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© КОЛЛЕКТИВ АВТОРОВ, 2016 UDC 613.64-058.234.4
Ye. N. Sraubayev1, B. Serik2
COMPREHENSIVE SANITARY-HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF WORKPLACE OF GEARMASTER (TRACTOR DRIVER)
department of occupational hygiene, professional diseases, hygiene of children and teenagers of Karaganda state medical university (Karaganda, Kazakhstan),
2Department of public health №1 of Karaganda state medical university (Karaganda, Kazakhstan)
Tractor drivers' profession of agricultural production (mechanic) is currently one of the major and most abundant in the agricultural sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the member countries of the Customs Union. The aim of this study was to conduct the sanitary assessment of working conditions of agricultural mechanization, Hygienic studies on the conditions of evaluation and organization of work carried out during the 2013-2015 on the farms in Karaganda region. Systematization, processing and analysis obtained materials during the investigations carried out at the department of occupational health, occupational diseases, hygiene of children and adolescents. Mechanic work is in contrast to other disciplines, and despite a number of features of industrialization, is significantly different from the industry.
General sanitary-hygienic assessment of working conditions mechanization of agriculture (in accordance with the «Hygienic criteria for evaluation and classification of working conditions in terms of hazards and risks in the industrial environment, the severity and intensity of the work process» Reg. number AH RK № 1.04.001.2000 from 30.11.2000), corresponding to 3 working class of 3 hazard degree (IPD=0,25-0,49, the high (unbearable) risk the of machine operators working on the technique of the new import patterns on old models of equipment - 3 class 2 degree (IPD=0.12-0.24, the average (significant) risk.
Keywords: microclimate, sanitary research, working conditions, noise, vibration, farm equipment mechanic
One of the leaders in the industry takes agricultural production. Profession tractor drivers of agricultural production (mechanic) at the moment, despite the downsizing of employees and fleet is one of the major and most abundant in the agricultural sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the member countries of the Customs Union (Belarus, Russian Federation) [4]. Because of the imperfections of the exploited agricultural machinery for most of the parameters that determine the state of working conditions, it is not only moral, but also physical deterioration of machine operators are exposed to the complex unfavorable factors, among which are the defining low-frequency overall and intermediate-frequency local vibration, forced working posture with considerable physical and static muscle tension against the backdrop of unfavorable climate, increased levels of dust and noise. Exposure to harmful factors of working conditions can lead to functional impairment in activities of individual organs and systems of the body mechanics, reduced adaptive capacity and the development of pre-morbid and pathological changes, facilitating the emergence of professionally caused and occupational diseases [1, 2, 3]. The objective dates about occupational diseases in agriculture in Kazakhstan are absent [4]. Suffice it to say that among the rural employees over the last decade did not reveal a single case of occupational diseases.
The aim of the study was to conduct sanitary assessment of working conditions of agricultural machine operators.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The microclimatic parameters of the microclimate in accordance with the «On approval of hygienic standards for the physical factors that have an impact on a person» approved. Order of the Minister of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated February 28, 2015 №169. Registered in the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan May 23, 2015 №11147 and «Hygienic criteria for evaluation and classification in terms of working environment hazards and risks in the industrial environment, the severity and intensity of the work process» Reg. number ADZ RK № 1.04.001.2000 from 30.11.2000 y. The temperature and humidity measuring device «TKA-PKM», calculated HSE -index (index of heat stress environment); air velocity was measured by the device «MES -200». Levels of natural and artificial illumination devices determined luminance meter + light meter «TKA-PKM». Measurement of sound pressure and vibration levels in the workplace, their frequency response held sound level meter, spectrum analyzer, portable vibrometer «SVAN 949». Air pollution from the working area dust was estimated on the cards of certification of workplaces on working conditions (Note 01). Techniques for evaluating the factors of gravity and intensity of the work process in-
Table 1 - Parameters of the microclimate in the workplace mechanization of agriculture of the Karaganda region
Workplace Category of work Temperature relative humidity Air velocity HSE-index
acceptable in fact M±m acceptable in fact M±m acceptable in fact M±m acceptable in fact M±m
Mec. II6 16-27 25±8 15-75% 39,6±7,7 0,2- 0,5 0,25± 0,12 19,523,9 26,5±1,2
Mec.* II6 16-27 22±4 15-75% 50±5 0,2- 0,5 0,25± 0,12 19,523,9 23,2±0,5
* The technique of new import samples with serviceable air conditioners
eludes the length measurement (laser rangefinder Bosch), weighing (scales, steelyard) - to measure the physical dynamic load weight of the goods; timing (stopwatch) - to take account of stereotyped movements [5]; dynamometry (dynamometer), for the measurement of static load, the number of slopes corps, percentage of the time change of working posture [6, 7].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Working in adverse climate conditions accompanied by intense activity of various functional systems, providing temperature homeostasis and leads to poor health, reduced efficiency and productivity can be a cause of occupational injuries and ill health status.
