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4. [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.eia.gov/emeu/iea - energy information administration, statistics and analysis/ (date of access: 18.05.2017).
References / Список литературы
1. Экология и природопользование. Учебник / Под ред. Алескина А.А. М.: Инфра-М, 2003. С. 140-181.
2. Гирусов Э.В., Бобылев С.Н., Новоселов А.Л., Чепурных Н.В. Экология и экономика природопользования. С. 22-67.
3. [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: https://www.destatis.de/DE/Startseite.html -statistical data about the consumption of energy resources./ (дата обращения: 17.05.2017).
4. [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: http://www.eia.gov/emeu/iea - energy information administration, statistics and analysis/ (дата обращения: 18.05.2017).
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES Prodan A.V. (Российская Федерация) Email: [email protected]
Prodan Alexandra Valeryevna - Master's Student, PROGRAMS: ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT, CHAIR OF MARKETING AND COMMERCIAL BUSINESS, FACULTY OF ECONOMY, KUBAN STATE UNIVERSITY, KRASNODAR
Abstract: renewable energy is a hot topic nowadays. With the ever growing number of population, demand of energy is also increasing everyday. Non-renewable sources are limited, not environment friendly and increase or decrease in production of these sources can have direct result on the inflation. It is hard to live without Energy, but it is impossible to find another planet to live in. The use of renewable energy has many potential benefits, including human beings and environment. Comparative analysis of resources and reasons why we should use more alternative resources than fossil fuels are provided in the article. Keywords: renewable resources, non-renewable resources, fossil fuels, energy, oil, natural gas, coal, solar energy, wind power, hydropower.
АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНЫЕ ЭНЕРГОРЕСУРСЫ Продан А.В. (Russian Federation)
Продан Александра Валерьевна - студент магистратуры, программа: экономика и менеджмент, кафедра маркетинга и торгового дела, экономический факультет, Кубанский государственный университет, г. Краснодар
Аннотация: возобновляемые источники энергии являются довольно горячей темой в наши дни, потому что сложно представить уровень загрязнения нашей планеты из-за использования таких энергоносителей как нефть, уголь или природный газ. С непрестанно растущим числом населения спрос на энергию также растет день ото дня. Не возобновляемые источники энергии ограничены в своем количестве, имеют негативное воздействие на окружающую среду, и увеличение или уменьшение производства этих ресурсов может прямым образом сказаться на инфляции. Без энергии жить сложно, но еще сложнее — найти другую планету, на которой можно было бы жить. Использование возобновляемой энергии обладает множеством
потенциальных преимуществ для людей и окружающей среды. Сравнительный анализ ресурсов и причин, почему мы должны использовать больше альтернативных ресурсов, чем ископаемое топливо, представлен в статье.
Ключевые слова: возобновляемые источники энергии, не возобновляемые источники энергии, ископаемое топливо, энергия, нефть, природный газ, уголь.
Like fossil fuels, renewable sources have their own shortcomings. They are highly dependent on weather. Any significant change in weather can reduce the production of energy from these sources. Though we not be in a position to completely switch over to renewable energy anytime soon, but getting a significant portion of our daily energy needs from these sources can certainly have an positive impact on our economy and environment.
The energy debate continues with people arguing the pros and cons of renewable energy. It can be hard to really determine what they are in the heat of the moment. So here are few pros and cons of renewable energy for you to consider [1].
Pros of Renewable Energy
There are a lot of points in favor of renewable energy. The fact that they use resources that are considered to be infinite is only the most obvious one. Here are 5 other pros of renewable energy.
1. Stable Energy Prices: Increase or decrease in supply of fossil fuels has a direct result on inflation. Cost of producing energy from renewable energy sources is dependent on the amount of money that has been spent on the infrastructure and not on the inflated cost of natural resource, which clearly means we can expect much more stable prices when bulk of energy is coming from renewable sources.
2. Continual Source of Energy: Many of the plans for renewable energy stations are focused on their capacity to provide an immediate and continual source of energy to an area. There is very little conversion that needs to be done to take electricity from a solar or wind generator and use it. Sun is going to shine for another billion years. That means solar energy is renewable and sustainable. Moving water and strong winds will continue to supply constant source of energy.
3. Reliability: If the sun always rises and the wind always blows, the reliability of renewable energy types can far exceed that of fossil fuels. When a fossil fuel source runs dry the whole process has to be moved. Once in place, many of the renewable energy stations have a constant - and permanent - source of fuel. Unlike fossil fuels, where supply can be affected by wars, strikes, trade disputes and political instabilities, renewable energy sources don't come with such cons. Sun shines and wind blows everywhere and each country can tap that energy to produce clean energy on large scale.
