Reinforced Concrete under the Action of Carbonization and Chloride Aggression: a Probabilistic Model for Service Life Prediction Текст научной статьи по специальности «Строительство и архитектура»

https://doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2019-18-4-284-291 ЦОС 691.328.1

Reinforced Concrete under the Action of Carbonization and Chloride Aggression: a Probabilistic Model for Service Life Prediction

S. N. Leonovich1*, E. E. Shalyi2), L. V. Kim2)

'-Belarasian National Technical University (Minsk, Republic of Belarus), 2)Far Eastern Federal University (Vladivostok, Russian Federation)

© Белорусский национальный технический университет, 2019 Belarusian National Technical University, 2019

Abstract. Reinforcement corrosion of marine and coastal hydraulic structures due to chloride aggression and concrete carbonization leads to a sharp decrease in structure safety. The reinforcement is subjected to a depassivation process as soon as a chloride concentration on its surface exceeds a certain threshold concentration, or the pH value in a concrete protective layer is decreased to a threshold value due to carbonation. Electrochemical reactions are realized with formation of corrosion products due to penetration of oxygen up to reinforcement surface. This leads to cracking of the concrete protective layer and decrease in reinforcement cross-section. The paper proposes a method for predicting a complex degradation of reinforced concrete structures with due account of various mechanisms of corrosion wear that allows to develop efficient methods for improvement of structure durability and maintainability which are operated in the marine environment. A methodology for forecasting of reinforced concrete service life prediction has been developed under a combined effect of carbonization and chloride aggression while using finite-difference and probability models. The paper takes into account initiation periods of reinforcement corrosion and propagation periods for conditions of Sakhalin shelf zone. Field surveys of Kholmsk and Korsakov port facilities are presented in the paper. Carbonization front and chloride content have been estimated according to depth of the concrete protective layer. The paper proposes a model that allows to determine an average period prior to repair while taking into account rate of concrete protective layer degradation caused by simultaneous action of two corrosion processes: carbonization and chloride aggression.

Keywords: reinforced concrete, carbonization, chloride aggression, service life prediction, probabilistic model

For citation: Leonovich S. N., Shalyi E. E., Kim L. V. (2019) Reinforced Concrete under the Action of Carbonization and Chloride Aggression: a Probabilistic Model for Service Life Prediction. Science and Technique. 18 (4), 284-291. https://doi.org/10. 21122/2227-1031-2018-18-4-284-291

Железобетон при воздействии карбонизации и хлоридной агрессии: вероятностная модель расчета-прогноза срока службы

Докт. техн. наук, проф. С. Н. Леоновнч1*, асп. Е. Е. Шалый2), канд. техн. наук, проф. Л. В. Ким2)

'-Белорусский национальный технический университет (Минск, Республика Беларусь), ^Дальневосточный федеральный университет (Владивосток, Российская Федерация)

Реферат. Коррозия арматуры морских и прибрежных гидротехнических сооружений вследствие хлоридной агрессии и карбонизации бетона ведет к резкому снижению безопасности сооружения. Арматура подвергается процессу депас-сивации как только концентрация хлорида на ее поверхности превысит пороговую либо значение рН в защитном слое бетона уменьшится до порогового значения в результате карбонизации. При проникновении кислорода до поверхности арматуры реализуются электрохимические реакции с образованием продуктов коррозии. Это приводит к растрескиванию защитного слоя бетона, уменьшению площади сечения арматуры. В статье предложен метод прогнози-

Адрес для переписки

Леонович Сергей Николаевич

Белорусский национальный технический университет

просп. Независимости, 65,

220013, г. Минск, Республика Беларусь

Тел.: +375 17 265-96-76

[email protected]

Address for correspondence

Leonovich Sergey N.