Research has established that during the warm period of the year (when the average outdoor air temperature is above +10 ° C, according to the Meteorological Service) in the workplace mechanics (lib) in the cabs of tractors from 17 to 33 C° with the possible values 16 -27 C°. Parameters relative humidity and air velocity at all workplaces subjects ranged, respectively, from 31.9 to 47.3% and from 0.13 to 0.37 m/s for the permissible values 15-75% and 0.2- 0.5 m/s. TNS-index in the workplace mechanics (category lib) exceeded 27.6 C° at acceptable values 19,5 -23,9 C°; the results are shown in Table 1. In the cold period of the year (when the average outdoor air temperature was 10 C° or lower according to the Meteorological Service) in the workplace in the cockpits of the measurements have not been made due to the fact that the nature of work is
not related to the main venue and often done in places other than on the main place of work (eg repairs, work on clean-up, etc.). Analysis of the results of measurements of microclimatic indices of industrial premises in the workplace mechanization of agriculture aposteriori to assess micro-climatic factor as heating.
A class of working conditions in terms of HSE-index for working premises with heating climate. The working conditions of machine operators old equipment are harmful, class - from 3.1 to 3.4, depending on the workplace, at the time, as new import samples with intact means air pollution normalization are acceptable class 2.
When the tractors make noise, much higher than the permissible level. The sources of noise on the tractors are running engine, gears, suspension system and the exhaust system of exhaust gases. The noise level in the workplace mechanic varies depending on the load on the engine. But these fluctuations are negligible, since the overall level determined by the relative magnitude of the noise components that fall under the load change does not amount. The noise level in the workplace depends on the location of the workplace with respect to noise sources. Therefore, low-power tractor mechanic is often close to the engine, resulting in a relatively high level of noise in the workplace. The source of external noise of tractors is basically the noise of the engine exhaust to reduce that set silencers. As a rule, due to the lack of soundproofing the cabin and its proximity from the engine noise in
Table 2 - Results of measurements of industrial noise at the workplace
Measuring point (work place) The character of the noise The equivalent sound level ( in fact), dBa M±m Permissible level, dBa Exposure time,% of working time
Mec. broadband 89,7±7,4 80 82,3
Mec.* broadband 83,6 ±3,5 80 66,7
* The new technique imported samples with closed windows Медицина и экология, 2016, 3
Table 3 - Results of measurements of industrial vibration at the workplace
Measuring point (work place) oView of Vibration Corrected the level of vibration (actual) dB M±m Permissible level, dB Exposure time,% of working time
Mec. common 107,5±12,5 116 82,3
Mec. Local 108,2±5,8 112 82,3
Mec.* common 96,6 ±3,3 116 66,7
Mec.* Local 94,2 ±3,7 112 66,7
* The new technique imported samples
the workplace most of the tractors exceed the permissible level considerably.
As a result, measurements and hygienic assessment found that the nature of the mechanical noise is constant, broadband. The noise level exceeded the permissible value of all the surveyed workplaces and match 82,3-97,1 dB in octave bands with center frequencies 31,5-1000 Hz (table 2).
Comparative analysis of acoustic parameters set their levels increase with an increase in the life of the equipment. Thus, the noise levels in the art cabins in operation for more than 10 years were higher by 2.6 dB, and accordingly, the useful life at between 5 to 10 years.
In connection with the above, the working conditions at the workplace for the main specialties mechanic agriculture in relation to acoustic factors should be identified as harmful and classify - class 3.1-3.3.
General vibration in the workplace in cabins of agricultural machinery is a variable level and passed through the seat, with the greatest intensity in the vertical direction. The vibration is transmitted through the local controls on the arms and legs mechanic. As a result, measure-
ments and hygiene found that the level of vibration in the workplace mechanic varies depending on the load on the engine and on the nature of the work performed.
Overall vibration is determined on the floor of the tractor cab, which is low-medium frequency in nature, the level of vibration ranges from 95 to 120 dB (PDU 116 dB) vibration (Z-axis). Sinusoidal vibration disturbed appearance of tremors caused by the soil and relief under the tractor's wheels hit the stones. Parameters jerky vibrations transmitted to the seat, in the 5-10 times higher than the guideline values. The vibration is transmitted to the hands via the control levers and steering wheel remote control more than equal to 114 dB, a high-frequency (table 3).
