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13Scientific Journal Impact Factor
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND TACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF ATHLETES IN GAME SPORTS
Otabek Musaev
Navoi State Pedagogical Institute, Dean of the Faculty, (PhD)
musaev.o.@gmail.com
Physical training, as an integral part of the system of sports training, as a rule, is associated with the training of basic physical qualities necessary for a person, he needs from sports activities - speed, strength, coordination, endurance, flexibility, as well as their some complex appearances - speed-strength, speed-resistance, and so on.
At the same time, it is aimed at enhancing the functional capacity of the of athletes and strengthening their, strengthening resistance to adverse effects.
Keywords. Game sports, strength, coordination, endurance, flexibility, physical training, health, body, general and special physical training, tactical training.
Физическая культура, как составная часть системы спортивной подготовки, как правило, связана с тренировкой основных физических качеств, необходимых человеку от занятий спортом - скорости, силы, координации, выносливости, гибкости, а также как их некоторые сложные проявления -скорость-сила, скоростное сопротивление и так далее.
В то же время он направлен на повышение функциональных возможностей спортсменов и их укрепление, усиление устойчивости к неблагоприятным воздействиям.
Ключевые слова. Игровые виды спорта, сила, координация, выносливость, гибкость, физическая подготовка, здоровье, тело, общая и специальная физическая подготовка, тактическая подготовка.
INTRODUCTION
General physical training is related to the multifaceted training of athletes' physical qualities that cannot be diminished by the specific abilities displayed in the chosen sport, but in one way or another determines success in the sport [1]. In addition, the general physical training should ensure that the effect of the training is positively transferred from the training to the competitive actions in the selected sport.
ABSTRACT
АННОТАЦИЯ
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Special physical training [1] is defined as the training of physical abilities (for their combination), which is a specific condition of success in the chosen sport. General and special physical training is an integral part of comprehensive physical training of athletes at almost all stages of the process of long-term sports improvement. However, their proportions vary not only in the long-term training process, but also within a separate annual cycle, according to the setting for the target competitive outcome and specific tasks of each phase. Sports-tactical training is the main aspect of an athlete's training, which is mainly aimed at the formation and improvement of knowledge, skills and abilities to skillfully organize the competitive behavior of the sport, along with the development of the ability struggle in a clearly competitive business process [1]. This is closely related to the use of different sets of techniques, the methods of their implementation, the choice of attack, defense and counter-attack competition method [2].
Since the tactical activity of players in competitive games is the continuous solution of operational tasks that occur in the process of interaction with the team and the opponent [3], tactical training is also considered as a process aimed at developing the ability to use effectively the technique of securing victory over an opponent against the backdrop of changing game conditions. However, tactical training is not limited to teaching knowledge of tactics, as only theoretical study of all possible tactical actions is not a reliable guarantee of their high efficiency in the game.
LITERATURE REVIEW
There is a belief that tactical training in sports theory and practice involves not only mastering the theoretical aspects of tactics, but also the process of mastering and improving practical ways of solving problems that arise in the course of competitive activities. unity with the training of specific skills that determine the effectiveness of solving these problems [1,2, 3]. This, in turn, suggests that tactical training should be viewed as a process of training both tactical knowledge and practical skills and competencies, as well as training to improve them, along with the process of training specific tactical skills.
According to experts, the factors that predetermine the success of tactical actions in "big" football [1,2,3,4,6]:
S high level of development of special intellectual qualities, psychomotor and cognitive features provide direction and choice of solution in these difficult game situations;
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S high level of reliability in performing techniques in difficult game conditions;
S an appropriate level of physical fitness that ensures the implementation of technical and tactical actions in the game.
It is believed that the specificity of the sport is one of the decisive factors determining the characteristics of the structure of the tactical and physical training of athletes. The complexity of tactical actions in sports is determined by the constant difficulties in perceiving game situations, making decisions, and implementing them in conditions of lack of space and time, frequent changes, unexpected and varied situations. sufficient information and concealment of the opponent's original intentions [2,3].
