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24EARTH SCIENCES
REGULARITIES OF REFLECTION OF NATURAL CONDITIONS IN TOPONYMS OF
KAZAKHSTAN
Ayapbekova A.,
candidate of geographical sciences, Turan-Astana University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
Auezova Z.,
candidate of geographical sciences, Professor, Turan-Astana University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
Zhunussova A.,
Doctor of profile, University of Turan-Astana, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
Baimoldaeva A.,
candidate of geographical sciences, Turan-Astana University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
Nurmat A.
master, lecturer, University of Turan-Astana, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
Abstract
In the case of the name of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the history of the analysis of the geographical location, the principle of systematic systematization is analyzed.
Keywords: geographical names, toponyms, geosystem, landscape, macrotoponyms, microtoponyms, geographical environment
Currently, scientific research is most dynamically and fruitfully developing at the junction of several areas of knowledge. Such is toponymy - the science of geographical names. As a branch of knowledge, it has been actively developing for a long time, but interest in it from both scientists and ordinary people is not decreasing but is constantly increasing. Geographic names or place names are an essential component of geography and tourism. They are a kind of connecting link between a person and a geographic object, not only indicating his place on the surface of the planet but also providing interesting and often very important scientific information.
Geographical names are an expression of the mentality of people, their attitude, culture, way of life, customs, psychological state. They are an integral part of modern civilization and represent a unique toponymic environment, without which the existence of humanity is impossible.
Geosystem as a material system is an integrated set of natural components that complement each other and develop in the close relationship between space and time.
Geosystem (in Greek, the word geo means land and system) is the geomorphological (landscape) and geochemical basis of ecosystems [1]. Geosystem and ecosystem are related concepts. However, in comparison with ecosystems, geosystems include complexes of production regions and regions of concentration of production enterprises. In the structure of the development of the geosystem, there are mainly 3 levels: planetary, regional and local (local).
On the surface of the earth, the planetary level is represented by one instance - the geographic envelope, which means "outer shell of the earth", is used as the term "epigeosphere" [2].
Geosystems at the regional level contain the largest, as well as in terms of structure, complex parts -landscape zones, sectors, regions.
The systems of the local (local) level include settlements.
Geosystems of regional and local level are the main form of landscape searches. A geosystem based on spatial differentiation is considered in two directions: direct and indirect. Each individual set of incoming actions along vertical chains is subdivided into other components, and according to horizontal connections, it branches into neighboring geosystems. As a result of this, not only the structure and development of the geosystem subjected to direct influence change, changes also occur in geosystems located at a certain distance from it.
At the present stage of development, Kazakhstan faces important tasks of solving environmental and economic problems, a comprehensive study of the relationship between society and nature. In this regard, the science of geography is faced with the task of forming the scientific basis for protecting the geosystem and the efficient use of its resources.
The variety of parameters of Spatio-temporal factors that cause landscape changes, the variety of species of individual components of the "degree of stability" requires the use of scientific geographical techniques and methods in the process of landscape restoration. According to the rules of geographical forecasts, in the process of studying the history of development, assimilation, and change of landscapes, along with other sections of geography, toponymy is of great importance. Toponymic information can also be included in the data "testifying" about landscape changes. The geographical and toponymic aspects of the study of the complex relationships between society and the geosystem are most clearly represented by the example of the toponymy of geographical landscapes.
Kazakhstan's land is rich in geographical names, if on average 1 name per 1 km2 is one name, then in our country, it is estimated that there are about 2.5-3 million geographical names. The abundance of these
names was greatly influenced by life, the ecological culture of previously nomadic, semi-nomadic and settled civilizations that inhabited our country. As the French enlightener, Charles Louis Montesquieu (16891755) noted, "The human face of the people is closely related to local weather conditions, climate, and land area." Following the researcher, we believe that toponymy also has a significant impact on it [3]. The worldview of the people is formed and developed in the framework of the development of the nature of the environment, the fishing of ancestors and lifestyle. Geographical names formed in the framework of the nomadic way of life in the verbal era (in the absence of writing), having gone through various historical tests, have come down to us as invaluable wealth left in the popular memory from the well-known biys and zhyrau.
For the world of nomads who were able to adapt the seasonal conditions of the steppe expanses as sources of life, geographical names were of particular importance. Features of the use of nature by the Kazakh people enriched the substantial load of the system of toponymy. According to the famous orientalist, scientist, academician V.V Bartoldt "... the toponyms of the Turkic peoples surprise with their simplicity and historicity."