Belarusian National Technical University

65 Nezavisimosty Ave.,

220013, Minsk, Republic of Belarus

Tel.: +375 17 265-96-76

[email protected]

Наука

итехника. Т. 18, № 4 (2019)

рования комплексной деградации железобетонных конструкций прибрежных сооружений с учетом различных механизмов коррозионного износа, что позволяет разработать эффективные способы повышения долговечности и ремонтопригодности конструкций, эксплуатируемых в морской среде. Разработана методика прогнозирования долговечности железобетонных конструкций при совместном воздействии карбонизации и хлоридной агрессии с использованием конечно-разностной и вероятностной моделей. Учтены периоды инициирования и распространения коррозии арматуры для условий шельфовой зоны острова Сахалин. Выполнены полевые исследования сооружений портов Холмск и Корсаков. Произведена оценка фронта карбонизации и содержания хлоридов по глубине защитного слоя бетона. Предложена модель, позволяющая определить средний период до ремонта с учетом скорости деградации защитного слоя бетона от одновременного воздействия двух коррозионных процессов: карбонизации и хлоридной агрессии.

Ключевые слова: армированный бетон, карбонизация, хлоридная агрессия, прогнозирование срока службы, вероятностная модель

Для цитирования: Леонович, С. Н. Железобетон при воздействии карбонизации и хлоридной агрессии: вероятностная модель расчета-прогноза срока службы / С. Н. Леонович, Е. Е. Шалый, Л. В. Ким // Наука и техника. 2019. Т. 18, № 4. С. 284-291. https://doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2019-18-4-284-291

State of the Issue and Research Objectives

Existing models do not allow to take into due consideration possible changes in operating conditions, a combination of several factors of an aggressive environment. Complex modeling of various factors makes it possible to take into account the stochastic nature of the processes of carbonization and chloride aggression, changes in operating conditions of structures or requirements imposed on them.

The purpose of the study: to develop a methodology for calculating of reinforced concrete structures durability for the climatic conditions of the coastal Far East seas zone from the complex effects of carbonization and chloride aggression.

Objectives of the study: analyze the results of studies on the complex effects of carbonization and chloride aggression on marine concrete; to improve the theoretical models of carbonization and chloride aggression, taking into account the crack formation and propagation a in the protective layer of concrete; to develop a probabilistic method for predicting the service life of reinforced concrete port structures, taking into account the complex effects of carbonization and chloride aggression; experimentally investigate the technical condition of the reinforced concrete elements of the port facilities in exploitation, and identify the specific features of their degradation in the marine environment, including taking into account technological factors.

Verification of a deterministic model

for calculating the combined effect

of carbonization and chloride aggression

The deterministic model for calculating the combined effect of carbonization and chloride ag-

gression on marine concrete based on the 2nd Fick Law was verified.

A model for solving the differential diffusion equation, J. Crank has been adopted, taking into account the effect of carbonization on the transport of chlorine ions in concrete. The basic equation has the Cl form:

дС

Cl

D

Cl

д C

dt

( 1 >

w

V e

a

(1 - da c )

1 + ß;

C } C f

V

dx2

-, (1)

/ /

where aL, pL - empirical constants; ac - empirical constants; d - coefficient of decrease in the connecting ability of chloride due to carbonization; Ccl - general content of chloride in concrete; Cf -content of free chloride in concrete; t - operation time; b - mass of knitting; x - depth of a protective layer.

Extent of carbonization of concrete is defined from a proportion:

%Xc -100 % ac;

% KC - x % ac,

where Xc - extreme size of carbonization; KC -carbonate component

KC = -

m,

CaCO,

•100 %;

m

(2)

H

mr

- mass of a carbonate component; mH -

the mass of a hinge plate of test, is defined experimentally.

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1

Extreme size of carbonization is determined by a formula

Table 1

Basic data of final and differential model

(t ) =

i

2D

f f (t) fw (t)C

Co2 (t)dt

c 1

(3)

where fT (t) , fW (t), CCO (t) - funktion of influence of temperature, humidity and concentration C02 on diffusion coefficient; ac - the coefficient defining quantity C02, necessary for transformation of all capable to be carbonated hydration products; DCO - initial coefficient of diffusion of

carbon dioxide in concrete.

For taking note C02 assessment of content of carbon dioxide in air taking into account service life of reinforced concrete structures is executed, according to data of Keeling a curve. As concentration of chlorides in the marine environment changes depending on weather conditions, the model of sea water impact on constructions is modified by input of dependence on distance between a construction and the coast [1-4].

