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RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS OF LABOR PROTECTION PROBLEMS OF TRAUTORIST-
MACHINISTS IN AGRICULTURE
Shirokov Yu.,
doctor of technical Sciences, Professor, Tikhnenko V.,
Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor
Ivakina E.,
Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor
Imamzadeh A.I.
Engineer, senior lecturer Department of labor protection, Russian state agrarian University-Moscow agricultural Academy. K.A. Timiryazeva
Moskva, Russia
Abstract
The article shows the directions of improving the labor protection system of tractor drivers in agriculture and minimizing the risks of their occupational diseases and accidents. The methodological basis of the work is the study and generalization of research materials on the presence of harmful production factors at the workplaces of tractor drivers-agricultural machinists and their impact on health.
In conclusion, recommendations are made to improve the organization and increase the efficiency of periodic medical examinations of tractor drivers, including: the labor protection services of agricultural enterprises require medical institutions to study in advance and timely identify early signs of occupational pathology, taking into account actual risk factors, actively introduce telemedicine technologies that can "bring" a highly qualified doctor closer to rural workers, switch to remote medical monitoring of the health of workers. to receive timely primary information about changes in the state of health and conduct periodic medical examinations already on the basis of primary data on changes in the state of health of employees, deepening already targeted studies for making a decision on diagnosis and preventive measures, etc. This will allow organizing timely anrational employment of employees with signs of the initial stage of diseases, in workplaces that exclude the risks of developing the disease.
Keywords: agriculture; tractor driver; labor protection; occupational diseases, accidentsd.
Introduction
The digital transformation of the agro-industrial complex (AIC), the introduction of computer systems for controlling the tractor and its engine, machine-tractor units (MTA) and combines, dispatching operations performed in the field in online mode using global satellite and local systems (unmanned aerial vehicles-UAVs), the use of satellite driving systems, monitoring and control systems require a new approach to the or-gnization of the workplace and the process of work and rest of the tractor driver [1-4].
The health of tractor drivers in agriculture is negatively affected by the sedentary nature of work in a sitting position, unfavorable microclimatic conditions, various chemical and biological substances, in a number of technological operations - directly poisons [13,5].
The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that a new approach to the organization of labor protection of tractor drivers-mainists of agriculture is needed, the creation of an effective management system for their labor protection based on the staffing of labor protection services with highly qualified specialists in accordance with the requirements of professional
standards, conditions for safe work and timely medical care at the first signs of a health disorder.
The methodological basis of the work is the study and generalization of research materials on the presence of harmful production factors at the workplaces of tractor drivers-drivers of agriculture and their impact on health.
In the structure of occupational morbidity in agriculture, machine operators are in the first place (48.8%). The frequency of primary disability of machine operators is 1.7 times higher than in the industry as a whole. In 85.5% of cases, disability is established at the age of 50 years. The main causes of occupational diseases among machine operators (according to health authorities) are the imperfection of the equipment used (58 %), irrational work and rest regimes (42%) [5-7].
Studies of medical institutions and many authors show that tractor drivers in agriculture accumulate many pronounced health problems during the period of their production activity, which are absent from workers in most other sectors of the economy [5].
Discussion
17.6% of tractor drivers were diagnosed with "vibration disease", 15.5% - " sensorineural hearing loss
"(also with a high degree of professional conditioning by existing working conditions and regimes [5,6].
In 32.2% of cases, lumbosacral radiculopathy, compression-ischemic syndrome caused by functional overstrain was detected. A quantitative assessment of the degree of causal relationships of health disorders with work according to the criteria of p. 2. 2. 1766-03 allowed us to identify a very high degree of professional conditionality of this nosology. [2, 5-8[.
In particular, the development of degenerative-dystrophic changes in the spine, which manifest themselves in the form of deforming osteoarthritis and dis-cosis, is associated with the impact of vertical low-frequency shock-like vibrations. Tractor drivers with a long work experience have osteochondrosis in the lum-bosacral part of the spine. Pathology, as a rule, is accompanied by the occurrence of secondary nut disorders, leading to disability.