As far as the living conditions of mankind depended on the earth, so deeply did people know and appreciate the features of this land [4]. If heaven was considered a God, the earth was a mother. Since, their whole life, joys, interests, living conditions were associated only with their native land.
What a profound meaning, what a pithy content, what a high poetic feeling is contained in the words of the people's guardian, philosopher Asan Kaiga! Researcher A. Seidimbekov, relying on historical, geographical, archaeological, ethnographic data, that we have no right not to consider geographical names as a kind of folk art. Geographical names reflect not only the attitude of the people to the environment, understanding, perception of that environment, you can also find clues to the secrets of the pedigree of each individual person, whole clan, tribe, people. That has taken place earlier in the expanses of our native land and has reached the continuity of generations, their criteria for perception of the world, love for the diversity of the beauties of nature, all this is so clearly reflected in geographical names.
The Kazakh people have always attracted researchers with the richness of their language, and considered it a historical phenomenon to become the basis for the formation of a scientific Kazakh language. About this fact, the author of the book "Taurikh Hamsa" K. Khalid, published in 1910 in the Chagatai language, says the following: "It surprises me when they say that the Kazakh people are unenlightened. But is it possible, without studying the foundations of sciences, to know the special foundations of geography, astronomy, to distinguish between symbols, signs of the earth and speak, choosing the exact names for them. " For example, they say "Uyryk sauyry Quesin, Ar^a gandy, surun zhailau, sary bel." "Surun" in Persian means "yellow." The yellow steppe, therefore, was called so. "Zhon" (elevation), a higher elevation is
called "belge", less is called "whitish." Atyraisorkese« iscalledasmall, lowelevation.
The selection in Kazakhstan of local geographical names, the features of their appearance are closely related to natural conditions, the history of the people and the history of linguistics. From history, we know that in the 14th-16th centuries, due to the widespread development of a settled lifestyle, large cities, winters and other settlements began to be built at the mouth of the Zhayyk River. The above historical stages, the main stages of the socio-political life of the Kazakh people in the Soviet era - all this leaves its mark on popular place names. Researcher B. Tleuberdiev, who studied the names of the southern region, identifies the following factors that influenced the formation of the features of toponyms:
Geographical factor;
Ethnographic factor;
Socially historical factor.
From ancient times, our people, choosing the names of geographical objects, took as a basis one of these factors:
if the formation of one group was influenced by geographical symbols (features of the earth, peace animals, flora);
for the formation of another group of names, the direct influence was exerted by the peculiarities of life and the vital activity of our people;
the third group of names was associated with the consequences of historical, socio-political events.
Toponyms of the Kazakh language were formed directly under the influence of the three above factors. Therefore, a scientific description of place names, from their appearance to the present day, consideration of the morphological composition of place names in connection with their linguistic patterns, their analysis from the position of geographical names and international geographical terms, are possible provided that the nature of geographical names is correctly understood, the reasons for their formation and their social significance.
It should be noted that the formation of place names is closely related to the description of local natural conditions and the economic needs of the people.
Toponyms of the Republic of Kazakhstan are divided into two large groups. One of them is the name of large geographical objects, the second is the name of small objects. These two groups are called onomastic scientific terms "macrotoponym" and "microtoponym."
Macrotoponyms (it is translated from Greek. "Macro" - "large") - the names of large physical, geographical objects that have become official are widely used by the people. Macrotoponyms are related to the features and richness of the nature of the region, its landscape, the economy of the local population. Professor A.M.Selishchev on toponyms related to the landscape said the following: "... the features of the earth's surface, which is reflected in individual natural regional complexes, can only be seen thanks to the toponyms" -the name Aktobe (white roof) is often found in Kazakhstan , the name of Karaganda (the name of the plant is Karaganda), the name of Eginzhal (sowing field), the name of Zhartas (rock), the name of Apan (depression), the name of Bidayy^ (bidayyk grass that grows on the
pasture), etc. Thus, the natural features of the land determine Delyan geographical names.
And microtoponyms (translated from the Greek language - "small") are the names of small physical geographical objects characteristic of the region, that is, the names of rivers and lakes, keys and sources, wells and streams, ravines, ridges, hills, hills, meadows and grasslands, wintering grounds and pastures. Macrotop-onyms and microtoponyms in linguistics were first used by researchers A.V. Superanskaya and E.M. Mur-zaev.
