relations, it is important to increase the competitiveness of products manufactured by enterprises of agricultural engineering. Most of Ukraine's businesses are characterized by not only the low level of competitiveness, high unit costs of resources, obsolete technical and technological base of production, but also ineffective management system of production and economic activity.
The reorientation of the domestic enterprises to produce high quality, modern technical facilities for agriculture, corresponding to world standards and can compete with foreign counterparts - financial -, research - and time-consuming task, but at the same time is very important, because it will inevitably result in failure to comply with not only the closure of international markets for domestic products, but also to the loss of national consumer, who can fully move to a better and more productive foreign-made equipment.
In the process of improving the industry's regulatory system of agricultural engineering, it is important to emphasize the provision of incentives and state support for priority development of domestic mechanical engineering for agroindustrial complex [15, p. 178]. Essential in this respect, the study of mechanisms to protect businesses from unfair competition in the domestic and foreign markets, the establishment of favorable tax policies for such enterprises and the development of lending instruments and pricing policy in the domestic agricultural machinery.
Conclusions
1. Analysis of domestic agricultural mechanical engineering indicates that the industry is still technically imperfect, and the lack of development of the domestic market has become significant factor in the reduction of industrial production. Significant number of products manufactured with the use of obsolete technologies, high level of energy consumption, and certain types of equipment already on the "output" of
the company are outdated in comparison with foreign analogues. Prospective development of the industry due to the modernization of production processes in order to reduce the cost of goods-oriented production strategy for marketing, the stabilization of financial condition and increase the efficiency of enterprises.
2. Prospects for agricultural mechanical engineering are directly linked with the strategy of economic development of the country. First and foremost is to increase the efficiency of the engineering industry through restructuring the industry, the creation of modern technological equipment, the orientation of the product on the domestic market and the possibility of entering the needs of the global market, which will not only restore the solvency, but also to become competitive.
3. To exit the agricultural machinery industry from the state of instability, it is necessary to apply effective management mechanisms will be implemented both at the enterprise level (micro), and at the national level (macro-economic). Key macroeconomic mechanisms include government regulation and market levers. The important role played by micro-economic mechanisms, which include security and financial mechanisms, personnel motivation and mechanisms of development, marketing and control.
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