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36
Regulation of Store-Operated Channels by Scaffold Proteins in A431 Cells
A. V. Shalygin1, M. A. Ryazantseva1, L. N. Glushankova1, I. B. Bezprozvanny2, G. N. Mozhayeva2, E. V. Kaznacheyeva1
institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences
2Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA *E-mail: [email protected] Received 29.08.2010
ABSTARCT Store-operated channels are major calcium influx pathways in nonexitable cells. Homer scaffold proteins are well known for their role in regulating calcium signaling. Here we report on a detailed single-channel level characterization of native store-operated channels regulated by Homer scaffold proteins in A431 carcinoma cells. By applying the single-channel patch-clamp technique, we found that different types of store-operated calcium channels have different sensitivities to Homer proteins.
KEYWORDS SOC, Homer, A431
ABBREVIATIONS SOC - store-operated calcium channels, mGluR - metabotropic glutamate receptors, IP3 - inositol
1,4,5-trisphosphate, IP3R - the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, RyR - ryanodine receptors, UTP - uridine triphosphate, GST - glutathione S-transferase.
INTRODUCTION
Currently, calcium signaling in nonelectroexcitable cells is arousing substantial interest from researchers, because alterations of cytoplasmic Ca2+ regulate a plethora of intracellular events. The calcium concentration in cytosol increases upon the release of Ca2+ ions from intracellular stores either when extracellular Ca2+ enters the cell. In nonelectroexcitable cells, the entrance of Ca2+ is basically mediated by store-operated channels (SOC) [1]. These channels get activated upon the depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores. SOCs from various tissues were shown to have different biophysical properties, indicating that there is a difference in their molecular composition [1]. Although the basic proteins which mediate store-operated Ca2+ influx are known, the mechanism underlying the colocalization of these proteins remains undiscovered.
Homer proteins that are found in neural tissue mediate the formation of the intermolecular complex, which includes the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) of the plasma membrane and inositol-1,4,5-trisphos-phate receptor (IP3R) [2]. It was shown later that Homer interacts with TRPC proteins [3,4], the Ca2+-AT-Pase, ryanodine receptor (RyR), and other proteins [5]. Moreover, in neural cells, Homer and Shank proteins were shown to form a meshlike structure which acts to organize postsynaptic proteins [6]. Homer proteins contain the EVH1 domain, which is located on the N-terminus of the polypeptide chain and accounts for the interaction between Homer and its targets by binding to the consensus amino acid sequence PPXXF (proline, proline, any two amino acids, and phenylalanine). There
are short and long isoforms of Homer proteins (Fig. 1A). The long isoform has a coiled-coil domain on its C-ter-minus which mediates oligomerization. The short isoform, which is produced by alternative splicing, lacks this domain [5]. The long isoforms were shown to form tetramers with the parallel arrangement of C-termini and four EVH1 domains, which makes it possible to mediate the colocalization of proteins of Ca2+ signaling [7]. Short Homer isoforms are believed to act as the negative regulators of the long one, since they are not able to form oligomers. It was shown that Homer proteins not only regulate protein colocalization, but they can also modulate the activity of mGluR [8], RyR [9], and TRPC [3, 4].