Among the most numerous toponyms of Kazakhstan, microtoponyms can be distinguished. Their multiplicity is due to a natural reason. The natural conditions of the regions of Kazakhstan are characterized by diversity. Each region is distinguished only by its characteristic natural conditions and numerous natural landscapes. Formed in the evolutionary system, each natural zone has a specific climate, features of the regime of water and heat, different soil and vegetation, features of the animal world. 90% of the land surface of the territory of Kazakhstan - plains and sown areas. The natural diversity of most desert sand landscapes serves human economic needs.
In the process of historical research of historical and geographical conditions for the formation of toponyms of Kazakhstan, it is necessary to consider not a single era, but in the relationship, starting from ancient times. Violation of ecological harmony in the geosystem, the appearance of landscape changes, we can explain thanks to ancient toponyms. Carrying out toponymic studies within the framework of the above problems of the geosystem provides an opportunity to consider the formation of the economy and culture as a holistic legal system.
Fruitful toponymic research can be developed using the methods and achievements of linguistic, historical and geographical sciences:
geographer - supplies and comments on the geographical conditions for the emergence of a toponym;
linguist - analyzes and explains the origin, content and grammar;
historian - explains the ethnographic origin of the name.
Toponymic methods:
- Linguistic analysis
- Comparative analysis
- Historical method
- Etymological analysis - the origin of the name
Geographical - the specifics of names in different
places: with a homogeneous ethnic group - the name along the entire river - the Dnieper, Danube, Morava, Syrdaria, etc. In areas with a diverse ethnic composition - the local synonymous nomenclature Volga - Ra (Mord.) - Itil (Turk) - Yul (Mari). Different peoples have different toponymic patterns: Before - east (Turk), south (hulk-Mongols and Chinese).
If you neglect one of the sides of the study, you can get various incidents - "kunges" - quiet. But the Tekes River flows nearby. Such a pair is named according to the orientation of the current: current in the sun -
kunges, current north - tekes (Kungey and Terskey Alatau).
Geographical names are spatially linked and often reflect the nature of the landscape, talk about the nature of human settlement of the territory, about the natural wealth and other geographical and historical features of the territory. Often the name is due to the nature of the geographical object itself, so many popular folk geographical names have turned into terms: taiga, ustyurt, zhtylt, steppe, etc.
When orienting, there is a synonymy of concepts -south and front (ovor). North and back (ar), east and left (dzun), light and right (barun)
In the Azerbaijani language, cardinal points are indicated by colors - ag -white - east; gara - black, darkness - west.
Toponymic studies of Central Asia were carried out by many famous scientists, starting from V. Radolw and B Barthold, but in their studies, these topics were not main, but related. A systematic study of the toponymy of Kazakhstan began in the 50s of the twentieth century. It should be noted the pioneer of Kazakh toponymy G. K. Konkashpayev (Dictionary of Kazakh geographical names. Alma-Ata, 1963), A.A. Abdrakh-manova (the dissertation "Some questions of toponymy of Kazakhstan), E. Koichubaeva (A Brief Explanatory Dictionary of Toponymy of Kazakhstan. Alma-Ata, 1974), E. M. Murzaeva (Dictionary of Popular Geographic Terms. - M., 1984).
Turkestan has an ancient culture. Some names are known from ancient sources of two to three thousand years ago (Samarkand, Khorezm, Paropamiz).
The most ancient of the toponymic strata is Iranian. The largest share of them is in Central Asia, especially in Tajikistan: about - water, river (Surkhob, Ya-gnob, Obihingou), kuhi- mountain (Kuhistan), Daria -big river (Syr-Daria), Balkan, Zeravshan, Lyangar, etc.
Arabic place names are associated with the spread of Islam. Examples include Arslanbob, Jebel, the Gis-sar Range, a valley, a rabad fortress or city suburbs, a Mazar grave, a tomb, a mahalla - a city quarter.
Turkic place names are found almost everywhere, dating from the century, most widely from the 10th century.
Some features of the toponymy of Central Asia and Kazakhstan:
Frequent variability of the names of the same river. The river is called differently, taking a large tributary, changing the direction of the valley or relief. (Ka-rakol + R. Suek = Kochkor + R. Juvanaryk + Chu; Surkhob - Vakhsh + Pyanj + Amu Darya).