4. Low Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Almost all of the renewable energy plans emphasize that they have a much lower carbon footprint that any of the fossil fuel options available. Renewable energy sources make the environment healthier as they do not pollute it with Co2 and other toxic gases that are produced by fossil fuels. Apart from that, they are not going to reduce our natural resources which can be conserved for a long time.
5. Large Scale Job Creation: It is estimated that adoption of renewable energy technologies is going to create large number of jobs worldwide. Renewable energy technologies are cheaper as they require less maintenance in the long run. Renewable energy sources hold the future of this world as fossil fuels are not going to last too long and are going to expire one day for sure. Switching to renewable energy sources can help various countries to reduce their dependance on coal, oil and gas. Millions of jobs have already been created in US and other European countries that have switched to renewable sources to lower their carbon footprint [2, p. 57].
Paying attention to the criticisms of renewable energy plans is important. Even if you are arguing the pros of their use - knowing their faults can help refine their implementation.
1. High development cost: It costs a lot to develop renewable energy stations in both research and manufacturing the components needed for them to be successful. The known
ways of using fossil fuel are less costly because all of the manufacturing and construction processes are already in place.
2. Vulnerable: Almost all of the suggested renewable energy sources are very vulnerable to weather and other climate occurrences. Renewable energy sources depend heavily on sun and wind to produce energy. Abundant rain or slow wind can reduce the production of energy. As it is not possible to produce energy in such conditions, we might have to reduce our energy consumption. In fact, even if many of them are adopted, in some areas the predicted ongoing climate change could make them inoperable within 50 years.
3. Unable to Produce in Large Quantities: Unlike coal powered electric plants that produce abundant supply of power, renewable sources can't produce that much of energy in short span of time. The technology that is used in producing energy is new and major other factors like weather play spoilsport that hamper the production of energy on large scale. This simply means that either we have to reduce our energy consumption or set up new facilities that could produce energy at a faster rate.
4. Not Available in all Areas: One of the major cons of many of the renewable energy plans is that the raw material - solar intensity, wind or water, is not available in all locations. That mean you will still have to create an infrastructure for transporting the energy that may not be better than what is already in place.
5. Large Areas Required: Another cons of renewable energy is that to produce large amount of energy, large amount of solar panels and wind farms have to be set up. For this, large areas of land is needed to produce such massive amount of energy on large scale.
But in favor of alternative sources it can be said that renewable energy will not run out. Ever. Other sources of energy are finite. Renewable energy technologies are clean sources of energy that have a much lower environmental impact than conventional energy technologies.
Recently a number of alternative energy sources is investigated. Solar energy is represented to be the most perspective of them.
Solar energy. Solar energy has two main advantages. First, there is a lot of it and it belongs to the renewable energy resources: duration of existence of the Sun is estimated approximately for 5 billion years. Secondly, its use doesn't involve undesirable ecological consequences.
Geothermal energy. Geothermal energy, i.e. warmth of a subsoil of Earth, is already used in a number of the countries, for example in Iceland, Russia, Italy and New Zealand. The greatest geothermal resources are concentrated in volcanic zones on borders of cortical plates.
The main disadvantage of geothermal energy is that its resources are localized and limited. The essential contribution of this resource to power can be expected only in local geographical zones.
Water-power. The hydroenergetics gives nearly a third of the electric power used around the world. Norway where the electric power per head has more, than somewhere else, lives almost only due to hydraulic power. On hydroelectric power stations potential energy of the water accumulated by means of dams is used. At the basis of a dam the water-wheels leading to rotation by water (which is brought to them under normal pressure) and the rotating rotors of generators of electric current are located.
Wind energetics. Wind power was used in Europe From XII century thanks to windmills. Objective prerequisites of further development of wind power can be considered: existence of rather stable wind rose - average annual repeatability of winds in all directions for any region of a terrestrial surface; existence on Earth the areas with steady winds - as annual. Large wind turbines serve for transformation of wind energy to electricity.
In the table below I just tried to generalize the main numbers of production, price, future potential, and put the information about advantages and disadvantages of the most popular resources. The statistic was taken for the 2016 year, and the approximate future potential in usage up to 2050. I didn't took any country in a separate form, I thought that it would be better to look at the picture of use of world energy resources in general.