Comparative analysis of vibro-acoustic parameters set their levels increase with an increase in the life of the equipment. Thus, the noise levels in the cabins in operation for technology more than 10 years were higher by 1.5 dB, respectively, than when operating period of 5 to 10 years.
In connection with the above, the working conditions at the workplace for the main specialties mechanic agriculture in relation to vibro-acoustic factors should be identified as valid and
Table 4 - Results of measurement of working area's air pollution with dust
Measuring point (work place) Type of work The concentration of dust
in fact M±m Exceeding MPC
Mec. Spring pre-sowing soil treatment 14,5±3,0 4,37
Mec.* 2,11±0,8 -
Mec. sowing 37,2±8,6 11,45
Mec.* 2,25±1,8 -
Mec. Summer jobs 18,2±3,6 5,45
Mec.* 2,18±1,2 -
Mec. harvest work 45,1±8,6 13,25
Mec.* 2,3±1,6 -
* The technique of new import samples with serviceable air conditioners
Table 5 - Summary assessment of working conditions of machine operators of agriculture in the degree of hazard and danger
Factors of working environment and labor process
Profession Microclimate Noise Vibration Aerosols Predominantly fi-brogenic actions severity Intensity General assessment
Mec. 3.1-3.4 3.3 3.1-3.2 3.3-3,4 3.2 3.3 3.4
Mec.* 2 3.1 2 2 3.2 3.3 3.3
: The new technique imported samples
classification - class 2 new samples of imported tractors and harmful 3.1-3.2 in older models.
In carrying out agricultural work in plant dust and fumes in the air of the working area is a leading risk factor for the development of respiratory diseases in the tractor. As a result of air pollution study of the working area dust found (table 4.)
That the workplace of machine obsolete technology its maximum single concentration exceeded MPC by more than 13 times, and in the workplace in the art of new import models -comply with hygienic standards. Also worth noting is that the concentration of dust in the breathing zone of machine depended on the type of work performed, as well as the humidity and the nature of the treated soil, wind direction, integrity of tractor cabs.
In connection with the above, the working conditions at the workplace for the main specialties mechanic agriculture against dust should be defined as acceptable and classified -class 2 new samples of imported tractors and harmful 3.3-3.4 in older models.
Air pollution by harmful substances represented mainly components of diesel exhaust of internal combustion engines, which are represented by a complex mixture of gases (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, aldehydes). They were constantly present in the breathing zone, but at concentrations not exceeding the maximum permissible concentration. Working conditions should be defined as permissible -class 2.
Mechanic is the current process of preparation and repair of tractors and other process equipment. Also, his responsibilities include management of the tractor, working on liquid fuel, for transportation of various goods, machinery, metal structures and structures with different masses and dimensions using the trailer hitch or devices. Supervision of loading, securing and unloading of cargoes transported. Inspection
and refilling the tractor fuel and lubricants. Lubrication of rubbing parts and components. Troubleshooting the tractor. Maintenance work and participate in other types of repair. Work in the core business and consists of 4 main types: spring preplant tillage, direct sowing, summer jobs, cleaning work.
Direct work in the field occupies in professiogram respectively up to 70% of the time, 10% of the preparatory work for the normal activities such as loading, unloading, transportation, ARRIVAL destination. Also, up to 10 percent of working hours may take emergency current repairs in the workplace, training and planned repair of tractors takes on the share of about 5% of the time. Breaks are not regulated and have a fuzzy structure, at the same time personal distraction can take up to 3% of the day.
Thus, the estimation of the severity and intensity of the work process mechanization Karaganda region in accordance with the document «Hygienic criteria for evaluation and classification of working conditions in terms of hazards and risks in the industrial environment, the severity and intensity of the work process» Reg. number ADZ RK №1.04.001.2000 from 30.11.2000g. As a result of machine-research work under time pressure, characterized by emotional stress and monotony of work, the duration of the work shift - not strictly regulated. Working two shifts (night work), breaks are not regulated and insufficient duration. The working conditions in terms of the severity of the labor process are 3 hazard class (grade 2), the labor intensity of the process related to hazard class 3 of 3 degrees. Research has established that the machine operators are exposed to agriculture combined and complex action of harmful factors. The main factors of the working environment and working process, as well as an overall
assessment of working conditions are given in Table 5
Thus, the work of the machine operator is in contrast to other disciplines, and despite a number of features of industrialization, is significantly different from the industry. The first feature is seasonality and the particular urgency of the works that contribute to a lot of stress in certain periods of the year. The second feature is that the work is carried out in the outdoors from early spring until late autumn, and partly in the winter. The third feature is a relatively frequent change of working operations carried out by the same person. The fourth feature is geographically dispersed agricultural production, being at large distances. The fifth feature is extensive use of chemicals, pesticides and biologically active substances lead inevitably to contamination not only the work area, and the biosphere.