Specialists in the field of sports theory and methodology distinguish two types of tactical training: general and special [1]. General tactical training is not limited to the tactics of the chosen sport, but also focuses on the acquisition of various knowledge, tactical skills and abilities that will help to shape and improve it. Special tactical training is aimed at mastering the knowledge, skills and abilities of tactical movements that are necessary for successful performance in a particular competition, the chosen sport and are directly reflected in it.
The sequence of teaching sports tactics has its own characteristics, depending on whether a particular sport belongs to a particular classification group. It has been noted that sports tactics play a special role in sports and sports such as martial arts [6,7], where tactics are taught simultaneously and continuously with training techniques. In these sports, technical and tactical training basically work as a single process. In team sports, tactical training is carried out not only with the individual athlete, but also with groups of players, as well as with the team as a whole.
Some authors, such as AK Klimenko, divide the process of teaching tactics in sports into several stages. The first stage involves an introduction to the general concepts and principles of a particular system of tactical actions; the second is to formulate standard problem-solving types and tactical actions that best suit the individual characteristics of the team players, their abilities, capabilities, and level of preparation. The third stage is to expand the forms of action based on the characteristics and capabilities of the team, as well as the actions and characteristics of a particular opponent [A.I. Klimenko].
An important methodological requirement of tactical training in team sports games in the sports literature [6,7,2,3] is that it should first teach athletes individual tactical movements, and then only group and team actions. Therefore, tactical
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training (both theoretical and practical) in the training process includes three main areas - the study and improvement of individual, group and team tactical actions. At the same time, it should be noted that individual skills are improved in performing tasks specific to all three areas.
RESULTS
The ratio of this type of tactical (mostly technical-tactical) training within the annual training cycle is primarily related to the long-term training phase, as well as the tasks solved at each stage of the training process depending on. Training to improve the tactical skills of the players is planned in different versions of the training, for example, in football; two main options are often used. The first is when a single tactical problem is solved using multiple exercises that differ in number and shape of the athletes participating in the lesson. The second is when training is used to solve different tactical problems in one tactic.
Almost all experts [1,2,3,4,6,7] also point out that when performing such exercises (usually in large numbers), physical qualities and ball handling techniques are improved at the same time. This is especially true of the process of training highly qualified athletes. In this case, the improvement of the technical and tactical movements of the players, the lines or connections approach the competitive or competitive intensity, which allows to improve (or keep at the desired level) the overall level of development at the same time and specific to the physical qualities of the sport.
In addition, it is necessary to constantly increase the level of technical training, improve physical qualities in accordance with the requirements of the sport [1,2,3], which expands the tactical arsenal, and on this basis the tactics will be different. related to the characteristics of the opponents 'movements during games.
In the learning process, tactical exercises, along with real theoretical and tactical exercises, are still largely practiced.
The interdependence of tactical and physical training is observed in the dynamics of their ratio, in certain training periods. In the long run, the greater share of physical education tools than tactics is clearly expressed in the basic training phase. This means that the role and share of tactical training will increase significantly from the stage of deep sports specialization in the future.
It has been pointed out that the ratio of physical and tactical training in each annual cycle at the stage of high sports achievement depends on its goals and objectives on a large macro cycle, such as the Olympics [2]. However, there is a
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tendency for physical training (general and special) training to be more common than tactical training in the main training phase and pre-competition inverse ratios, such as the annual cycle ratio of the main types of student basketball team training tools [3]. To date, the literature on the theory and methodology of mini-football has virtually no validated data on the relationship between physical and tactical training, both in the system of long-term training and in a given annual cycle. This gap can be filled to some extent by the results of an expert survey conducted among coaches working with a variety of mini-football teams - from children and youth to major league teams and the national team.