The rivers flowing from one ridge, saddle or top in different directions have the same name (because the name is given from the name of the pass or mountain passage) - 6 rivers under the name Koysu flow from Kungei-Alatoo, have prefixes, 2 - ortho-; Karakol Chuisky and Karakol Susamyr, etc.
In the Tien Shan and the Pamirs, mountains are called by the river flowing down from them (Kokshaal-Tau, Dzhumgaltau, ridge Muzkol, Zeravshansky, Alaysky, Talas ridge.
Many names of mountain ranges arose as artificial formations. It is based on local geographical terms,
which subsequently spread to larger objects or introduced by researchers of these places (Tien Shan, Zeravshan ridge, Zailiysky Alatau, Gissar ridge).
Large rivers get their names from ancient large cities (Amu Darya, Khojentdarya, Talas, Tedzhen, etc.)
Detailed specialization of elements related to human production activities (in deserts and in the Tien Shan mountains a large number of names are associated with the characteristics of pastures, forms of valleys and passes; in Central Asia - with irrigation facilities -aryk, arna, kyariz, bent).
From the first days of his existence, a person receives everything necessary from the geographical environment that protects human society, and nature is a necessary stable condition for the material life of a society. In a geographical environment, the meanings of the two concepts "nature" and "man" are closely interconnected [6]. In connection with the appearance of man, the formation of society, a new type of relationship is being built: man - society - nature. Humanity from century to century, from era to era, has gradually risen to the level of assimilation of the natural laws of the geographical environment, has reached the level when united in groups, they began to master the wealth of nature. In Kazakhstan, one can find traces of the centuries-old evolution of mankind. Academician V.V. Bartold and orientalist, archaeologist P.S.Savelyev write about the variety of different buildings, about the fact that in the Middle Paleolithic era, 30-40 millennia before that, the ancient first camps of the communities, the stone industry, ancient metallurgical products, a caravan -Sheds and military fortresses, ancient buildings. The Mangystau region was at one time an important point of communication between Khorezm and Itil, the researcher writes that ancient monuments, stone fortresses, and palaces have been preserved in the vicinity of Mangystau [7].
It should be noted that the assimilation of the laws of the geographical environment is the first condition for the existence of human society, their use in order to ensure the material and spiritual needs of man. If we talk about thinking as a means of knowing nature, then the expression of thinking occurs through language. Because language and thinking are closely interconnected. This is also familiar to us from the teachings of the famous scientist I.P. Pavlov about the two-signal system. I.P. Pavlov revealed that animals have no speech, therefore there is no thinking, animals have a one-signal system, and a person has a two-signal system and it is the physiological basis of thinking. The scientist showed that "the word, being a signal of the first signals, formed the second system of real life, a system of signals characteristic of us." These principles are the same for speech and writing, but they have their own characteristics. From this position, it is safe to say that the Kazakh people through the mother tongue got the opportunity to spiritually learn and master the nature of the geographical environment. The Kazakh people expanded their thoughts on the geosystem of the geographical environment in the minds of certain concepts and in the form of abstractions. Since the vital activity of the Kazakh people was closely related to na-
ture. Thus, the geographic environment is the surrounding geosystem, which creates vital conditions for the life of the country. As society develops, natural phenomena expand and change. For millennia, our people have existed due to the nature of the geographical environment, paid attention to its many secrets and came to certain conclusions about it.
The oral nature of the spiritual culture served as the basis for the nomadic society to pay special attention to the word. It should be noted that the ethnos of the Kazakh people have well-developed features such as abstract thinking, the use of figuratively expressive means, the preservation of the information heard. This was proved by the opinion of a nineteenth-century researcher N. Zelendt: "The Kyrgyz (Kazakhs) in preserving in memory the location of environmental objects, people and land will leave cultural people far behind." In the conditions of a nomadic way of life, these properties made the heritage of spiritual culture vital, had a special impact on the data section of the dispersed Kazakh society. From these positions, one can explain the preservation of Kazakh toponyms over the centuries and their formation by using them as a source of information and features formed in the process of influence. The oral nature of the traditions of creativity of the Kazakh people justifies the need to transfer environmental experience in the process of cognition and use of nature by special methods. A proof of this is the frequent use of metaphors in oral folklore and place names.