It was hypothesized that Homer proteins participate in the regulation of SOC. Previous studies confirming this suggestion were carried out by means of patch clamp in a whole-cell configuration and fluorescent imaging of Ca2+ signaling [3, 4]. However, these approaches make it possible to determine the net Ca2+ influx only. Since the cell contains various types of calcium-SOC, it has been unclear which of them are regulated by Homer proteins. In this study we set out to elucidate the role that Homer proteins play in the regulation of store-operated calcium channels in A431 cells.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
Cells
Human epidermal carcinoma A341 cells (Cell lines collection, Cytology institute, Russian Academy of Sciences) were cultivated in a DMEM medium supplemented
with 10% fetal calf serum and antibiotics (100 ^g/ml penicillin and 100 U/ml streptomycin). The cells were grown on microscope cover glasses 2-4 days prior to the experiment
Materials
DMEM medium (ICN), fetal calf serum (FCS, GIBCO BRL, United States), fetal bovine serum (FBS, GIBCO BRL, United States), and geniticin G-418 (Geniticin, GIBCO BRL, United States) were used in cell cultivation. Glutathion-sepharose and 1,5-isopropylthio-P-D-galactoside (IPTG) were from Pharmacia, Sweden; inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) was from LC Laboratories, United States; uridine triphosphate (UTP) was from Cabiochem, Germany; EGTA was from Fluka, Switzerland; HEPES, Triton X-100 anti-GST antibodies, and secondary rabbit and mouse antibodies were purchased from Sigma, United States; and anti-Homer 1 bc antibodies were from Santa Cruz, United States. Anti- IP3R T443 polyclone antibodies were described earlier [10]. PPKKFR and PPKKRR peptides were synthesized by Diapharm, Russia.
Patch Clamp
In all the experiments, the potential of extracellular solution was taken as zero.
In inside-out configuration experiments, the intracellular solution (chamber) contained (mM) 140 K-glutamate, 5 NaCl, 1 MgCl2, 10 HEPES-K, pH 7.4, 2 EGTA-K, and 1.13 CaCl2 (pCa 7). The pipette solution contained (mM) 105 BaCl2 and 10 Tris-HCl (pH 7.3). The presence of Ba2+-ions led to the inhibition of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels and Ca2+-dependent channels. The electric resistance of solution-filled pipettes was 8-20 MOm.
In whole-cell configuration experiments, the pipette solution contained (mM) 145 NMDG aspartate, 10 Cs-EGTA, 10 Cs-HEPES, pH 7.3, 1.5 MgCl2, and 4.5 CaCl2 (pCa 7.0). The intracellular solution contained (mM) 140 NMDG aspartate, 10 BaCl2, 10 Cs-HEPES, and pH 7.3. In these experiments we used pipettes which had resistances of 3-5 MOm. In all the whole-cell experiments, the membrane potential was equal to 0 mV. The potential was changed according to the following scheme: in the beginning, the -100 mV potential was applied for 60 ms, which was followed by a voltage ramp in a -100- to 100-mV interval for 600 ms; after that, the 0 mV potential was restored. The whole-cell currents were normalized with respect to cellular capacity, which reflects the size of the cell. The average capacity value was 21±4 pF (25 experiments).
Currents were registered by means of an Axopatch 200B intensifier (Axon instruments, United States). The signal was digitized at a frequency of 5000 Gz with
ADC L305 board (L-Card, Russia). For an analysis and presentation of data on currents of individual channels of low conductivity, additional filtration was performed (80-100 Gz). Amplitudes of currents through individual channels of low conductivity were determined from registered currents and an amplitude histogram. The level of channel activity was characterized by the NP value, which is the product of the number of conducting channels (N) and the probability of the open state (Po), which is equal to P0 = I/(iN), where I is the average value of a current in the given membrane fragment at a certain time interval and i is the open channel current amplitude.
The registered data were digitized and analyzed by means of software developed by V.A. Alexeyenko, as well as pClamp 6.0.4, Microcal Origin 6.0, and Microsoft Excel.
Electrophoresis and Immunoblotting
Protein samples were analyzed in 8% polyacrylamide gels under denaturing conditions. Gels were stained with Coomassie or, alternatively, proteins were transferred to the membrane and visualized by specific antibodies against the proteins of interest.
Expression and Purification of Recombinant GST-Homer 1c and Homer 1a Proteins
Escherichia coli BL-21(DE3) cells were transformed with pGEX-2T-Homer1A and pGEX-2T-Homer1C plasmids (courtesy of M.M. Solovyev, University of Oxford, Great Britain). The expression of recombinant proteins was induced by the addition of 1 mM IPTG; then, bacterial cells were lysed, and chimeric GST-Homer proteins were purified on glutathion-sephar-ose. Proteins were stored at 4oC. The purity of protein preparations was checked by electrophoresis and im-munoblotting with polyclone antibodies against GST and Homer.