DISCUSSION
According to the existing rules [1], the general physical fitness of players in mini-football is aimed at increasing the overall, multifaceted level of physical fitness, which in one way or another determines the success of sports activities, which affects all muscle groups of different athletes' bodies exercises that affect systems, in particular, motor qualities - strength, speed, flexibility, coordination skills and overall endurance. With the growth of sportsmanship and the steady increase in the level of training, the training time for the use of general physical training tools decreases -from the end of the specialized basic training phase to the peak of 200 hours (14-15 years old) to the peak 130). up to an hour.
Some authors distinguish the so-called "targeted" physical education [6], which is based on its specific characteristics and aims to increase the level of development of these "basic" qualities, which help to more effectively nurture the "physical" qualities, increase the level of functional capabilities.
It is customary to profile special physical training in accordance with the specific requirements of motor skills of athletes [1]. Accordingly, the means of educating it are always aimed at creating the necessary conditions to improve the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of a truly competitive activity. This primarily involves increasing the individual sportsmanship of the players, with an emphasis on increasing speed (in all appearances), speed-strength qualities, and endurance of certain types.
Obviously, in the direction of PAA it is necessary to keep in mind the dynamics of tactical exercises aimed at mastering and improving different ways of playing the game: from the beginning, from knowing the basics of tactics - to the stage. basic training to expand its scope and reliable variability in the later stages of the long-term training system. In football, special physical training is carried out taking into
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account the nature of the game activity, helps to improve and effectively use the individual, group and team tactical actions of players. This is confirmed by a number of studies [6, 7], where the best football teams perform 600 to 900 technical and tactical moves with an efficiency factor of at least 75% per game, which requires a certain level of physical fitness of the player's preparation.
Modern mini-football tactics include a large arsenal of game play tools, methods and forms. They are related to a comprehensive assessment of the capabilities of their team and the opponent's team, taking into account the tactical intent and specific external conditions of the competition (characteristics of competitors, external conditions - lighting, hall coverage, audience reactions, etc.).
Wrestling tools include special techniques, without which it is impossible to perform competitive activities, and these tactical exercises equip players with two teams with knowledge and skills on the appropriate use of technical and technical-tactical methods learned in the context of wrestling.
Team tactical training primarily involves learning different game combinations. A combination is a previously studied and coordinated interaction within a particular system that seeks to create the conditions for all players of a group or team to attack an opponent's goal or defend their own goal within a given system [1 ]. Combinations can be created through the creative interaction of the players on the basis of the usual interactions, their teamwork, the necessary and sufficient level of physical and technical preparation, and then take place in the context of the game activity.
The tactical form of playing the game is considered to be an external manifestation of the team's efforts to solve certain tactical tasks 7]. It can be both active and passive. Depending on the use of active or passive forms, tactics can be aggressive or defensive in nature. In addition, defensive tactics can be both passive and active defenses.
The choice of this or that form of play is determined by the coach depending on the real capabilities of the team: the level of physical, mental, technical and tactical readiness of the players of the main team; the presence of a "long bench" in the reserve players who can fully replace the leading players and are able to maintain a high pace of play; availability of a complete system of tools to restore and improve sports performance, etc.
CONCLUSION
Thus, the factors influencing sports tactics in mini-football (as well as in other sports) include: the specifics of the sport, the rules of the competition, the tasks
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facing the athlete (team) in this competition, the overall tactical intent, the externality of its implementation conditions, including features of the opponent's tactics [1,2,4]. But the most important factor influencing sports tactics is that all experts in the theory and methodology of sports and sports training still recognize the condition of the athlete or team, that is, his level of training - physical, technical and others. In low-level athletes, their technical and physical fitness severely limits the tactics used in competitions. For highly skilled people, by contrast, tactical design often defines the specific characteristics of the use of increasingly well-known techniques and the attitude toward the targeted improvement of the specific physical qualities required for these tactics.
In this context, it is appropriate to cite as an example the research conducted by Allani Ben Shadley on highly qualified handball players and to determine the relationship between the effectiveness of handball players 'defensive movements and the development of their physical qualities. [7].