With prolonged work on sandy soils, where high concentrations of dust are created in the respiratory zone during the work of agricultural machine operators, it is possible to develop dust forms of pathology of the bronchopulmonary apparatus and, first of all, diffuse chronic bronchitis.
Chronic bronchitis in agricultural machine operators occurs, as a rule, torpid, without pronounced ca-tarrhal phenomena. Radiologically, a significant strengthening of the lung roots, a moderately pronounced deformation of the bronchial pattern (deforming bronchitis) is determined. The frequency of this disease in machine operators varies within (3,1 + 0,8) % -(5,8+1,1) %.
The frequency of diseases of the upper respiratory tract, in the development of which a significant role is played by the presence of dust and harmful chemicals in the air of the working area (exhaust gases, mineral fertilizers, pesticides), is (24.2±1.5)%. The most common of them are chronic hypertrophic and subatrophic rhinopharyngitis, anterior dry rhinitis. With an increase in work experience, the level of pathology of the upper respiratory tract not only increases, but also its nature changes - subatrophic catarrh of the nose and pharynx prevails, the frequency of chronic inflammatory diseases of the larynx increases (V. G. Briskly).
Diseases of the anterior chamber of the eyes (sub-acute and chronic blepharoconjunctivitis and pteryg-ium), as well as hyperemia of the conjunctiva and pinguecula, which are often detected in machine operators with long work experience (T. I. Makarenko), are also associated with the impact of dust.
Diseases of the digestive system in agricultural machine operators are also more frequent than in the rural population as a whole. This applies mainly to peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, which is determined on average in (5.8±0.6)%.
The connection with the working conditions of diseases of the liver and biliary tract is especially clear in machine operators engaged in agrochemical plant protection. The frequency of chronic hepatitis and hepatocholecystitis in this group is more than 10% higher than among machine operators who are not exposed to pesticides (17.8 % ± 2.4% and 6;7 % ± 0.9%, respectively). The frequency of liver and biliary tract
diseases increases significantly with an increase in the length of work with pesticides (from 8.1 % ±1.8% in the group with up to 5 years of experience to 24.9 % ± 3.1% with more than 10 years of experience). (G. A. Dugelny, 1971; M. M. Dalinchuk, 1972; E. I. Anina et al., 1974; N. M. Blinova, 1975, etc.). (Source: Encyclopedia on Occupational Safety and Health of the ILO, electronic x ресурс: safework.ru).
Occupational diseases of machine operators arise as a result of the impact on the body of unfavorable factors of the production environment.
The noise at the machine operator's workplace depends on the nature of field work, humidity and soil density. The highest levels are observed during plowing, lower-during transport work, planting potatoes, mowing. The movement of agricultural machines on uneven terrain, overcoming obstacles in the form of stones, deep potholes, etc. is accompanied by the appearance of aperiodic shocks of various amplitudes and stiffness. The parameters of shock-like vibrations can reach significant values, 5-10 times higher than the normalized ones. They play a decisive role in the development of adverse consequences of the long-term effect of mechanical vibrations on agricultural machine operators
In particular, the development of degenerative-dystrophic changes in the spine, which manifest themselves in the form of deforming osteoarthritis and dis-cosis, is associated with the impact of vertical low-frequency shock-like vibrations. Tractor drivers with a long work experience have osteochondrosis in the lum-bosacral part of the spine. Pathology, as a rule, is accompanied by the occurrence of secondary root disorders, leading to disability.
The effect of low-frequency vibrations and shocks can be explained by gastroptoses, which are found much more often in tractor drivers with a long experience than in workers of other professions. The development of gastroptosis is associated with a weakening of the ligamentous apparatus of the stomach as a result of its continuous fluctuations. The omission of the stomach is accompanied by a violation of its motor and secretory functions. These problems are noticeably reduced when working on modern tractors, the seats on tractors do not always meet the requirements of the standard, which can be the cause of premature fatigue. When performing work that requires high driving accuracy, with poor adjustment of the seat position or with an incorrect choice of the direction of movement, the mechanic assumes a forced working position, with a certain static tension of individual muscle groups.
