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Section 4. History
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-16-9.10-40-42
Zhurassova Altynay Shugaevna, West Kazakhstan State University after Makhambet Utemisov, Associate Professor of World History and socio-humanitarian disciplines
E-mail: [email protected]
Ethnic aspect of the Kazakh-Hungarian relationships
Abstract: The article discusses the history of ethnic development of the Kazakh Hungarian people. Distribution of ethn-onyms disclosed on the basis of the analysis of written sources
Keywords: historical processes, ethnic components, concentration, steppe zone, nomads, migration.
Relevance of the topic related to the study of the past of mankind, nationality. The roots of Kazakh-Hungarian relationships go deep into the past and are associated with the historical processes that occur in the West and North Kazakhstan and in related fields ofWestern Siberia, the Ural and Volga regions. On this vast expanse of forest-steppe and steppe region in the era of antiquity and the early Middle Ages were observed ethnogenetic processes, the main content ofwhich was the interaction and mixing of Sarmatian-Alan, Ugric, and proto-Turkic tribal groups.
At various stages of the historical process, and in various geographical areas of the ethnic development of Kazakh and Hungarian peoples was due to the participation of various ethnic components in the formation of their tribal groupings during the cultural ties, political vicissitudes and migratory movements of people and tribes. The accumulated archaeological materials ethnohistorical contacts in the era of antiquity suggest that in the I millennium BC in the forest-steppe zone ofWestern Siberia and North Kazakhstan took place the formation of community and proto-Ugric tribes, which included protomagyar tribes. Herewith the area between the rivers Ishim and Irtysh marked as the area of the largest concentration of ancient Ugric toponymy.
The separate groups of ancient Ugric tribes at the time probably were reaching the Northern Caspian, this is indicated by the osteological material of ancient Hungarians, detecting similarities on major taxonomic characteristics with findings of Sarmatian time ofWestern Kazakhstan. Hence, there are reasons to believe that the Sarmatian tribes had a certain place in the ethnogenesis of the Hungarians and the Kazakhs.
Giant "corridor" along which passed the migration of the large masses of nomads from east to west, corresponded to the Eurasian arid zone — the steppe zone, alternating with mountain ranges and river valleys, beginning with the vast steppes of Mongolia and northern China and ending in the west with the feather grass plain along the Danube and Tisza.
In this migration the influence of the Sarmatian tribal union on the population of the neighboring regions and countries was significant. Until the invasion of the Huns Sarmatians took an active part in international events of the time. Archaeological evidence points to economic-cultural contacts and interactions of sarmats with people and tribes of Central Asia and Eastern Europe, including Hungary and Kazakhstan.
In the first half of the 1st millenium AD in ethno-political history of Kazakhstan and Hungary increased the role of the nomadic
tribes of Inner Asia. In the II century AD began a massive penetration of the Huns (Xiongnu, Huns by Chinese chronicles) from Mongolia to Eastern Kazakhstan and Semirechye. In the area of Balkhash and Tarbagatai they created Yueban state, which existed until the V century. Another branch of the Huns' association, which included Ugric tribes and Western Siberia, migrated to the Urals, the Aral Sea region, the Aral and Caspian steppes, edging out westward Alans and aces. In the first half of the IV century a large masses of nomadic Huns, sometimes quite dissimilar, but consolidated around a powerful proto-ethnic formation reached the steppes of Central and Eastern Europe. With the migration of the Huns associated an important stage of distribution of Turkic languages throughout their resettlement.
Ethnic aspect of the relationships between the two nations vividly manifested primarily by the example of groups Magyar, Kumanian and Kipchak tribes who played a significant role in the formation of Kazakhs and Hungarians. As we know, the medieval Turkic Kipchaks were the core in the formation of the Kazakh people, and Magyar tribes became a consolidating basis of origin of the Hungarian people.