Cellular Lysate
A431 cells were lysed for 10 min at 4oC in a 10-cm plate in 1 ml of solution containing 150 mM NaCl, 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.6), 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 1% Triton X-100, 0.5% NP40, 10% glycerol, and 0.5 mM PMSF with the addition of a protease-inhibiting cocktail (PIC, Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Switzerland). The lysates were passed through a syrynge three times and spun at 22 000g for 30 min at 4oC. The supernatant was withdrawn and used in subsequent experiments.
Pull-Down Assay (PD)
Glutathione-sepharose (25 |^l) with bound chimeric GST-Homer was mixed with A431 cellular lysates and incubated on a rocking platform for 12-24 h. The re-
A
EVH1
Coil-coiled
Homer 1a
Homer 1c
I
-PPXXF-------
B
kDa
A
pA/pF 0
-1 _ -2 _
100 mM utp
I
-a 1 mM ppkkfr . 1 mM ppkkrr
300
—I-----------------'-1
600 900 s
b
-50
Homer 1c ••
-37
“20
Fig. 1. Homer 1bc long isoform is expressed in the human epidermal carcinoma cell line A431. A - Domain organization of Homer 1 proteins. B - The immunoblotting of whole cell lysates from A431 cells was performed with polyclonal anti-Homer 1bc antibodies. The positions of molecular mass markers are shown on the right.
action was carried out in a PBS buffer containing 1% Triton X-100. In some cases, the incubation was conducted in the presence of IP3; after that, sepharose was rinsed three times with 1 ml PBS containing 1% Triton X-100. The presence of IP3R in the samples was confirmed by immunoblotting with polyclone antibodies against IP3R.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Uncoupling of Homer-Target Protein Interactions Caused by PPKKFR Interaction Activates Ca2+ Influx in A431 Cells
The results of immunoblotting show that A431 cells express long isoforms of Homer proteins (Fig. 1B). The EVH1 domain in Homer proteins recognizes the PPXXFR motif in target proteins, where X stands for any amino acid (Fig. 1A) [2]. In order to reveal the roles which Homer proteins play in regulating receptor-operated or store-operated calcium channels, we used a synthetic peptide PPKKFR, since it has been shown to promote the dissociation of the Homer-mGluR complex [2].
In control experiments we used peptide PPXXRR in which the substitution of phenylalanine with arginine
B
Fig. 2. Whole-cell recordings of currents induced by PPKKFR or PPKKRR peptides. A The development in time of a current from a cell dialyzed with 1 mM PPKKFR peptide at -80 mV potential (gray squares) and with 1 mM PPKKRR (black squares). The arrow at the top indicates when 100 mM UTP was added. Arrows a and b indicate the maximum amplitudes of the current. B Average current-voltage relationships of currents induced by dialysis with PPKKFR peptide or by the addition of UTP. The current-voltage relationships were measured when the inward currents reached the maximum (indicated by arrows a and b in panel A).
cancelled the peptide’s interaction with the EVH1 domain. In order to elucidate the role that Homer proteins play in the regulation of the Ca2+ influx in A431 cells, we applied a patch clamp technique in the whole-cell configuration. The net Ca2+ influx, which was measured under conditions of intracellular dialysis against PP-KKFR and PPKKRR-containing solutions, was compared with the net store-operated Ca2+ influx, which was induced by uridine triphosphate.
Intracellular dialysis with a solution containing 1 jaM PPKKFR led to the selective activation of a Ca2+ current with an average maximal amplitude of 1.3 ± 0.1 pA/pF (n = 5) (Fig. 2A). The absence of PPKKRR in the pipette solution led to no current (n = 10), but the
A
-70 mV
0.6 pA| 50 s 0
-0.18 pA -0.36 pA
C
-70 mV*
0.5 pA I
100 nM PPKKFR
400 ms
2.5 |jM IP3
40 s
0
-0.18 pA
100 nM PPKKRR
-70 mV.
