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RATIONAL USE OF NATURE RESOURCES Prodan A.V. (Российская Федерация) Email: [email protected]
Prodan Alexandra Valeryevna - Master's Student, PROGRAUM: ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT, CHAIR OF MARKETING AND COMMERCIAL BUSINESS, FACULTY OF ECONOMY, KUBAN STATE UNIVERSITY, KRASNODAR
Abstract: rational use of energy and nature resources at the present stage is one of the most actual problems both in our country, and abroad. The main elements constituting rational use of natural resources (protection, utilization, and transformation) vary, depending on the type of natural resource.
Today the interaction between society and nature resulting from intense industrial growth through out the world on the basis of existing technologies that produce a diversity of products has attained dimensions that are so extreme that they threaten to mankind's very existence, both through the depletion of natural resources and through the pollution of man's environment that is dangerous to his life.
Modern industrial production creates basically new materials and wastes hitherto nonexistent in nature and in many respects foreign to living organisms by their physical and chemical structure. The influence exerted by new chemical substances, new types of energy, and various physical radiations on man has given rise to formely unknown diseases, namely, genetic, toxicological, allergic, respiratory, endocrine and others. The problem of a health environment has now become as vital as that of providing man with foodstuffs or energy. Keywords: nature resources, environment, renewable, non-renewable resources.
РАЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПРИРОДНЫХ
РЕСУРСОВ Продан А.В. (Russian Federation)
Продан Александра Валерьевна - студент магистратуры, программа: экономика и менеджмент, кафедра маркетинга и торгового дела, экономический факультет, Кубанский государственный университет, г. Краснодар
Аннотация: рациональное использование природных ресурсов на данный период времени - одна из самых актуальных проблем как в нашей стране, так и за рубежом. Главные элементы, составляющие рациональное использование природных ресурсов (защита, использование и преобразование), варьируются, в зависимости от типа природного ресурса. Сегодня взаимодействие между обществом и природой, происходящее в результате интенсивного промышленного роста на основе существующих технологий, которые производят огромное множество продуктов, достигло размеров, которые являются столь значительными, что они угрожают самому существованию человечества и через истощение природных ресурсов, и посредством загрязнения окружающей среды человека, которая впоследствии становится опасной для его жизни.
Современное промышленное производство, в основном, создает новые материалы и отходы, до настоящего времени не существовавшие в природе и во многих отношениях чуждые живым организмам их физической и химической структурой. Влияние, оказанное новыми химическими веществами, новыми типами энергии и различной физической радиацией на человека, дало начало прежде неизвестным болезням, а именно, генетическим, токсикологическим, аллергическим, дыхательным, эндокринным и другим. Проблема здоровой и жизнеспособной окружающей среды
теперь стала столь же существенно важной как и обеспечение человека продовольствием или энергией.
Ключевые слова: природные ресурсы, окружающая среда, возобновляемые, не возобновляемые природные ресурсы.
Man's effect on nature has changed fundamentally in the course of the historical development of society. In the early stages of its development society was the passive consumer of natural resources. With the growth of the productive forces and changes in socioeconomic formations, the influence of society on nature increased.
«Conservation» of resources is sometimes used synonymously with «protection». More appropriately, however, it refers to the protection and sustainable use of resources. Management of the human use of natural resources is to provide the maximum benefit to current generations while maintaining capacity to meet the needs of future generations. Conservation includes both the protection and rational use of natural resources.
Earth's natural resources are either nonrenewable, such as minerals, oil, gas, and coal, or renewable, such as water, timber and solar energy. The combination of growing populations and increasing levels of resource consumption is degrading and depleting the natural resource base. The global population has grown to over than 7 billions of people, and the level of consumption of resources is far greater. This human pressure now exceeds the carrying capacity of many natural resources. Conservation entails actions to use these resources most efficiently and thereby extend their life as long as possible [1, p. 156].
Protection of resources in the course of their use is a basic principle of conservation. Everything is tightly connected with everything. Therefore protection of one natural object means protection of objects, related.
The important principles of rational use of natural resources are:
1) studying of resources. Competent and careful use of resources is impossible without existence of data on their volume, quality, without forecast of consequences of their withdrawal from natural objects and a possibility of their replacement by others;
2) organization of monitoring of a condition of natural resources;
3) the improvement of technologies of production and transportation. Use of alternative energy sources;
4) increase of productivity in agriculture in the developed territories, strict observance of norms and appointment when using mineral fertilizers and pesticides;
5) continuous search of the latest nature protection technologies with obligatory carrying out environmental assessment;
6) reduction of formation of production wastes - sewage, emissions in the atmosphere
and solid waste. Use of waste as raw materials for obtaining energy and production;
7) preservation of biological diversity of the planet. Organization of reserved zones, wildlife areas, national parks. Protection of rare species of plants and animals;
8) open demonstration of results of nature protection activity. Ecological education of the population;
9) improvement of the nature protection legislation of the countries and creation of effective mechanisms of his realization.