Fertile land, convenient parking as a symbol of spiritual condition Zhidelbaysyn is found in the Kazakh epos Alpamys, Kazyland, Er Targyn and other epics of folklore. In the fifteenth century, the people's guardian, the sage Asan Kaigy, sat on a horse, traveled all the lands, mountains, rivers and lakes of our country, devoting his life to the people. In the places where he visited he gave an assessment: good or bad settlement. The critical assessment of the sage has a deep meaning, a multifaceted geographical study, an extraordinary understanding:
The author characterizes the surroundings of Zhaia and Zhem, as places free of charge for animal husbandry, favorable for human habitation, and the fish living in these waters give off the taste of oil.
Nomads went through a socio-historical formation, the longest formation in the history of mankind. Steppe clans and tribes, who lived long before our reckoning, who managed to form a nomadic way of life with this way of life, came to the twentieth century. "From the 11th century to the 18th century BC, only one production method was known in the Eurasian steppes, this is nomadic animal husbandry," notes L.N. Gumilev [8]. Both the positive and negative sides of this method are known for the world of nomads. Negative: countries of Asia, Eastern Europe, North Africa went through various stages of historical development. All this has a significant impact on the development of society at the stage of the socio-economic stage in a new quality, along with this on the ideological thinking, aesthetic perception of entire nations.
And when we talk about the benefits of a nomadic way of life that has lasted for millennia, it should be noted that "being a nomad, socio-economic life strove
for spiritual unity, did not stop its qualitative improvement." The culture of nomads over their 3000-year history, compared with the Gerort Sea and the countries of the Far East, survived a creative evolution " [9]. They not only improved the methods of animal husbandry but also developed everything, from objects and means of daily consumption to moral and ethical standards of perception, starting from ancient folk songs and cues to language. We were attracted by the following thoughts of the scientist L.N. Gumilyov: "I am a historian by education, and if necessary, I am an ethnologist. It is impossible to explore in the traditional way describing events the history of not only the disappeared peoples but also the peoples living on the earth now [10]. After that, in order to gain experience, to take as a basis, I was forced to turn to the geographical cycle. In my understanding, ethnology is a special science that draws information from materials from history, geography, and ethnopsychology. "
The role of the geographical environment in the development of society has previously attracted the attention of thinkers. The Arab sociologist Ibn Khaldun, the French thinkers J. Boden, Sh. L. Montesquieu, the English historian G. Bockle, the Russian scientist L.I. Mechnikov, the French geographer E. Reclus and others consider the influence of the geographical environment as a determining factor in social development. According to the theory of L.I. Mechnikov, the main factor in the achievement of every nation of civilization, culture is the wealth of water resources. In the history of mankind, the so-called "river" civilizations appeared in the lower reaches of the rivers Nile, Tiger, Efrat, Ganges, Yellow River, Yangtze [11]. It is known that after these civilizations of the Greeks and Romans appeared in the vicinity of the Gherort Sea, and in connection with the era of the discovery of America, the civilization of the "ocean" appeared.
If we turn to Kazakhstan, we will see that life, pictures from everyday life, customs, traditions, clashes described in the dastans occurred on the banks of the Volga and Yaik, Syrdaria and Irtysh, Ayakoz and Yesil rivers, the Caspian, Aral and Balkhash seas, the Lake Zaysan. Rivers and lakes for the nomadic people of Kazakhstan were a place that they could not leave for a long time, even if they were nomadic people. Because, in the spring, thanks to the floodwaters, small rivers appeared in the ravines. It is known that in such places there are many spring waters. Such fertile lands have long been favorable for grazing, livestock farming, as well as for human habitation.
From time immemorial, the Kazakh people have highly appreciated the rich and generous nature of their habitat. The traditional culture of our people is characterized by praise of nature, rather than turning to religion, people sought to comprehend the secrets of nature, to learn the language of nature. The Kazakhs did not try to subjugate, change nature, but urged the younger generation to find a common language with nature, to always live in harmony, in harmony with it. Although they lacked special knowledge, they sought to understand the relationship, the harmony of the geographical environment and other hidden patterns of na-
ture. Thus, the nomads who lived in Asia began to assimilate the mysteries of the geographic environment from the 9th-10th centuries to our calendar. Such great thinkers as al-Farabi, Ibn-Sina, Ulykbek made a significant contribution to the science of astronomy. They in their works revealed some secrets of nature and brought them on a scientific basis.
The secrets of nature are well known to our greatgrandfathers. Our great-grandfathers determined by the stars, by the location of the bird's path, by the rise of Venus, what the weather will be like next year, how the months will begin and end, how the sunrise and sunset will go. And also, the lambing of four species of animals, their return from the pasture, the making of sounds by them helped make weather forecasts for the next day.