For verification of model of joint action of carbonization and chloride aggression reinforced concrete structures of the classes XC4 and XS3 under the terms of operation with average values of parameters of concrete mix according to EN 206:2013 and the minimum thickness of concrete protective layer on the joint venture 28.13330.2012 are taken. According to the offered technique, calculations for these tab. 1 are carried out.

Parameter, unit-ism. Site of Sakhalin Island

Northern Central Southern

T 0C 1 max; ^ 18,3 20,5 17,7

T 0C 1 mm; ^ -7,3 -6,2 -2,4

W % ty max? /u 86 81 85

W % >v min; /u 74 76 71

w/b 0,4 0,4 0,4

b, kg/m3 350 350 350

Carbonization

ge 2,5 2,5 2,5

f 5 5 5

Е, kJ/mol 40 40 40

R, kJ/K 8,314 • 10-3 8,314 • 10-3 8,314 • 10-3

С, kg/m3 3,890 • 10-4 3,890 • 10-4 3,890 • 10-4

Dco2 , sm2/s 3,399- 10-4 3,399 • 10-4 3,399 • 10-4

nm 0,12 0,12 0,12

Chloride aggression

E, kJ/mol 41,8 41,8 41,8

R, kJ/K 8,314 • 10-3 8,314 • 10-3 8,314 • 10-3

OL 0,1185 0,1185 0,1185

Pl 0,09 0,09 0,09

Wf % 65 65 65

Cenv(L), kg/m3 6,2 6,2 6,2

m 0,4 0,4 0,4

t0, days (years) 28 (0,0767) 28 (0,0767) 28 (0,0767)

t, year 50 50 50

For modeling the program in Mathcad (authors D. Shestovitsky and E. Karapetov) executed on the basis of final and differential approach is used and modified (fig. 1, tab. 2).

Table 2

Results of modeling

Parameter, unit-ism. Place of operation

Northern Central Southern

Front of carbonization (t = 50 of years), mm 30,80 29,60 29,40

Extent of carbonization 0,61 0,60 0,60

Concentration of chlorides on fittings depth without carbonization (at t = 50 of years), % 0,55 0,65 0,44

Too taking into account carbonization (at t = 50 of years), % 0,65 0,60 0,54

Time of initiation of chloride corrosion without carbonization, year 50 40 43

Too taking into account carbonization, year 45 35 30

286 Наука итехника. Т. 18, № 4 (2019)

(

500 700 t, month

Fig. 1. Change of concentration of chlorides in protective concrete layer taking into account and without carbonization (the southern site): CCl(x, t) - concentration of chloride ions in protective layer without carbonization;

CClcarb(x, t) - concentration of chloride ions in protective layer with carbonization. Critical concentration of chlorides - 0,4 % or 1,4 kg/m3

Results have shown, that carbonization has led to release of chloride ions in pore's solution, in the investigation of what, service life of structures decreases.

Technique of probabilistic calculation of joint action of carbonization and chloride aggression

The technique of probabilistic calculation of joint impact of carbonization and chloride aggression on concrete is developed. The equation of probability of refusal is the cornerstone:

(4)

Pf = P (R - S < 0)< P,

where Pf - rejection probability; P - admissible probability of approach of a limit state; S - loading function; R - function of resistance of a structures.

For chloride corrosion, in probabilistic statement, represents value of concentration of chlorides CCl(x, t). Ccrit - parameter of critical (threshold) concentration of chloride at the level of bedding of fittings, which excess leads to corrosion initiation. In this case probability of no-failure operation:

Pf = P({Ccr, -C(x,0}<0)<P. (5)

CCl(x, t) decides on use of model, which is based on the decision of the 2nd law of diffusion of A. Fick by means of function of a mistake of C. Andrade:

Q( x, t ) = C0

n=0

f

erfc

2ne + x

A

HayKa

uTexHMKa. T. 18, № 4 (2019)

- a • erfc

2kC,

( 2n + 2) e - x

2^/D(Ö • t

C2 ( x, t ) = —-f X a n erfc

k +1 n=0

( 2n +1) e + kx

^IDû)

a =

1 - k ;

1 + k '

k =

V

D

D

(6)

; (7)

(8)

(9)

where Dx = DClcb - coefficient of diffusion of chlorides of carbonized concrete; D2 = DCiucb - coefficient of diffusion of chlorides of not carbonized concrete.