The tractor cab allows you to protect the machine operator from the direct effects of insolation, high and low temperatures. Microclimatic conditions in the workplace depend on its tightness, thermal insulation, the presence of a heating and air conditioning system. In the warm period of the year, the air temperature can reach 50 °C or more in cabins that do not have thermal protection. At the same time, the air temperature in cabins equipped only with ventilation without the use of thermal protection means can exceed the external temperature by 8-19 °C, and the surface temperature is 40-
53 °C. The working time in conditions of thermal discomfort in the hottest period can reach 6-7 hours during the working day. Uncomfortable microclimatic conditions at the workplaces of machine operators make up a total of 5-12% of working time in spring field work, 53-70% in summer, 12-22 % in autumn. Most of the working time machine operators are forced to open windows and doors to reduce the air temperature in the cabins, and this increases the dustiness of the air in the breathing zone.
Significant dust concentrations can be created in the air of the tractor driver's breathing zone: the dust content in the cabs of modern tractors ranges from 2 to 100 mg/m3, and sometimes even higher. Soil dust, depending on the type of soil, contains from 8% (gray forest and chestnut soils) to 60% or more (sandy and subsandy soils) of free silicon dioxide. The formation of dust and its content in the air of the working area is most significantly influenced by: humidity and the nature of the soil, the type of work, the direction and speed of wind and other weather conditions, the presence of a cabin and the degree of its tightness. The composition of soil dust always includes organic substances, may include mineral fertilizers, pesticides. In addition, the soil always contains various types of bacteria, mold fungi, pathogenic microflora and helminth eggs may be contained. The concentration of carbon monoxide in the cabin can reach 29.2 ± 6.8 mg / m3 (MPC 20 mg/m3), and hydrocarbons up to 162.9 ± 26 mg/m3 (MPC in terms of carbon 300 mg/m3).
Pesticides have a special role in the development of pathologies of machine operators. Various chemicals with sufficiently high biological activity are used as pesticides, most of them are toxic to warm-blooded animals and humans. Their effect on the body is possible when performing a number of works (seed etching, sowing of etched grain, preparation of working solutions of pesticides, pollination and spraying of plants, soil fumigation, animal treatment). Failure to comply with safety measures when performing these works can contribute to the development of acute and chronic pesticide poisoning.
The compounds used as mineral fertilizers are low-toxic, some of them containing a nitro group can contribute to methemoglobin formation (ammonium, sodium and calcium nitrate, nitrophoska). With prolonged contact with fertilizers containing fluoride, a clinical picture of fluorosis may develop. Significant dust formation when using mineral fertilizers can cause pathology of the upper respiratory tract, bronchi and lungs, as well as the development of conjunctivitis and dermatitis.
Fuels and lubricants are widely used in agriculture, the main contact with which are combine harvesters, tractor drivers, truck drivers and workers of agricultural machinery repair shops. This group of chemicals causes such forms of occupational pathology as dermatitis, oil folliculitis, etc.
When switching to modern technology, the nature of work and the type of loads change. Most of the listed harmful and dangerous factors (noise, vibration, dust, gas contamination, microclimate parameters) are
sharply reduced to acceptable levels when using seed tractors and combines.
The presence of on-board computers greatly facilitates the operator functions of the tractor driver. This is due to the continuous monitoring of the critical parameters of the main (most complex and expensive) units and assemblies with an indication of their exceeding the permissible limits and an emergency automatic stop (taking into account safety); continuous monitoring of parameters( states), the output of which exceeds the optimal limits (transition to unacceptable states) significantly reduces the resource of the main units and components (for example, clogging of filter elements) with an indication of the need to change the operating modes or carry out extraordinary maintenance;
accounting of the tractor's operating time from the moment of the last maintenance with an indication of the value of the permissible operating time until the next planned maintenance (for a given periodicity of maintenance) [3].