On the present territory of Hungary Magyar tribes migrated from their ancestral (Magna Hungaria). In this regard, a large group of scientists inclined to think that in IV-V centuries a significant part of the Ugric tribe during the total flow of westward migration moved from Western Siberia to the Urals and the Volga region. Among them were ancestors of hungarians — ancient magyars, who founded there confederation of tribes. According to scientific literature the areal of the conversion process of Hungarian ancestors' facial skeleton was the area from the Volga region to Mugojar mountains.
In this land Madiyars were recorded by medieval Arab and Persian authors, in historical and geographical works, which contain a brief, but at the same time a variety of information about them relating to VIII — beg. IX centuries. Resettlement area of certain groups of the Magyar tribes, apparently was wide enough. Around the second half of the VIII — beg. IX centuries Kipchaks moved to the West, including to the Southern Urals. Precisely to this period belong the information of the Arab-Persian sources (Ibn Rust anonymous "Hudud al-alam," al-Bakri, Gardizi al-Marvazi) which indicate Kypchaks as eastern and northern neighbors of Pechenegs. As it is known, Pecheneg tribes in VIII-IX centuries. lived in the Syr Darya Basin and Aral steppes. Therefore, in the area of Southern Ural Kipchaks were in direct ethno-political and ethno-cultural contacts with the various factions of the Magyar tribes.
Ethnic aspect of the Kazakh-Hungarian relationships
At the beginning of the IX. the main part of ancient Magyars moved to the west, then through the North Caucasus and the Black Sea region has reached the western part of the Eurasian steppe belt along the Danube and the Tisza. Here Magyars found all the conditions for a nomadic life, especially extensive cattle pastures, without which they could not exist. In 895, they created a strong Hungarian state.
Not all of the Magyar tribes left their ancient homeland "The Great Hungary", part of the tribal groups remained to the east of Itil (Volga). In 889, Oghuzes ousted Pecheneg tribes from the Caspian and Aral Sea region together with other Turkic tribes. The bulk of the Confederation of Pecheneg tribes migrated to Eastern Europe. As a result of these events, Kipchaks with oghuzes began to nomadize in the valley of the rivers Zhaik (Urals), Chichi (Emba), in Aral and Caspian steppes.
The main content of ethnogenetic processes in the Volga-Urals region were contacts and interaction between Kypchak, kimak, Ku-man, Oguz, Pecheniz'ke, Bashkir, Bulgar, Magyar and the Alan tribal groups.
In the first half of the XI century. ethno-cultural influence and consolidating role in the Volga-Urals region goes to the Kipchaks, which was associated with the establishment of the vast territory of the Irtysh to Itil (Volga) military-political hegemony of Kipchak Khans. In all likelihood, this time include information of the connoisseur of history and culture of Turkic peoples and tribes Mahmoud Al-Kashgar (XI c.) That "Itil — is a name of a river in the country Kipchak."
At the same time, the group of Magyar tribes continued to roam by the Itil. Between Itil and the Danube, between the old and new homeland of Hungarians connection was not interrupted for almost three and a half centuries. Remaining in far east Magyars, knew about their relatives who had gone away to the west. So, in 970s under Prince Tokshune from far Bulgary on the Volga to Hungary comes a significant group of people led by princes Bickle and Bokshay, who were settled in Pest. In the middle of the XII century there, in Hungary and in its major cities, for two years lived Arabian merchant and traveler from Grenada Abu Hamid al-Garnati. Way to Itil was so familiar that al-Garnati, leaving one of his sons in Hungary (Uncaria), went away to the Volga.
Probably the latest information about the descendants of "Old and Great Hungary" delivered Dominican Julian, who took a trip to the East to find a tribesmen and convert them to Christianity. In 1236 near the "big river Itil" he met there eastern Hungarians, who were talking with him in their native language Magyar.. Julian noted that "they were pagans, rich in horses and arms and very courageous in the wars." Only under the pressure of the Mongol invasion, the Magyars on Itil had to migrate to the west.
