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Section 6. Linguistics
In Dagestan the level of teaching the Nogai language is very low. It is not taught in preschool educational establishments at all, so kindergartens function only in the Russian language. Education in primary schools is also organized only in the Russian language. The Nogai language is taught at secondary schools as a discipline.
At the end of the 50-s the government of the Stavropol Territory and Chechen-Ingushetia closed down Nogai schools; publication of newspapers in the Nogai language was stopped.
At the end of 80-s and at the beginning of the 90-s representatives of Nogai community organizations raised a question of teaching a native language. Among them an organization “Birlik” took an active part in solving this problem. Thanks to this organization teaching the Nogai language in areas where it was previously stopped reenacted.
In order to train teachers of the Nogai language community organizations managed to open a branch of Hasav-iyrt pedagogical college in the village Terekli-Mekteb, the center of the Nogai region in Dagestan. During 21 years this branch was training teachers of the Nogai language not only for Dagestan, but for the Stavropol Territory, Chechen Republic and Astrakhan district. What’s more, it prepared specialists for Karachay-Cherkessia which used to train teachers on their own. Unfortunately, in 2013 the branch closed down because of small enrollment.
Nowadays the Nogai language is widely used in the information space in the Republic of Dagestan. Literature in the Nogai language is being published although the quality doesn’t meet the modern requirements. In the Nogai language it is published a republican newspaper “Shol tavysy” (A voice of desert), children’s magazine “Lashyn” (Accipi-ter). A national channel functions in the republican state television, radio programs are broadcasted.
In Karachay-Cherkessia it is published a republican newspaper “Nogai davysy” (A voice of Nogais), radio and TV programs are broadcasted. In Cherkessia during several years a social-political and artistic-literary magazine “Poloveckays luna” is being published.
Intensification ofthe process oflanguage assimilation is a quite disturbing problem for Nogais. 97 438 people out of hundred thousand Nogais know their mother tongue, and 3 804 changed to the Russian language. Even in the republics where Nogai has a status ofthe state language actually it is an insignificant language. The fact that Nogai isn’t taught at primary schools influences on the process of language assimilation. Thus, the future of the Nogai language is uncertain, the threat that it won’t be used even as an everyday language in the near future is very high.
Territorially scattering of the Nogai ethnos cause difficulties in development of the Nogai culture. The problem of Nogais is one of the most complicated ethnosocial topics of the North Caucasus.
References:
1. Yarlykapov A. A. Nogaicy./Zhivopisnaya Rossia, 2007. - № 3.
2. Kapayev I. S. Istoricheskie esse. - Astana: Audarma, 2008.
3. Baskakov N. A. Nogaisky yazyk I ego dialekty: Grammatika, teksty I slovar. - Moscow, 1940.
4. Kalmykova S. A. Alfavit nogaiskogo yazyka.//Voprosy sovershenstvovaniya alfavitov turskih yazykov SSSR/Editor N. A. Baskakov; Institute of Linguistics of AS USSR. - M: Nauka, 1972.
5. Ibragimov M.-P. A., Adzhieyev A. M., Kildasov R. B. Nogaicy.//Narody Dagestana/editor Arutiynov S. A., etc. -M., Nauka. - 2002.
6. Wikipedia.//[Electronic resource]. - Available from: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogaisky yazyk.
Stojani Edita,
Polytechnic University of Tirana, Phd Candidate in Linguistic,
Faculty of Mathematics Engineering and Physics Engineering Centre of Foreign Language E-mail: [email protected]
Reflections on basic issues of Albanian terminology in theory and practice
Abstract: The separation of terminology as an independent linguistic study field, also as a special lexicon in the languages of developed countries, is accepted since the middle of the 20th century. In Albania organized work with
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Reflections on basic issues of Albanian terminology in theory and practice
terminology has started some couple of decades later than other developed western European countries, somehow even eastern European ones. This work is basically concentrated in the composition of terminological vocabularies, built on terminology created in other different knowledge areas of Albanian language, influenced by foreign languages scientific- technical literature and as a consequence of modern technology and technical-scientific revolution implemented almost in every possible area of life in. Thus, the principles and methods over which the vocabularies were created were borrowed from other languages with developed terminology experiences. Besides the creation of vocabularies, a number of monographs or textbooks have been and are continuously created.
Keywords: linguistics, terminology, vocabulary.