Speaking about energy resources and its conservation, I would like to say that it is the most important problem of the present. It is defined not only growth of requirement, rise in price of their extraction and production, but also the fact that on the volume of use of energy resources and the impact on the nature connected with it the mankind approaches to a maximum permissible threshold.
The second direction of rational use of energy resources is decrease in power consumption of productions of the construction industry.
Economy and rational use of energy resources of the country, environment protection against pollution — the major economic tasks.
But matter not only in expenses. At the reached volumes of production of energy resources a subsoil is exhausted. It is impossible to forget also that implementation in huge scales of production and consumption of fuel doesn't pass without leaving a trace for the nature, despite various expensive nature protection actions.
All this sharply aggravates a problem of rational use of fuel and energy resources. In modern conditions this problem gets deep economic and social meaning especially as fuel and energy resources are a national wealth not only for the present, but also for future generations. The problem of rational use of fuel and energy resources became one of the most important economic, social and technical problems of the present.
Energy efficiency — effective use of energy resources. Use of smaller amount of energy for ensuring the same level of power providing buildings or technological processes on production. Achievement of economically justified efficiency of use of resources at the existing level of development of equipment and technology and observance of requirements to environmental protection. This branch of knowledge is on a joint of engineering, economy, law and sociology [2].
Unlike energy saving (conservation of energy), the energy consumption mainly directed to reduction, energy efficiency (usefulness of energy consumption) — a useful (effective) expenditure of energy.
For the population — this means a considerable reduction of utility costs, for the country — economy of resources, increase of productivity of the industry and competitiveness, for ecology — restriction of emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, for the energy companies — decrease in costs of fuel and unreasonable expenditure for construction.
Energy saving and power effective devices are, in particular, systems of giving of heat, ventilation, the electric power when finding the person indoors and stopping this giving in his absence. Wireless sensory networks (WSN) can be used for control of effective use of energy.
Energy conservation is a very important part of energy planning and its management. It not only saves energy resources for future, avoids wasteful utilisation of energy, provides solution to energy crisis and ensures higher per capita availability/ consumption but controls environmental degradation and pollution.
New strategy emphasies greater reliance on non-exhaustible and non-conventional sources of energy so as to conserve exhaustible conventional resources like coal, petroleum, natural gas etc. That is why efforts are being made to promote the development and use of non-conventional sources of energy. Another aspect of energy conservation is related to the reduction in consumption of energy.
This can be achieved by change in the individual habits, utilising latest technology, reduce the subsidy and increase the price of the energy. For example, a lot of electricity can be saved by using energy efficient lamps. The Superglue gives 20 per cent more light and saves up to 10 per cent energy.
Another significant step in this direction would be to bring down the wastage of energy. In India about 23 per cent of electrical energy is lost during transmission and distribution. This can be curtailed by adopting appropriate measures. Penalty may be levied and legal actions initiated against power pilferage. Privatisation is another suggestion which can obtain desired results and improve the generation, transmission and distribution in the power sector. Energy is key to the modern development.
Hence, there is a need for serious thinking to improve this sector by inducting new technology, attracting more investment, developing non-conventional sources and inculcating habits for saving and conservation.
Energy conservation plays a significant role of lessening climate change. It helps the replacement of non-renewable resources with renewable energy. Energy conservation is often the most inexpensive solution to energy shortages, and it is more environmentally kind alternative to increased energy production.
Since, we have limited quantity of non-renewable energy resources available on earth, it is very important to preserve energy from our current supply or to utilize renewable resources so that it is also available to our future generations.
In the table below I depicted the current and future situation of non-renewable resources in order to show that they need more rational use.
Table 1. Сomparative analysis of non-renewable energy resources
Non-renewable resources Oil Natural Gas Coal
Production 27,3 billion BTU's 20 billion BTU's 26 billion BTU's
Consumption 24,8 billion BTU's 18,9 billion BTU's 25,1 billion BTU's
Potential consumption up to 2050 24,1 billion BTU's 22,7 billion BTU's 25,2 billion BTU's
Number of years of the resource till the stock of it will be exhausted 40 years 60 years 230 years
So we can see, that except coal, the stock of oil and natural gas will be exhausted rather soon, that is why people should support new technologies directed at energy saving. Necessary measures for ensuring economy of energy are: elimination of technological backwardness of the industry, equipping of the enterprises with the new energy saving equipment, modernization of housing sector, introduction of energy saving technologies, attraction in energy saving of the due volume of investment, work with the population, fight against mismanagement in use of energy resources.
