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UDC 619;615.27:636.934.57.082.12
REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION AND VIABILITY OFFSPRING OF AMERICAN MINKS WITH DIFFERENT GENOTYPES EXPOSED VETERINARY DRUG «BIOSTIL»
Zemlyanitskaya E.I., Post-graduate student Rasputina O.V., Doctor of Veterinary Sciences Naumkin I.V., Candidate of Biological Sciences Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Novosibirsk, Russia E-mail: anatomiya fvm@mail.ru
Trapezova L.I., Candidate of Biological Sciences Trapezov O.V., Doctor of Biological Sciences Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, Russia E-mail: trapezov@bionet. nsc. ru
ABSTRACT
On the example of the American mink shown differential effects of mutations affecting the coat color on the administration per os integrated veterinary drug «Biostil». Mutations, which influence on the coat color of fur animals, having pleiotropic effects, have an impact on many vital processes, including reproductive function, leading to a later ovulation and egg implantation embryos and also increasing embryonic mortality. Revealed, that the same dose of «Biostil» provided with the differential impact on minks of different genotypes. In the control groups of minks both Standard (+/+ +/+) and double recessive Sapphire (a/a p/p), Lavender (a/a m/m) obtained by the same rate in the pups output per a female: 4,4±0,4; 4,4±0.5; 4,3±0,5, respectively. In the experimental groups, if stimulation of reproductive function among mink Standard was achieved: 5,2±0.3, then among the mutant Sapphire and Lavender, on the contrary, was inhibition: 3,8±0,6; 2,3±0,5, respectively. In the experimental groups of mutant mink recorded decline in viability and developmental rate of kits: decrease safety in the first 10 days after birth and later periods of eye opening compared with kits coloring Standard (+/+ +/+).
KEY WORDS
American mink, mutations coloring, reproductive ability, safety, viability.
During the historical domestication of the American mink (Neovison vison) and up to date 35 mutations affecting the color of the fur cover was found: 22 - recessive, 13 -dominant and semidominant [1].
Phenogenetics color mutations study revealed that they possess a broad spectrum of action and exert pleiotropic effects on shape and spatial packing of pigment granules in the hair, the activity of digestive enzymes [3], the antioxidant system and the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme spectrum in organs and tissues, cell-mediated immunity [2, 4, 5].
Environmental stress, caused by extreme feeding conditions, leads to differential on the severity damage of the glucocorticoid function among minks of various color genotypes: among animals homozygous for mutations in color, they are more pronounced than among the standard [6]. Mutations, affecting the color, its disruptive action often lead to mink reproductive disorders up to genetically determined prenatal and postnatal pups mortality [7, 8]. For reducing fetal loss were developed special technologies which regulate fertility [9].
In veterinary and livestock practices the huge increase in reproductive capacity broodstock fur animals and offspring viability can be achieved by including the diet stimulating means [10, 11]. In such direction concerns a veterinary drug «Biostil», which main pharmacological properties are harmlessness to the animal organism, the antioxidant effect, metabolism stimulation and the general resistance of the organism [12].
The aim of this work was to study the influence of veterinary drug «Biostil» on American mink reproduction and survival of offspring applied to different genotypes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
The actual research was done with American cell breaded minks, particularly with males and females of three genotypes, farmed in the experimental fur farm ICG SB RAS. In studies was used female minks of Standard (+/+ +/+) color type (n = 64), Sapphire (a/a p/p) combinative color type (n = 55) and Lavender (a/a m/m) (n = 36), among which were formed control and experimental groups on the analogue basis before the mating period. For mating and producing the offspring for groups of females, males were assigned by the corresponding color genotypes: Standard (+/+ +/+) (n = 32), Sapphire (a/a p/p) (n = 18), Lavender (a/a m/m) (n = 9).
The color of mink's fur in Standard (+/+ +/+) group due to the interaction of wild-type alleles: dark brown guard hairs, homogeneously colored in length; brown-gray feather hair with varying pigmentation intensity. Double recessive mink color in Sapphire group (a/a p/p) is a combination of two mutant alleles: aleutian (a/a) and silver-blue (p/p), determining the pigmentation of hair sky-blue (sapphire) coloring that combines features peculiar single homozygotes (+/+ a/a) and (p/p +/+). Double recessive mink of Lavender (a/a m/m) color type is a combination of two mutant alleles aleutian (a / a) and mojle (m / m), which form the pubescence beige color with a purple tone.