Introduction
Language as an overall subsystem includes also the special lexicon of different scientific and technical fields. This special lexicon, that includes all expression tools used within a certain field, have been the object of study for many linguists that have analyzed different problems of this lexicon, also have predicted some criteria for its development. Based on some prearranged principles and methods, it is achieved the composition of some terminological vocabularies that contain the terms used in different fields.
Research method
Theoretical and practical thought of Albanian language researchers, in general and of its subsystems in particular, is developed in full compliance with conditions and necessities of Albanian language itself and of human practical activity, which she serves to. In Albanian language literature, besides the issues of its lexicon, there have been treated also issues of special lexicon. We must emphasize also the help given by prof. A. Xhuvani, A. Kos-tallari, J. Thomai, M. Samara etc for special issues ofspecial lexicon, of its connection with the system of our literary national language and other subsystems of Albanian language [1,17], ofdistinction of the term from word [2, 59], etc. A special part is given to the idea of independence of special lexicon, as a lexical subsystem in the context of national literary language and for the reason of its specific study field, its occurrences and characteristic units. “The raise of terminological specific weight in the general lexicon is a distinctive important feature of literary Albanian language after liberation" [3, 65]. This “specific weight of terminology in Albanian lexicon is raised very much... In the massiveness of words within FGJSSH (1980), the terms amount is 218” [4, 34].
The very wealthy material gathered until today from the field of lexicon of different branches of science and techniques, its processing based on some stringent scientific principles and criteria, and their reflection on different terms vocabularies (Until today have been created around 28 term vocabularies with 60 000 terms, from the sector of terminology of the Institute of Language and Literature, and 12 vocabularies with 40 000 terms from the scientific
sector of encyclopedia in the military academy), has raised the necessity of broader studies initiation for general and specific, theoretical and practical issues, of special lexicon, by observing these issues not only from their general aspect but also firstly by taking into consideration its strong connections with those conditions and external and internal factors, that give independence to terminology as a science with a specific study objective and its study principles and methodologies and of occurrence and its expression and contain units analyses of terms and concepts. A special importance take those works on terminology that treat its issues in synchronous and diachronic plane, and in the aspect of general theory, where a special study object become the word-meaning and term-concept relationships, attachments of concept’s systems in the language plane [5]. Through these deep and wide works, there are highlighted a considerable number of issues that needed a special conception from their terminological point of view context, considering the term not only as an element of language lexicon as a word, but also from their strong connection with the concept as an element of a terminological system that responds to a system of concepts in a special field of science and techniques. This has made it possible the deeper penetration into the content of term and the revelation of its connections with other terms. Also has become clearer the idea that the revaluation of existing terms is made based on their concepts and their places in the respective concept’s systems. In general terms there are determined the ways of term formation, based on which the regulation of different terminologies is realized. Monographic works and scientific articles published in the “Philological Studies” magazine, that treat special lexicon issues have delivered in general lines the theoretical and practical bases of work for the present and the future.
Based on a theoretical concept, there have been raised the criteria for building vocabularies from the sector of terminology in the Institute of Language and Literature, and those vocabularies that have been built and will be in the future from other centers and organizations. Lately, on these basis it is developed the mechanical lexicon that is reflected in respective vocabulary Vocabulary of
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Section 6. Linguistics
Terms of Mechanics with 8 000 terms, developed from the sector of terminology in collaboration with University of Tirana and the Institute of Standardization and Projection of Mechanics.
Conclusion
However the achievements made in laying and resolving the many issues that have a direct connection
with terminological theory and practice, in the implementation of concrete resolution of elaboration of terminologies in different fields also with the criteria of the reflection of terms in their relevant vocabularies, has directly issues through which even any essential issue inquires a complete theoretical illumination, broader studies for the revelation of its practical values.
References:
1. Kostallari A. Mbi disa drejtime tä pärsosjes sä sistemit e tä strukturäs sä gjuhäs sonä letrare. Studime filologjike. -1982/2.
2. Thomai J. Leksikologjia e gjuhäs shqipe. - 1984.
3. Kostallari A. Parimet themeolore pär hartimin e fjalorit tä gjuhäs sä sotme shqipe. Studime filologjike, - 1968.
4. Duro A. Sistemet terminologjike nä gjuhän e shkencäs dhe tä teknikäs, studime filologjike. - 1984/4.
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