The model is based on difference of coefficients of diffusion in one cut ("skin-effect"), that results or repair restoration of a protective layer of concrete, or at action of a set of aggressive factors of the external environment on a structure. In a case of joint action of carbonization and chloride aggression, formulas (6) and (7) will be transformed to a type:

~ ( ~ \

_ 2nX„ + x erfc

Qu ( xt ) = cs XL

n=0 (

2^

- a •erfc

( 2n + 2 ) Xc - x

24 Da,cb (t ) • t

Cl,cb (t) •t

V

(10)

Ca..,,.(x,t) =

2kCs k +1

: Xanerfc

n=0

r(2n +1)x + k(x - Xc

2jDf

Cl,cb

• t

(11)

where CS - superficial concentration of chlorides, %; x - thickness of a protective layer of concrete, mm; (x) - inverse function of mistakes of Gauss; Xc = = Xc(t) - depth of carbonization of concrete, mm; t - time, years; k - coefficients from formulas (8) and (9).

In a research resistance between layers, which results from a difference of coefficients of diffusion in one cut is also considered

C

Cl„

( x, t ) = ^CR X a nerfc X

k + 1 n=0

2n +1) x + k ( x - Xc

Cl,cb

(12)

where R - resistance between layers.

x

X

C(x, t) calculates taking into account action of carbonization how system from formulas (10) and (12).

A row of basis variables enters estimated model of combined action of carbonization and chloride aggression. Recommendations about mean values of these variables and their types of distribution are offered. For the southern part of Sakhalin Island in tab. 3 their mean values, a standard deviation and type of distribution are this.

Table 3

The concentration of chlorides for probable simulation

The Probability refusal of construction and index of reliability are presented in fig. 5, 6 and tab. 4.

35

? 30 f30

t« <U m ^

20

M <D

15

g 10 &

^H 5 O 5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Time of exploitation (years)

Fig. 2. Growth of depth of carbonization eventually

Parameter, unit-ism. Southern part of Sakhalin Island

Distribution type Average value Standard deviation

Cs, % Const 2,5 -

x, mm Const Vector from a set {0-50} -

^kb m2/s Normal 11,689 • 10-12 1,2 • 10-12

D cl,ucb Normal 2,387 • 10-12 1,2 • 10-12

ke Normal 0,67 0,05

K Normal - -

K Const 273 -

kt Normal 0,80 0,05

kc Normal 1 0,125

t0, year Const 0,0767 -

t, year Const Vector from a set {t0-50} -

ncl Beta 0,3 a = 0; b = 1

C % crit? /0 Normal 0,4 0,063

For the analytical solution of a direct problem of determination of probability of resource refusal and the return problem of definition of a percentage resource of structures imitating modeling with calculation of necessary functionalities, for example, of the content of chlorides at the set depth, service life, etc. is used.

For computer realization in the Matlab program the calculation code for model of penetration of chlorides taking into account effect of carbonization is written. Result of calculation of the program - probabilities of resource refusal of a structure and indexes of reliability during service life for various values of thickness of a concrete protective layer. At the first stage the program determines depths of carbonization and change of concentration of chlorides by depth (fig. 2-4).

Fig. 3. Change of concentration of chlorides in a zone near reinforcement for all term of an exploitation

Thickness of protective layer (mm)

Fig. 4. Profile of concentration of chlorides in zone near reinforcement in the last year of exploitation (50 years)

Fig. 5. Probability refusal Fig. 6. Index of reliability of construction of a construction

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Table 4

Probability of refusal and the index of reliability of reinforced concrete constructions, depending on exploitation term for the southern site of Sakhalin Island

Operation term Probability of refusal pf Index of reliability ß

10 0,0001 3,688

20 0,005 1,102

30 0,190 -0,173

40 0,849 -1,020

50 0,981 -1,660

Results of natural researche

The executed natural researches: visual survey, determination of critical elements and areas, determination of strength and thickness of a concrete protective layer, the choice of test zones by results of measurements.