The animals from experimental groups received the treatment «Biostil» per os during 5 days before mating period and for three days during mating season in the dose of 0,05 ml/kg body weight. In both experimental and control groups of animals as reproduction technology was used the conventional system of mink farms estrus [13].
In purpose to evaluate the results in the control and experimental fur animals were taken into account indicators of reproduction, preservation, development (time of opening the eyes), and growth of the offspring at birth, at the age of 10, 20, 30, 40 days. Obtained data are processed by biological statistics methods using the program EXCEL.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
As can be seen from the Table. 1, an integral component of reproduction (kits registered on day 10 after birth per 1 female) in the control groups for minks of all genotypes were similar. At the same time, the same dose of «Biostil» for minks of different genotypes had a differential effect. If in the experimental group among Standard (+/+) mink's group was recorded an increase in the integral index of reproduction of 0.8 puppy, then among the mutant females was reported the inhibitory effect: among the Sapphire (a/a p/p) minks, the decline was 0.6 puppy and in Lavender (a/a m/m) minks was 2 puppies (p <0,01).
Integral index of reproduction of experimental animal genotype Standard (+/+ +/+) is increasing. But in experimental groups of double recessive mink Sapphire (a/a p/p) and Lavender (a/a m/m) this index is reducing. The fact that chosen the same for all genotypes of the dosage in one case reduced the percentage of females left without offspring to 6,2% (Standard), in another case, on the contrary, increased in it of 28,6% among Sapphire, and of 31,6% among Lavender.
This effect is due to the peculiarities of mutations affecting the color, which in the homozygous state their pleiotropic disconcerting effect is reducing the overall noise immunity of the organism [14,15].
In connection with this, it becomes clear that for minks Standard, genotype which is formed by alleles of the wild type (+/+ +/+), the selected scheme of the drug had a stimulating effect. For a mutant mink Sapphire (a / a p / p) and Lavender (a/a m/m) produced a depressing effect. Moreover, in mink genotype Lavender (a/a m/m) has risen sharply prenatal embryo mortality: as can be seen from Table. 1, the proportion of stillborn pups was 10%.
The results showed that «Biostil» has a selective effect also on the growth and development of the resulting offspring.
In the offspring of mink Standard genotype kits absolute weight gain in control and experimental groups at the time of deposition (50 days old) did not differ and were 384 - 386 g. Among all male kits the eye-opening terms, both in experimental and in the control groups, comes at the age of 34 days; in female in 32-33 days. Offspring safety in 10 and 20 days old was higher of 2.62% in the experimental group and was 96%. In 30 days old preservation index in the experimental group decreased of 1,71%, while in the control group of 5,24% (p <0,05). Up to period of deposition the number of puppies in the experimental group was 5.23 heads in the female group; in control - 4,19 heads (p <0,05).