100 hM PPKKRR
i
0.5 pA
p20
0
-0.18 pA
D
-70 mV •
500 ms
2.5 jM IP3
-1.65 pA
500 ms
2 s
Fig. 3. Homer dissociation led to Imin activity, but it didn't lead to I activ-
max
ity. A— The application of 100 nM PPKKFR to the cytosolic surface of an inside-out patch held at a —70mV membrane potential activated I . The frag-
min
ment of the current record is shown at the bottom on the expanded time scale.
B - The application of 100 nM of the control peptide PPKKRR did not activate I . , whereas the subse-
min
quent addition of 100 nM PPKKFR to the same patch induced Imin activity. C, D -The application of 2.5 jM IP3 induced (C) Imin and (D) Imax activity. Examples of single-channel recordings from the isolated membrane at -70 mV potential.
B
addition of 100 jaM UTP caused the current to appear (n = 5) (Fig. 2A). The amplitude of the UTP-induced current was equal to approximately 1.8 ± 0.3 pA/pF and, therefore, was bigger than that of the PPKKFR-induced current (Fig. 2B). The reversal potential of PP-KKFR-induced currents was more positive than that of uTP-induced currents. Thus, PPKKFR-activated channels are more selective for Ca2+ than UTP-activat-ed channels.
Our data are in agreement with previously published works by other authors who suggested an interconnection between Homer proteins and store-operated Ca2+ influx in nonelectroexcitable cells [3, 4].
In previous works we described several types of UTP-sensitive Ca2+ channels with different reversal potentials of the currents [11]. We assumed that the difference in amplitudes of currents and channel selectivity in the response of PPKKFR and uTP has the following explanation: UTP treatment activates various types of channels, whereas PPKKFR activates particular channels.
I . (but Not I ) Channels are Sensitive to PPKKFR-
mi^ mar
Induced Homer Dissociation from Protein Targets
In order to investigate which Ca2+ channels from A431 cells account for the currents induced by the dissociation of Homer proteins from their targets, we performed patch clamp experiments in an inside-out configuration. These experiments show that, in A431 cells,
there are two types of store-operated channels (Imin and Imax) [11]. These channels have different electrophysi-ological characteristics, making it possible to identify them based on the registration of currents through them. Imin channels have low conductivity (1.2 pS) and high selectivity for bivalent cations. In comparison with I . channels, I have higher conductivity (18 pS) but
min ’ max 0 «/ \ i /
lower selectivity.
In an inside-out configuration, the addition of a 100-nM PPKKFR peptide from the cytoplasmic side of the membrane fragment led to the activation of the influx current (Fig. 3A). It turned out that the basic electrophysiological properties of the activated channels (kinetics, conductivity, and reversal potential) coincide with those of previously described I channels
min
[11-18]. This observation leads to the conclusion that uncoupling Homer proteins and their protein targets activates I channels in A431 cells, which is in agree-
min
ments with the results obtained in our laboratory on HEK293 cells [12]. I . channels were activated by PP-
min
KKFR peptide in 43% of cases (n = 60) (Fig. 3A). Control peptide PPKKRR (which should not uncouple interactions between Homer and target proteins) did not activate channels in any of the 36 experiments, though the subsequent addition of PPKKFR led to the activation of Imim channels in 42% of experiments (n = 26) (Fig. 3B). PPKKFR did not activate I channels, which are an-
max
other group of store-operated channels in A431 cells (n = 60).
A 100 nM Homer 1a
-70 mV
B
100 nM Homer 1c 100 nM Homer 1a
-70 mV------------------------------------------------
Fig. 4. Homer 1a protein activates I . channels. A The
min
application of 100 nM Homer 1a to the cytosolic surface of an inside-out patch held at a - 70mV membrane potential activated I . channels. The fragment of the current record
min
is shown at the bottom on the expanded time scale. B Homer 1c (100 nM) did not activate store-operated channels, whereas the subsequent application of Homer 1a was effective in the same experiment. The fragment of the current record is shown at the bottom on the expanded time scale.