In test zones are carried out: visual survey for the choice of places of testing and sampling, check of concrete protective layer depth, the choice of places of sampling in "the worst places" of construction, determination of carbonization depth by phenol-phtalein test (6 and more places); selection of plates for chloride profiles (at least six plates in each test zone of the minimum size of 70x70 mm and minimum depth of 50 mm).

The laboratory is defined: by means of an ion-selective electrode value of concentration of chlo-

rides on depth of samples, phenol-phtalein test -carbonization depth.

Results of modeling of joint action of carbonization and chloride aggression and their comparison with experimental data (tab. 5).

The good convergence with probabilistic model and satisfactory with final and differential is received (the last doesn't consider "skin-effect"). The diffusion coefficient in final and differential model is constant at all depth of a protective layer, i. e. there is no breakdown on 2 layers with differrent diffusion and there is no resistance between these layers therefore concentration of chlorides in a zone near reinforcementit is overestimated. However, this model can be applicable for calculation of joint action of carbonization and chloride aggression with a small depth of carbonization when "skin-effect" doesn't exert considerable impact on concentration of chlorides in a zone near reinforcement.

Thus, with an insignificant depth of carbonization (up to 8 mm) calculation can be conducted on final and differential model, at considerable - values are overestimated and calculation should be conducted on probabilistic model. In practice with a depth of carbonization up to 8 mm the effect of joint action of carbonization and chloride aggression isn't considered, and the DuraCrete model is used. Thus, the most exact model - probabilistic.

Table 5

and experimental results

The place of selection of test Age Depth The measured The measured Concentration

Type of a coonst-ruction of a protective layer, mm concentration of Cl, % concentration of Cl, % of Cl, % on probabilistic model

Holmsk sea trade port

10 2,24 2,80 2,20

Reinforced concrete column of the bridge 20 1,97 2,20 1,90

X4 33 30 1,64 1,81 1,62

40 1,10 1,20 1,03

50 0,51 0,58 0,49

10 2,25 2,28 2,21

Reinforced concrete beam of the bridge 20 1,98 2,21 1,94

X5 33 30 1,68 1,82 1,62

40 1,10 1,20 1,03

50 0,50 0,58 0,49

Korsakov sea trade port

10 2,32 2,76 2,13

The base under the sign SNO 20 1,81 2,19 1,77

K4 44 30 1,46 1,77 1,44

40 1,10 1,17 1,07

50 0,55 0,63 0,53

10 2,32 2,79 2,15

Reinforced concrete 20 1,81 1,22 1,80

K5 foundation under 46 30 1,48 1,81 1,50

pipes. 40 1,10 1,23 1,10

50 0,55 0,65 0,55

HayKa

uTexHMKa. T. 18, № 4 (2019)

Probabilistic model for determination of parameters for repair of a concrete protective layer

It is supposed that the irreversible consequences leading to chloride corrosion of fittings in carbonized concrete can begin already at concentration of ions of chloride of 0,2 %. Using this value as critical at which it is necessary to make repairs of a concrete protective layer, and also using model for the double environment formulas (10) and (12), the program of calculation of average time and depth of repair of the damaged protective layer which also allows to predict construction ser-

vice life, but already taking into account repair is developed (tab. 6, fig. 7). As material for repair the solution similar to initial composition of concrete is chosen. Probability of refusal and the index of reliability are represented in tab. 7 and fig. 8, 9.

After 50 years of operation in the most adverse region of Sakhalin Island under the terms of operation, the probability of refusal was pf = 58 %. Thus, repair of a construction by the method of replacement of a carbonized layer new with similar characteristics increases strength. For example, in a construction, in which corrosion after 29 years of operation was initiated the modern times of initiation are 45 years.