Table 1 - Breeding indicators for minks with Standard (+/+ +/+), Sapphire (a/a p/p) and Lavender by
«Biostil» influence
Genotype Group Number of females Born kits
living Stillborn, (%) living + dead
at 1 safely whelp female at 1 female in group at 1 safely whelp female at 1 female in group
Standard (+/+ +/+) Experiment 32 5,8± 0,3 5,5± 0,4 5,9 6,2± 0,3 5,8± 0,4
Control 32 5,8± 0,4 4,7± 0,5 2,6 6,0± 0,4 4,8± 0,5
Sapphire (a/a p/p) Experiment 28 6,4± 0,4 4,6± 0,6 2,3 6,5± 0,4 4,7± 0,6
Control 27 5,5± 0,5 4,0± 0,5 6,1 5,7± 0,5 4,9± 0,6
Lavender (a/a m/m) Experiment 19 4,8± 0,4 3,3± 0,6* 10** 5,4± 0,5 3,7± 0,7
Control 17 5,2± 0,3 4,9± 0,4* <1 2** 5,3± 0,3 5,0± 0,4
Genotype Group Number of females Dead kits during first 10 days of living, (%) Registered kits on the 10th day after birth The number of females without offspring, (%)
at 1 safely whelp female at 1 female in group
Standard (+/+ +/+) Experiment 32 4 5,6± 0,3 5,2± 0,3 6,2*
Control 32 6,6 5,4± 0,3 4,4± 0,4 18,7*
Sapphire (a/a p/p) Experiment 28 16,4** 5,3± 0,5 3,8± 0,6 28,6
Control 27 2 2** 5,2± 0,4 4,4± 0,5 14,8
Lavender (a/a m/m) Experiment 19 20,6 3,3± 0,5 2,3± 0,5** 31,6**
Control 17 14,3 4,6± 0,5 4,3± 0,5** 5,9**
Note: * - significant at p <0,05; ** - significant at p <0,01
Among minks Sapphire genotype the body weight of male and female newborn in the experimental group was significantly lower than among males and females in the control group by 9,1% and 13%, respectively. In subsequent periods, there was a tendency to increase the average daily weight gain in the treated groups: up to 30 days old and up to the time of deposition the weight of males exceeded this figure of kits in control group by 7,5% (p <0,05).
Viability of kits decreased significantly in the first 10 days after birth. Preservation in this period in the control group was 97,6% in the experimental - 83,6% (p <0,01). When 20 and 30 days old the preservation of offspring in the control group did not change and had a value corresponding to 10 days of age. In the experimental group the safety fells 2,2% compared with the previous period, and accounted for 81,2%, which is 13% lower than in the control group. Terms of opening the eyes of kits experimental and control groups did not differ, but were more persistent than in puppies of genotype Standard (+/+ +/+) and amounted to 38 days after birth for males and 37 days in females.
Body weight of male and female newborns with Lavender (a/a m/m) genotype did not differ significantly throughout the experiment except during the deposition of the mothers. It is noted that the absolute body weights and the relative increase in body weight of females in the experimental group during this period were higher than the control group of 7,2%.
Viability of kits in the experimental group was significantly reduced in the first 10 days after birth, and thereafter remained at the same level - 69,8%.
Preservation kits in the control group was 86,9% (p <0.01); in 20 and 30 days of age -84,5%. Opening of eyes of kits in Lavender experimental group were recorded at a later date than among the control group of kits, as well as in comparison with kits genotype of Standard and Sapphire. Thus, the male experimental group eyes opened 2 days later (on day 37 after birth), and in females at 5 days later (on day 41 after birth) than that of control counterparts.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Pharmacogenetic influence of veterinary drug «Biostil», when feeding minks with dose of 0.05 ml/kg body weight for 5 days before mating season and for three days during mating season, is characterized by variable reaction of mink coat genotypes Standard (+/+ +/+), Sapphire (a/a p/p) and Lavender (a/a m/m), which is appeared by stimulation or reduction of capability to produce offspring.
2. «Biostil» application to male and female American mink of Sapphire (a/a p/p) genotype has an adverse effect on reproduction. There are 13,57% growth in number of females without offspring, 13-14% decrease in kits safety before weaning and their yield at the time of deposition of 17,12%.
3. «Biostil» application to male and female American mink of Lavender (a/a m/m) genotype provides with 31,6% growth in number of females without offspring, decrease in amount of newborn minks of 1,62 heads at a litter and their preservation in pre-weaning period of 17,1%. Moreover, there are reduction in kits amount in weaning age 1,7 times and the 3-5 days delay in eyes opening terms among newborn females.
4. «Biostil» application to male and female American mink of Standard (+/+ +/+) genotype benefits reproduction parameters. It allows reducing in the number of females without offspring 3 times and 1,04 heads growth of the kits yield at the time of deposition. Furthermore, the female preservation increase of 6,45%, mortality rate decline by 2,6% for the kits in 10 first days of live and 2,5-5,5% increase in their preservation from the age of 10 days and up to the moment of deposition are achieved.
5. Dosage refinement of the drug «Biostil», applied to the particular genotype of the animal, is recommended for further developing.
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