Lasting for several centuries (VIII-c.) ethno-political contacts between Kypchaks and ancient Magyars in the Volga-Ural inter-fluve, obviously, ended in the pre-Mongol era by incorporation of the Magyar tribes in the Kipchak confederation. This is evidenced by indications of the Kazakh genealogy (shezhre). In the tribal structure of the Kazakh people of the Middle Juz (one of the largest ethno-territorial association) as part of the tribe "Kipchak" fixed ethnonym "Magyars" as a generic unit. In the Middle Juz Magyars also marked as a part of the tribe "argyn". Apparently, the Magyars appeared among Argyns not earlier than XVI century. The fact is that at the turn of the XIV-XV centuries part of the Argyns moved from south to north and from the XVI century. settled on the Ishim and Torgay. Obviously, in this period of multilateral processes of communication and interaction between the Kipchak and Argyns, among the Argyns appeared Magyar ethnic groups.
The picture of ethnogenetic ties of Kypchaks with the ancient Hungarian ethnic group — Magyars becomes more expressive, ifwe turn to the data on the tribal composition of Kypchaks in the second half of the XI — early XIII centuries. The fact of appearance of information on Kypchaks' ethnonymy in Muslim historiography was far from accidental. First of all, it was associated with the international recognition of Kipchak factor as a powerful military and political force. In the middle of the XI century after the formation of Kipchak Khanate in the territory of modern Kazakhstan, the dynastic clan of Kypchaks el Borili began to take active steps in southern and western directions, which led them to direct contacts with the countries of Central Asia, Central and Eastern Europe. Soon the power of Kip-chak khans spread over a vast territory from the Irtysh River to the Dniester. By virtue of the laws of development of a nomadic society, the Kipchak Khanate consisted of two major ethno-territorial associations: East and West Kypchak. Border passed along the Itil. The written Arabic manuscripts by Ahmad al-Tini (1235-1318) and al-Dimashqi (1301-1349) contains information about the 16 Kipchak tribals of the eastern Dasht-i-Kipchak, which covers most of the territory of modern Kazakhstan. Structure of tribal composition of Kypchaks was complex and heterogeneous, which has absorbed, Kipchak, also Turkic-speaking, Kimak, Cuman, Pecheneg and Oguz ethnic components and Turkicized elements of Iranian-speaking ethnic formation. In this list of tribal composition of Kypchaks of Kazakhstan were listed three ethnonims, whose names have parallels in the tribal composition of Hungarian Cumans (Kipchak).
The first of them according to Ahmad al-Tini is read as burdzho-glu. In the registry of tribes they are on the sixth place. Meanwhile, in the Kipchak confederation of the western Dasht-i-Kipchak according to Ibn Khaldun, burdzhogli are in third place, having a privileged position in the Kipchak union and also being (along with toksoba and etioba) a top Kipchak society in the southern Russian steppes. Representatives of this genus is particularly intensified in Egypt, where some from their midst became a sultan of Mamluk state. Obviously, Burjogli can be compared with Berish clan of the tribal association Bayuly of the Junior Juz.
As part of the confederation of Magyarian Cumans on the first place there is a tribe borchol (Borchol). This ethnic name, according to the researchers, reconstructed as burchoglu-burdzhoglu.
Thus, separate groups of burdzhoglu tribe participated in the formation of ethnic appearance of Kipchaks in Kazakhstan, and Cumans in Hungary. The name of the second ethnonym — dzhourtan by al-Dimashqi and dzhartan according to Ahmad al-Tini. In the tribal division of the West Kipchak association Arabic spelling of the tribe is read according to Ibn Dukmaku (XIV century) as dzhurtan. This implies that the most appropriate form of transcription of the ethnonym is dzhurtan/dzhortan. From this it follows that there is an obvious concurrency expressed in ethnonymy Kypchaks of Kazakhstan and Hungarian Cumans which allows talk about the particular line of genetic relationship of the two tribal communities on the example of two ethnic components.