Table 6

Service life of a reinforced concrete construction, taking into account repair of a concrete protective layer

Parameter, measuring Place of operation, Southern part Sakhalin Island

Time of initiation of chloride corrosion without replacement of a carbonized layer, year 29

Design service life without replacement of a carbonized layer, year 33

Average time of replacement of a carbonized layer, year 16

Average depth of replacement of a carbonized layer, mm 24.5

Time of chloride corrosion initiation, taking into account replacement of a carbonized layer, year 45

Design service life, taking into account replacement of a carbonized layer, year 49

О

0,50 0,45 0,40 0,35 0,30 0,25 0,20 0,15 0,10 0.05

0

0,6 H 0,5

£ 0,4

о

£ 0,3 -

Л 0,2

о

0,1

10 20 30 Time (years)

Fig. 7. Change of Concentration of Chlorides in zone near reinforcement for all term of an exploitation taking into account repai

10 20 30 40 50

Time (years)

Fig. 8. Probability of refusal of the repaired construction

10

20 30 40 Time (years)

50

Fig. 9. The index of reliability of the repaired construction

0

0

Table 7

Probability of refusal and the index of reliability of the repaired reinforced concrete construction, depending on operation term for the most adverse region of Sakhalin Island under the terms of exploitation

CONCLUSIONS

1. On the basis of the analysis of models of joint action of carbonization and chloride aggression of a concrete protective layer and verification with experimental data the model for assessment of durability of sea reinforced concrete constructions considering the following factors is defined: thickness of a concrete protective layer; coefficients of diffusion of chlorides in carbonized and not carbonized concrete; critical content and superficial content of chlorides, superficial amount of CO2,

Operation term Probability of refusal pf Index of reliability ß

10 0,0001 4,27

20 0,0008 3,29

30 0,0120 2,00

40 0,1090 0,44

50 0,5820 -0,57

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their time of influence; sea conditions; front of carbonization, etc.

2. The technique of determination of repair term of a constructions and depth of concrete protective layer repair of constructions is developed.

3. The technique of forecasting of durability of reinforced concrete constructions at influence of the hostile marine environment, taking into account repair of a constructions is developed and with use of probabilistic model of calculation.

4. Verification of results of probability calculations of refusal of reinforced concrete elements for the offered probabilistic model is executed.

Recommendations about practical

use of results

The developed models allow to count the carbonization depth, concentration of ions of chloride at the set depth, the term of exploitation of a construction, time of possible repair and depth of possible restoration of a concrete protective layer for a coastal and shelf zone of the Far East.

The developed technique of forecasting of durability of reinforced concrete constructions at joint impact of carbonization and chloride agression with use of final and differential calculation model is offered to be used with a depth of carbonization up to 8 mm.

The developed technique of forecasting of durability of reinforced concrete constructions at joint impact of carbonization and chloride agression with use of probabilistic model of calculation can be used:

- at assessment of operational suitability (safety) at inspection of reinforced concrete constructions of coastal and shelf constructions;

- when forecasting service life of again projected reinforced concrete designs;

- when calculating necessary thickness of a concrete protective layer of the projected reinforced concrete constructions at the set service life and service conditions;

- when calculating service life of concrete in specific conditions of exploitation;

- when forecasting term of repair of the operated constructions.

The received results can be used in design of new constructions and/or repair (reconstruction) of the existing constructions, operated in aggressive conditions of the marine environment and also in educational process.

REFERENCES

1. Leonovich S. N., Shalyi E. E., Falaleeva N. A., Kim L. V.

(2016) The Influence of Carbon Dioxide on the Durability

of Offshore Concrete Structures. International Ocean and

Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE-2016), 26 June -

2 July, Rhodes, Greece.

2. Leonovich S. N., Kim L. V., Shalyi E. E. (2016) Prediction of Durability of Concrete Pier Number 5 in the Port of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatka. Defekty Zdanii i Sooru-zhenii. Usilenie Stroitel'nykh Konstruktsii: Sbornik Nauch-nykh Statei XX Nauchno-Metodicheskoi Konferentsii VITU [Defects of Buildings and Structures. Strengthening of Building Structures: Collection of Scientific Articles of the XX Scientific-Methodical Conference VITU]. St. Petersburg, VITU, 238-242 (in Russian).