The addition of 2.5 jaM inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate from the cytosolic side of the plasma membrane in inside-out experiments activated I channels in 32%
min
and Imax channels in 8% of experiments (n = 80) (Figs. 3C, 3D), which is in agreement with our previous data [11]. At potential values of -70 mV, the amplitudes of I . currents were 0.18 pA, while in case of I . currents
min min
they were equal to 1.7 pA (Figs. 3A-3D).
These data allowed us to conclude that PPKKFR-induced uncoupling of interactions between Homer proteins and their protein targets leads to the activation of I channels, while I channels in A431 cells are
min max
insensitive to this peptide. It is unknown whether two other store-operated channels of A431 cells - I and ICRAC - are regulated by Homer proteins, since these channels are not present (or are indistinguishable) in
an inside-out configuration.
Data on the activity of single channels are in good agreement with the results of the whole-cell experiments. UTP activates all kinds of store-operated channels in A431 cells, and PPKKFR peptide does not activate at least I channels, hence the peptide causes a
max
partial activation of calcium channels in the whole-cell configuration. This fact explains the difference in values of the registered net currents. Since I channels
max
are less selective than I channels, a UTP-induced net
min
current exhibits lower selectivity.
I Channels Are Activated by Homer 1a, but Not
min ^ 7
Homer 1c
Homer proteins fall into two different groups [5]. Long isoforms (e.g., Homer 1c) have a coiled-coil domain on their C-termini and so are able to form homo-oligomers. The lack of a coiled-coil domain in short isoforms (e.g., Homer 1a) prevents the formation of oligomeric complexes (Fig. 1A). In order to investigate the effects that long and short isoforms have on the activity of store-operated calcium channels in A431, we used recombinant Homer proteins produced in E.coli transformed with a GST-Homer plasmid. The functional activity of Homer 1a- and Homer 1c-purified proteins was judged by their ability to bind IP3R1 in a pull-down assay.
The monomer isoform Homer 1c at a concentration of 100 nM activated Ca2+ channels in 30% of inside-out experiments (n = 101) (Fig. 4A). The current-voltage characteristics of Homer 1a-activated channels coincided with those of I channels activated by UTP,
min
store depletion, or IP3 in A431 and HEK293 cells [11, 13-18]. The conductivity of Homer 1a-activated channels was equal to 1.3 pS. The long isoform Homer 1c at a concentration of 100 nM did not lead to channel activation (n = 58), while the subsequent addition of Homer 1a activated I . channels in 27% of cases (n =
min
44) (Fig. 4B). Neither Homer 1a nor Homer 1c activated I channels.
max
The present data indicate that various Homer isoforms differ in their action on I channels in A431
min
cells: the monomeric Homer 1a protein causes activation, while Homer 1c does not. Various Homer isoforms similarly affect mGluR [8] and TRPC channels [3, 4], but not RyR channels [19, 20], which are activated by both long and short isoforms of Homer proteins, long isoforms being stronger activators of type-I RyR than short ones.
One explanation, which was suggested in the case of TRPC channels, is probably applicable to Imin channels as well. Since Homer 1c proteins can form oligomers and Homer 1a cannot because they are devoid of the coiled-coil domain, it was hypothesized that the oligomeric complexes block the channels, while uncoupling
with Homer oligomers activates them [3, 4]. Our experiments with peptides and recombinant proteins show that it is not Homer 1a itself but the uncoupling of the interaction of Homer oligomers and their protein targets that is necessary for the activation of I . channels.
° «/ min-
We can suggest that the dissociation of Homer oligomeric complexes from their targets leads to the alteration of interactions of the Ca2+ channel and other proteins, including IP3R. This uncoupling can be caused by the PPKKFR peptide, short isoform Homer 1a, and IP3 (see below). It is known that Homer 1 proteins do not affect the phosphoinosotide metabolism. In particular, they do not cause the elevation of the IP3 concentration and cannot promote the release of Ca2+ from IP3-sensitive Ca2+ stores [21]. Therefore, we can conclude that Homer activates store-operated Ca2+ channels by means of direct interaction with the channel and not through releasing Ca2+ from the intracellular stores. Thus, despite the fact that I channels are store-operated in A431 cells, they apparently can also exploit a store-independent mechanism, which happens if complexes of Homer and its protein targets are dissociated.