Indicated by us the third tribe is of considerable historical and educational interest. At the end of the Kipchak's ethnonomy list given a tribal name, which is traditionally transcribed by researchers as kumanku. In this word you can easily see the distorted spelling of the name Kumani. In its structure it is similar to the kumanlu mentioned first in the list of Kypchaks' dynastic tribe — borilu, which also has been incorrectly written by the manuscript copyist of Arabic writings as a barku. We can state with confidence that the name kumanlu consists of ethnonym Kuman + lu (aff. possession or relation). Therefore, in the texts of Ahmad al-Tini and ad-Dimashqi is
given mention of ethnonym Kuman/kumanlu as an independent ethnic units. Kumano is adequate to the name Kipchak-Polovets. With the concept of eastern ancestral home kumanov corresponds K. Menges's opinion, where the tribal name Kuman contains Altai word. Some scientists consider it possible to compare Cumans with the people of Sary relying on the information by al-Marvazi (XII century.). We can specify to a different interpretation of the problem, according to which Kuman-Polovetses represent the outcome of mixing of Kipchaks with Kangars (Kangly). Most scientists are take the view of the identity of ethnonyms Kuman and kun. With all the originality of approach and differences of positions red thread that runs provision on accordance ofCumans with Kipchaks.
Significant groups of Cumans and Kipchaks moved to Hungary in 1239 AD under the pressure of Mongols. Among of Hungarian Cumans, written sources indicate such personalized ethnonyms as Bajlo-Bajolo, Kangala, Kapcsag-Kopcsag-Kapcsog, Tabony, Tazlar and others that are easily comparable with names Bayuly, Kangly, Kipchak, Tabyn, Tazlar. Bayuly term comparable to the large tribal union — Kishi Juz (Junior Juz) of the Kazakhs — Bayuly, which includes the tribe tazlar, obviously, is the same as tazlar of the Cumans. Kangly — one of the ancient tribes of Kazakhstan. They were part of Kypchak Khanate as significant ethnic and political power. In the XII century in the area of the Aral Sea region and the lower Syrdarya Kangly formed a large association of tribes, nominally subordinated to Kipchak khans. In Kazakh genealogical legends Kangly considered as one of the oldest tribes of the Ulu Juz (Senior Juz). Kypchaks of Hungary as one of the constituent elements were part
of the Cumans. The Tabyn tribe is part of the association "zhetiru" of the Kishi Juz.
As for tribal names pechenek (Pecheneg), which were part of the ethnic composition ofthe Cumans ofHungary, according to information the Pechenegs' also participated in the ethnogenesis of the Hungarians and the Kazakhs.
In the Carpathian Basin Hungarians appeared at the end of the IX century, where they came under the guidance of leader Arpad. After the arrival of the Magyars in the Carpathian basin they kept the memory of the East for centuries. This memory would not let them rest, and called them to his native land of their ancestors. Many centuries ago the monk named Otto was the first to go in search of ethnic Hungarians. And he found them to the north of Caucasus. The next seeker was also a monk—Julian. In the area of the Volga and Kama in 1235 he organized an expedition of an impressive size, consisting of the Dominican monks. Julian found tribes, who were speaking in Hungarian, although in the course of a dangerous and full of adventure travel he was the only one to survive. Even his written report preserved to our days. In XVIII century there were a series of thorough research. In 1819 the famous scientist Sandor Quereshi Choma went to Tibet and India in search of his ancestry and historical roots. His studies were continued by Armin Vamberi, the most consistent supporter of Turkish origin Hungarians, Orientalists Uyfalvi, graphs of Secheny and Almash and Hunfalvi and others. Their studies are of great interest not only for the Hungarians, but also other people of the East and including the Kazakhs.
References:
1. AM Tyurin Majar, Kazakhs, Hungarians and Ossetians (genogenealogichesky aspect)//The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy.
2. Kazakh-py taypalaryny^ tarihy. Arryn. 9 that. 1-3 kitaptar. - Almaty. - 2007. - 218 p.