And the use of autopilots (satellite driving systems) removes the load from the operator to maintain an ideal route, so that other phases of work can be performed even more efficiently. But it should be borne in mind that with the introduction of satellite driving, the monotony of the production situation increases, the monotony of stimuli and a small number of elements (techniques) for switching controls and maintaining the course of the technological process. A great contribution to the load of the visual organs and the feeling of monotony is also made by the blades of the harvesting machines that rotate before the eyes for many hours, continuously "running" monotonous types of stubble, plowed soil or masses of grain ears.
On the other hand, the nature of the work of a tractor driver in comfortable conditions with the use of satellite driving and computerization of the control processes of a machine-tractor or harvesting unit approaches the nature of the work of non-production workers, whose work is characterized by a long monotonous tense position, low motor activity with significant visual loads when working in video terminals. But if an employee deals only with a computer in the office and at the same time, in accordance with the requirements of labor protection, must work no more than 6 hours a day with regular breaks for 15 minutes every 45 minutes, then the tractor driver, simultaneously with monitoring the video terminal (or, already often, two or three), must visually monitor the state of the field, plants, perform manipulations with a set of levers or joysticks and the steering wheel when turning the unit and bringing it to a new position.
As a result, when switching to modern equipment, new types of risks arise due to the combination of the traditional tension of the tractor driver with the tension of the dispatcher and the PC operator. This is all the more necessary to take into account with the increase in the share of age-related workers [8].
The working conditions with the use of video terminals are the opposite of those that are familiar to the eyes of a tractor driver. In a traditional tractor, the tractor driver perceives mainly reflected light, and the objects of observation are continuously in the field of
view for at least a few seconds. When working behind the video terminal, the tractor driver has to deal with self-luminous objects and a discrete (flickering with a high frequency) image, which increases the load on the eyes. If we add to this such common factors as a sharp contrast between the background and symbols, an unusual shape of symbols, a different direction of gaze than when reading a book, glare and reflections on the screen that change with each turn of the tractor, it becomes clear why almost every user is familiar with unpleasant sensations. Intense visual work causes " ocular "(pain, heartburn and pain in the eyes, redness of the eyelids and eyes, aching in the brow, etc.) and" visual " (a veil before the eyes, double vision, flickering, rapid fatigue during visual work) visual disorders, which can cause headache, increased neuropsychic tension, decreased performance [5-8].
Conclusion
1. Based on the international standard OHSAS 18001:2007 " Management system in the field of industrial safety and labor protection. Requirements" (Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series) and OIISAS 18002: 2008-Guidelines for the application of OHSAS 18001. The transition to new principles of occupational health and safety management at all agricultural enterprises should be formed [4,5].
2. When assessing safety, it is necessary to pay attention not only to traditional aspects of safety: danger zones and harmful factors of machines, mechanisms, technological lines, but also to such factors as organizational culture, behavior change, increased responsibility, and the organization's commitment to certain occupational safety goals.
3. We can recommend the "five-step system" approach to assessing professional risks, which is widespread in international practice [4,5].
4. Step 1. Identification of hazards that lead to risk. At this stage, it is necessary to consider at each workplace everything that can potentially lead to harm, and identify employees who may be at risk.
5. Step 2. Assessment and "ranking" of risks (their severity, their probability, etc.), distribution by importance.
6. Step 3. Definition of preventive measures. At this stage, it is necessary to identify appropriate measures to eliminate risks and manage them.
7. Step 4. Taking action. This step consists in drawing up a plan for the implementation of protective and preventive measures (most often, not all problems can be solved immediately; determining who is doing what and when exactly and by what means the implementation of the planned measures is ensured.
8. Step 5. Monitoring and verification. The assessment should be carried out on a regular basis. The evaluation results should be reviewed in case of significant changes in the organization of production processes, as well as after accidents.
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