The paper shows that the success of handball players 'defensive movements, more specifically the reasons for the backlog in the level of preparation of defenders, is directly related to the lack of physical fitness of the players and especially the relatively low level of development qualities such as special endurance, speed, jumping ability. It is this factor that predetermines the superiority of the zone defense option in the games of many teams, i.e. the option that requires a relatively low level of physical fitness of the players. The results of a survey of the country's leading handball coaches confirmed this conclusion [1], as 35% of respondents preferred zone protection tactics.
Clicking is used in only 36 of the 54 games, as the most active version of tactical defense, which requires increased player functionality [2].
Allani Ben Shadley's study showed that most of the players 'incorrect technical and tactical moves, a total of 50-57 in each game, are due to a lack of physical fitness, namely speed-strength, endurance, speed and jumping ability.
Zemzemi Shokri Ben Zellul [6], which deals with the problems of improving the tactical training of players, states that on average, players make 60-68 tactical mistakes per game. These errors, according to the author, are mainly explained by the lack of physical fitness of the players. The frequency of such errors in defense during the match, including 3> 7% of them - these are cases when individual players return to the defense in time, which allows the opponent to create a numerical advantage in attack.
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In order to perform effective attacking moves in mini-football, many experts in this game have developed parts based on quick attacks, two or three players, positional attacks to play fast and strong, and superiority in movement and interaction take into account. Implementing such a quick tactic and style of play requires the physical condition of the players in relation to the opponent, in particular the level of development of endurance to speed and strength.
The results of interviews and surveys with 25 leading mini-football experts (89%) often confirm the data from literary sources, while 11% of respondents differ slightly from the majority on a number of factors related to sports tactics . . 7% of them prioritize the technical training and game experience of the players when creating game tactics, 4% - the availability of a complete replacement and the intensity of a particular game, as well as the mental readiness of the players.
According to general scientific concepts, the existence of a problem is characterized by a discrepancy between the desired state of the research topic under consideration and its actual state (available data in the literature and practice). Identifying such a problematic situation involves analyzing the scientific and methodological literature and determining whether these literary sources are relevant or inconsistent with the level of practical ideas and needs on the issue under study.
Theoretical research does not allow speaking about the availability of sufficient literary data that reveals the specific features of the methodology of physical education of athletes, depending on the chosen forms of competitive activity tactics in team sports.
Basically, the literature data relate to the description of different forms of competitive activity tactics and methods of physical education, regardless of the chosen transfer tactics, wrestling. There is no information on the differentiation of means and methods of training physical qualities, taking into account the tactical scheme of competitive wrestling, there is also a peculiar "vacuum" in the idea of all the important qualities necessary to ensure effective competitive activity observed in mini-football.
In general, there is reason to say that the problems of scientific support of the system of training athletes in team sports are not clearly developed in terms of the relationship between their physical and technical-tactical training. On the one hand, there is a clear clarity in solving the problem, as a great deal of theoretical and empirical material has been accumulated in tactical and physical training in various sports. On the other hand, given the tactical schemes of conducting physical education, there is a lack of necessary and sufficient theoretical and methodological
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information on the methodology of physical training, taking into account the competitive struggle, which makes the problem in the category of insufficiently solved.
The solution to the problem involves, as far as possible, the identification and development of scientifically based ideas about the target methodology of training the physical qualities of the sport at the level of game skills, which, taking into account the tactics of competitive activity, allows you to do makes effective use of the training time of individual athletes and the team as a whole, thereby achieving full quality growth in further improving the sport.
One of the key aspects of this problem that we are focusing on is, among other things, the development of a methodological framework for a system of training athletes on an annual cycle, based on tactics related to physical fitness seemingly the process of targeted training in team sports and the qualities that ensure the effectiveness of competitive activities.
Thus, the presence of gaps and uncertainties in ideas on the problems of differentiating the physical fitness of athletes in game sports, based on the selected forms of competition tactics, determines the need for planned research and its relevance.
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