The Effects That IP3 and the Uncoupling of Native Homer Proteins with Their Protein Targets have on I . Channels Are Nonadditive
min
Since Imin channels are regulated by both IP3 and Homer proteins, the question arises as to whether their action is additive. Adding 2.5 jaM IP3 to membrane fragments with PPKKFR-induced activity most of the time did not lead to any further increase in channel activity (in 10 out of 13 experiments) (Fig. 5A). In similar experiments with recombinant Homer 1a, the protein application of IP also did not alter the I channel activity
3 min
(Fig. 5B). However, in several experiments, the addition of IP. activated I channels (Fig. 5B). When PPKKFR
3 max vo /
or the recombinant protein Homer 1a did not activate I . channels, IP also did not show any activation effect
min 3
either. Therefore, we had demonstrated that the effects of IP3 and the uncoupling of native Homer proteins with their protein targets on I channels are nonadditive.
min
These data led us to suggest that the regulation of I
min
channels by IP3 and Homer proteins exploits the same signal pathway.
IP3 Impairs Homer-IP3R1 Interaction
A431 cells basically express type-1 IP3R [Glushankova,
unpublished data]. It has been reported that, in these
cells, Imin channels are apparently regulated by means
of conformational coupling with type-1 IP3R [15, 17].
Here we show that Homer proteins participate in the
regulation of I . channels. X-ray diffraction data remin
veal that, in the IP3R molecule, the Homer-recognizing motif and the IP3-binding domain are positioned closely
A
100 nM PPKKFR
2.5 jM IP3
-70 mV
1 pA|_
50 s
2.5 jM IP3
100 nM PPKKFR
-70 mV
80 s
C
2.5 jM IP3
100 nM Homer 1a
-70 mV
0.5 pA|_
5 s
Fig. 5. Detachment of native Homer proteins and the IP3 effect are not additive for I . -channel activation. A - The
min
subsequent application of 2.5 jM IP3 to patches did not increase I . -channel activity induced by 100 nM PPKKFR
min ' '
peptide. B - The application of 100 nM PPKKFR to the cytosolic surface activated I . channels. The subsequent
' min 1
application of 2.5 jM IP activated I . C - I . -channel ac” 3 max min
tivity, induced by 100 nM Homer 1a, did not change after the addition of 2.5 jM IP3.
A
- + 10 jM IP3
kDa
250- - -'P3R1
IB: pAb-IP3R1
kDa
250
+ 10 jM IP3
IP3R1
IB: pAb-IP3R1
75 50 -
IB: pAb-GST
GST-Homer 1c
50 -
GST-Homer 1a
IB: pAb-GST PD: GST-Homer
Fig. 6. IP3 decreased the Homer interaction with IP3R1. A, B - Results of pull-down experiments. IP3 was incubated with GST-Homer 1c (A) or GST-Homer 1a (B) in the presence or absence of 10 jM IP3.
B
B
[22]. It was also shown that IP3 causes the dissociation of Homer from its complex with type-3 IP3R [4]. Our pull-down experiments show that IP3 can impair interactions between type-1 IP3R and Homer 1a or Homer 1c proteins (Figs. 6A, 6B). These results are in good agreement with the data obtained in inside-out experiments, which show that the effects of IP3, Homer 1a, and PPKKFR peptides are nonadditive.
Thus, the Homer-mediated regulation of native store-operated channels in A431 cells has been investigated in our work for the first time. These results
deepen our knowledge of the organization of the components that mediate store-operated influx. •
This work was supported by the Programs of the Education and Science Ministry (Government Contracts 02.740.11.5007 and P332), the Program “Molecular and Cell Biology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grants № 09-04-12035, №q10-04-01002, and №10-04-00956), and by the grant “Leading Scientific Schools” (NSh-3796.2010.4).
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