CONCLUSIONS
1. General sanitary-hygienic assessment of working conditions mechanization of agriculture (in accordance with the «Hygienic criteria for evaluation and classification of working conditions in terms of hazards and risks in the industrial environment, the severity and intensity of the work process» Reg. number ADZ RK №1.04.001.2000 from 30.11.2000), working class 3 corresponds to the degree of harmfulness of 3 samples on old technology (IPD = 0,25-0,49, high (unbearable) risk, required urgent measures for risk reduction).
2. Machine operators working on the technique of new import models - 3 class 2 degree (IPD = 0,12-0,24, medium (significant) risk, are required for risk reduction measures in due time).
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Received 14.09.2016
Е Н. Сраубаев1, Б. Серик2
КОМПЛЕКСНАЯ САНИТАРНО-ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА РАБОЧЕГО МЕСТА МЕХАНИЗАТОРА (ТРАКТОРИСТА) 1 Кафедра гигиены труда, профессиональных заболеваний, гигиены детей и подростков Карагандинского государственного медицинского университета (Караганда, Казахстан), 2кафедра общественного здоровья и здравоохранения №1
Карагандинского государственного медицинского университета (Караганда, Казахстан)
Одно из ведущих мест в промышленности занимает аграрное производство. Профессия тракториста -машиниста сельскохозяйственного производства (механизатора) в настоящее время, несмотря на численное сокращение работающих и парка машин, является одной из основных и наиболее массовых в аграрном секторе Республики Казахстан и стран -участниц Таможенного Союза. Гигиенические исследования по оценке условий и организации труда проводились в течение 2013 -2015 гг. в крестьянских хозяйствах Карагандинской области. Систематизация, обработка и анализ полученных в ходе исследований материалов выполнены на кафедре гигиены труда, профессиональных заболеваний, гигиены детей и подростков. Общая оценка условий труда механизаторов сельского хозяйства соответствует 3 классу 3 степени вредности (ИПЗ=0,25 -0,49, высокий - непереносимый риск, требуются неотложные меры по снижению риска), а фасовщиц - 3 классу 2 степени (ИПЗ=0,12-0,24, средний - существенный риск, требуются меры по снижению риска в установленные сроки).
Ключевые слова: микроклимат, санитарно-гигиенические исследования, условия труда, шум, вибрация, механизаторы сельского хозяйства
Е. Н. Сраубаев1, Б. Серик2
МЕХАНИЗАТОРДЫН (ТРАКТОРИСТ) Ж¥МЫС ОРЫНЫН КЕШЕНД1САНИТАРЛЫК-ГИГИЕНАЛЫК БАТАЛАУ КмМУЕнбек гигиенасы, кэаби аурулар, балалар мен жасвсп1р1мдер гигиенасы кафедрасы, 2КММУ Коамдык денсаулык жэне денсаулык сактау
Ауыл шаруашылы гы вндiрiсiндегi механизатор мамандыгы казiргi уакытта Казакстан Республикасында жэне Кеден одагы мYшесi мемлекеттер^де непзп жэне кен тараган. Бертген зерттеудщ максаты: ауыл
шаруашылырындары механизаторлардын енбек жардайын санитарлык -гигиеналык баралау. Енбек жардайын санитарлык-гигиеналык зерттеу 2013-2015 ж. аралырында Караганды облысы шаруаларында жYргiзiлдi. Зерттеу жYргiзу барысында алынган материалдарды жуйеге кел^ру, вндеу, талдау КММУ енбек гигиенасы, кэсби аурулар, балалар мен жасвспiрiмдер гигиенасы кафедрасында вшзтдк Еск Yлгiдегi техникада жумыс оей™ ауыл шаруашылык механизаторлардын жалпы санитарлык -гигиеналык багасы зияндылыктын 3 класынын 3 дэрежеане сай (И ка=0,25-0,49, жогары (твзгiсiз) кауп кауiптi шурыл твмендету шараларын кажет етедО, жана импортты техника Yлгiсiнде жумыс iстейтiндер - 3 кластын 2 дэрежесiне (И ка=0,12-0,24, орташа (елеулi) кауiп, аныкталган уакыт аралыгында кауiптi твмендету керек).
Клт свздер: микроклимат, санитарлык -гигиеналык зерттеу, енбек жагдайы, шу дэрежеа, дiрiл дэрежесi, механизатор