3. Shalyi E. E., Kim L. V., Leonovich S. N. (2016) Probability Calculation of Depth and Distribution of Carbonization Front in Concrete of Hydraulic Engineering Installations on the Khabarovsk Territory. Innovatsii v Betonove-denii, Stroitel'nom Proizvodstve i Podgotovke Inzhener-nykh Kadrov: Materialy Mezhdunar. Nauch.-Tekhn. Konf., Posvyashch. 100-Letiyu so Dnya Rozhdeniya I. N. Akhver-dova i S. S. Ataeva, 9-10 Iyunya 2016 g. Ch. 1 [Innovations in Concrete Knowledge, Construction Operations and Training of Engineering Personnel: Proceedings of International Scientific and Technical Conderence Dedicated to 100th Anniversary of the Birthday of I. N. Akhver-dov and S. S. Ataev, June 9-10, 2016. Part 1]. Minsk, 243-247 (in Russian).

4. Shalyi E. E., Kim L. V., Leonovich S. N. (2016) Simulation Modeling of the Degradation of Reinforced Concrete Structures of Hydraulic Structures. VI International "Symposium Actual Problems of Computational Simulation in Civil Engineering". Vladivostok, FEFU, 175-177 (in Russian).

5. Shalyi E. E., Kim L. V., Leonovich S. N. (2016) Probabilistic Calculation of the Depth and Spread of the Carbonization Front in Concrete Hydraulic Structures. Perspek-tivnye Napravleniya Innovatsionnogo Razvitiya Stroitel'-stva i Podgotovki Inzhenernykh Kadrov: Materialy XXMezh-dunarodnogo Nauchno-Metodicheskogo Seminara (Grodno, 17-19 Fevralya 2016 g.) [Prospective Directions of Innovative Development of Construction and Training of Engineering Personnel: Materials of the XX International. Scientific Metod. Seminar (Grodno, February 17-19, 2016)]. Grodno, Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno, 328-333 (in Russian).

6. Leonovich S. N., Shalyi E. E., Kim L. V., Dzhogolyuk A. G. (2017) Degradation of Marine Reinforced Concrete Berth Structures on Sakhalin Island. The 27th International Ocean and Polar Engineeing Conference (ISOPE-2017), 25-30 June, San Francisco, California.

7. Leonovich S. N., Kim L. V., Shalyi E. E., Shalaya T. E. (2017) Prediction of the Service Life of the Concrete Berths of the Amursk Timber Terminal. Defekty Zdanii i Sooruzhenii. Usilenie Stroitel'nykh Konstruktsii: Sbornik Nauchnykh Statei XXI Nauchno-Metodicheskoi Konferentsii VITU [Defects of Buildings and Structures. Strengthening of Building Structures: Collection of Scientific Articles of the XXI Scientific-Methodical Conference VITU]. St. Petersburg, VITU, 172-177 (in Russian).

8. Shalyi E. E. (2018) Analysis of the Degradation of Concrete Structures on the Island of Sakhalin. Vestnik Inzhe-nernoi Shkoly Dal'nevostochnogo Federal'nogo Universi-teta = Far Eastern Federal University: School of Engineering Bulletin, (1), 65-76 (in Russian).

9. Shalyi E. E., Kim L. V. (2018) The Chloride Corrosion of Marine Concrete. Vestnik Inzhenernoi Shkoly Dal'nevos-tochnogo Federal'nogo Universiteta = Far Eastern Federal University: School of Engineering Bulletin, (1), 101-110 (in Russian).

10. Shalyi E. E., Leonovich S. N., Kim L. V., Rumyantseva V. E., Budrevich N. A. (2018) Probabilistic Model of the Combined Effect of Carbonization and Chloride Aggression on Structural Concrete. Vestnik Grazhdanskikh Inzhenerov = Bulletin of Civil Engineers, (3), 123-131 (in Russian).

Received: 20.04.2018 Accepted: 26.06.2018 Published online: 31.07.2019

HayKa

uTexHMKa. T. 18, № 4 (2019)