One more direction urged to replace in the future traditional types of fuel is transition to energy saving technologies within use of renewables to which are reffered: solid biomass, industrial wastes, hydraulic power, geothermal energy, solar energy, wind power, energy of inflow of sea waves and ocean. It gives not only considerable reduction of expenses on power expenses, but also has big ecological advantages.
Human society can't refuse of usage of natural riches. They always were and will be a material basis of production which sense consists in transformation of various natural resources into the consumer benefits.
Now the civilization endures the most responsible period of the existence when habitual stereotypes, when the understanding that the satisfaction of uncountable inquiries of the modern person enters the sharp conflict with a fundamental principle of requirements of everyone - preservation of healthy habitat, comes break. The difficulties generated by development of a civilization, the growing degradation of environment and deterioration of living conditions of people generates need to act, look for new concepts of social development.
The nature can exist without people, but people can't exist without the nature. To keep harmony between people and nature - the main objective which faces current generation.
References in English / Список литературы на английском языке
1. Jekologija i prirodopol'zovanie. [Ecology and nature usage] Uchebnik [Manual] / Pod red. Aleskina A.A. M.: Infra-M, 2003 P. 140-181.
2. Girusov Je.V., Bobylev S.N., Novoselov A.L., Chepurnyh N.V. Jekologija i jekonomika prirodopol'zovanija. [Ecology and economics of nature usage]. P. 22-67.
3. [Electronic resource]. URL: https://www.destatis.de/DE/Startseite.html - statistical data about the consumption of energy resource/ (date of access: 17.05.2017).
4. [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.eia.gov/emeu/iea - energy information administration, statistics and analysis/ (date of access: 18.05.2017).
References / Список литературы
1. Экология и природопользование. Учебник / Под ред. Алескина А.А. М.: Инфра-М, 2003. С. 140-181.
2. Гирусов Э.В., Бобылев С.Н., Новоселов А.Л., Чепурных Н.В. Экология и экономика природопользования. С. 22-67.
3. [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: https://www.destatis.de/DE/Startseite.html -statistical data about the consumption of energy resources./ (дата обращения: 17.05.2017).
4. [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: http://www.eia.gov/emeu/iea - energy information administration, statistics and analysis/ (дата обращения: 18.05.2017).
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES Prodan A.V. (Российская Федерация) Email: [email protected]
Prodan Alexandra Valeryevna - Master's Student, PROGRAMS: ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT, CHAIR OF MARKETING AND COMMERCIAL BUSINESS, FACULTY OF ECONOMY, KUBAN STATE UNIVERSITY, KRASNODAR
Abstract: renewable energy is a hot topic nowadays. With the ever growing number of population, demand of energy is also increasing everyday. Non-renewable sources are limited, not environment friendly and increase or decrease in production of these sources can have direct result on the inflation. It is hard to live without Energy, but it is impossible to find another planet to live in. The use of renewable energy has many potential benefits, including human beings and environment. Comparative analysis of resources and reasons why we should use more alternative resources than fossil fuels are provided in the article. Keywords: renewable resources, non-renewable resources, fossil fuels, energy, oil, natural gas, coal, solar energy, wind power, hydropower.
АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНЫЕ ЭНЕРГОРЕСУРСЫ Продан А.В. (Russian Federation)
Продан Александра Валерьевна - студент магистратуры, программа: экономика и менеджмент, кафедра маркетинга и торгового дела, экономический факультет, Кубанский государственный университет, г. Краснодар
Аннотация: возобновляемые источники энергии являются довольно горячей темой в наши дни, потому что сложно представить уровень загрязнения нашей планеты из-за использования таких энергоносителей как нефть, уголь или природный газ. С непрестанно растущим числом населения спрос на энергию также растет день ото дня. Не возобновляемые источники энергии ограничены в своем количестве, имеют негативное воздействие на окружающую среду, и увеличение или уменьшение производства этих ресурсов может прямым образом сказаться на инфляции. Без энергии жить сложно, но еще сложнее — найти другую планету, на которой можно было бы жить. Использование возобновляемой энергии обладает множеством