The opinions of our people about nature were consonant with the phenomena of nature, the laws of its development. The Kazakh people consider themselves to be an integral part of nature, its integral element. Therefore, since ancient times people understood the necessity of existence in unity, in harmony with nature. According to the harsh conditions of nature, various changes taking place in nature, in connection with the nomadic way of life, people knew the price of the natural geographical biosphere of the simple world.
The pride of our people Sh. Ualikhanov attached great importance to the sacramental: "Nature and man! Tell yourself, what is more, wonderful and mysterious on earth than them? - [12]. Native places in nature, some species of birds and animals, essentials for nomadic life were considered sacramental. It was believed that worship, worship of the above bring people wealth, happiness and prosperity. In the perception of the common people, the word "nature" means the sacred land. Along with this, the people mined minerals, cultivated the land, tamed animals, used various types of plants, studied the features of the land landscape, the geomor-phological structure of mountains, the volume, freshness and salinity of rivers and lakes, determining the course of all these phenomena, the people came up with their names and this process search and enrichment of human experience is reflected in the language picture.
A.Abdrakhmanov considers the history of the evolutionary development and formation of the Kazakh language, dividing them into Altai (Turkic-Mongolian unity), Old Turkic, Old Kazakh, modern Kazakh stages. From this position, it should be noted that the concept of "Kazakh place names" was taken conditionally [13]. The scientist considers the history of the emergence of toponyms of Kazakhstan, dividing it into stages, and not studying a single century, taking into account the formation of Kazakhs as a people in the 15th-16th centuries, investigated the features of the formation of top-onyms that are characteristic of all Turkic peoples.
The toponymic geosystem of Kazakhstan is based on geographical names that demonstrate the physical and geographical properties of the environment. In their formation, patterns are observed that are relevant to the reflection of the properties of one particular landscape. One group of toponyms was formed by a combination of geographical terms (common words) and defining words: Aydin, arash, Apan, arka, abibia, Bauyr, bastau,
b^lak, Bidayyk, kebik, kel, kYtir, kala, kara, kamy, korys, k^dyk, k^lak, k^m, kystau, both, oh, ezen, e3eK, cai, Sor, su, Suat, Tal, tas, Terek, toray, tebe, tYbek, t^z, shat, sharyl, Shegen, shyranak and others.
Kazakhstan's regional geographical terms or appeals were used to designate natural objects and were formed as a basis demonstrating the features of the landscape in the process of the formation of geographical names. Toponyms of Kazakhstan are in harmony with the conservative landscapes of the region and its components and are also characterized by a modern, well-established structure. A striking example of this is the names of salt licks and salt places of Kazakhstan. These names are the main indicator of the lithological structure (precipitation and sedimentary phenomena that appeared from the systematic origin of the mountains) of the strata of the terrain, climatic conditions, and terrain.
In the toponymic system of the geosystem of Kazakhstan, a special place is occupied by names informing about the nature of a particular area. In the selection of the names of physical and geographical objects, the people firstly chose a criterion for the significance of natural conditions for farming. Based on this, the main indicators of the natural conditions of the region of the Republic, the reflection of geographical names are determined by the significance of these indicators for farming. Among the geographers who studied the relationship of toponyms with the natural environment are VP. Semenova, E.M. Murzaev, B.A. Budagova, H.L. Khanmagomedov, G. Konkashbaev, A. B. Birmagam-betov, S. Orynbaev, Zh.D. Dostaya, E. Kerimbaeva, A. Margulan, S. A. Abdrakhmanov, K. B. Bazarbaev, S. R. Satimbekova, N. Bayandina, M. Serikbaev, K. Zh. Zhy-lybaeva, VP. Maksakovsky, S. B. Bakirova, A. I. Popova, E. M. Pospelova, D. Zhunusova, T. R. Oma-rova. The breadth of the region of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the abundance of Kazakh place names requires a thorough study of this problem. Since, in the process of reflecting in Kazakh place names the ancient way of farming, understanding the natural conditions from the standpoint of the needs of life, a rich cognitive and practical knowledge fund has been collected.
We present to your attention the patterns of the image of geosystem toponyms and the specific features of natural conditions in the form of several concepts (groups):
names reflecting the geological structure and topography of the land of Kazakhstan;
reflection in toponyms of climatic catches and inland waters;
reflection in geographical names of vegetation and wildlife;
toponymyofgeographicallandscapes.
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