Non-renewable resources Renewable resources
Oil Gas Coal Wind power Hydro power Solar energy
Production 27,3 billion BTU's 35% 20 billion BTU's 28% 26 billion BTU's 18% 1,03 billion BTU's 18% 5,4 billion BTU's 26% 0,2 billion BTU's 4%
Price 52 $ per barrel 2,1$ per gallon 114$ per tonne 240$ per MWh 212$ per MWh 12$ per W
Potential 24,1 billion BTU's 22,7 billion BTU's 25,2 billion BTU's 5,04 billion BTU's 5,9 billion BTU's 0,9 billion BTU's
Pros Is abundant; Easy to use; Creates jobs; No new technology required. Widely used; Cleanest of all the fossil fuels; Employs 1,2 million people. Abundant supply; Relatively inexpensive; Continuous power; Good utilization. Doesn't cause pollution; Renewable; The potential of it is enormous. Renewable Clean energy source; Hydroelectri c power is exceptionall y dependable energy. Clean energy source; Renewable and sustainable; Reduce electricity bills; Abundant.
Oil Gas Coal Wind power Hydro power Solar energy
Cons Non renewable; Destroys environment; Expansive. Nonrenewable; Explosive; Contains up to 95% of methane, a greenhouse gas. Non-renewable; Contains the most CO2 per BTU. Wind turbines can be a threat to wildlife (e.g. birds, bats); Emits noise, that is a problem for neighbour houses. Expansive to build; Drought; May Lead to Floods in Low-lying Areas; Initial cost; Produe power durind day only;
To my mind it's definitely better to use alternative energy resources, because they are infinite and do not harm to the nature. To sum it up:
Advantages of renewables are: wide range of renewable energy resources, inexhaustibility, ecological purity: there are no emissions, there is no thermal pollution of the planet.
The main disadvantages of renewables is an instability (daily and seasonal) and the low density of power streams (the sun, a wind, a hydra).
Though in today's world there isn't felt shortages of energy resources yet, in the forthcoming two-three decades serious difficulties are possible if alternative energy sources don't begin to be in demand or whether growth of its consumption won't be limited. The need of more rational use of energy is obvious.
References in English / Список литературы на английском языке
1. Rose D. Learning About Energy, Plenum Press, NY, 2001. P. 112-118.
2. Golicyn M.V., Golicyn A.V. Al'ternativnye istochniki jenergii. M.: izdatel'skij dom «Znanie», 2012. P. 47- 63.
3. Smith Zachary Alden, Taylor Katrina D. Renewable and alternative energy resources. M.: Publishing house "Literary Guild", 2014. P. 277-296.
4. Energy Information Administration Office of Energy Statistics Washington. DC, Monthly energy review, 2015.
References / Список литературы
1. Rose D. Learning About Energy, Plenum Press. NY, 2001. P. 112-118.
2. Голицын М.В., Голицын А.В. Альтернативные источники энергии. М.: Издательский дом «Знание», 2012. C. 47-63.
3. Smith Zachary Alden, Taylor Katrina D. Renewable and alternative energy resources. M.: Publishing house "Literary Guild", 2014. P. 277-296.
4. Energy Information Administration Office of Energy Statistics Washington. DC. Monthly energy review, 2015.
USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MARKETING Popova E.A. (Russian Federation) Email: [email protected]
Popova Elizaveta Anatolievna - Bachelor, DEPARTMENT OF MARKETING, PEOPLES' FRIENDSHIP UNIVERSITY OF RUSSIA, MOSCOW
Abstract: this article examines key aspects of artificial intelligence in the context of its state and development at the present time; reveals the historical aspect of implementing artificial intelligence in marketing; describes ways to use artificial intelligence in marketing and the benefits from it on the examples of global business structures and companies; lists the main characteristics of the presence of artificial intelligence in marketing at this stage of its development; on an example of an advertising branch the basic technical innovations in marketing are considered; the prospective future of this sphere is revealed. Keywords: artificial intelligence, marketing, machine learning.
ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ИСКУССТВЕННОГО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТА
В МАРКЕТИНГЕ Попова Е.А. (Российская Федерация)
Попова Елизавета Анатольевна - бакалавр, кафедра маркетинга, Российский университет дружбы народов, г. Москва
Аннотация: в статье рассматриваются ключевые аспекты искусственного интеллекта в контексте его состояния и развития в настоящее время; раскрывается исторический аспект внедрения искусственного интеллекта в маркетинг; описываются способы использования искусственного интеллекта в маркетинге и выгоды от него на примерах глобальных бизнес-структур и компаний; перечисляются основные характеристики присутствия искусственного интеллекта в маркетинге на данном этапе его развития; на примере рекламной отрасли рассматриваются основные технические нововведения в маркетинге; раскрывается будущее данной сферы в бизнесе и мире.
Ключевые слова: искусственный интеллект, маркетинг, машинное обучение.
Reading the news, you can see a tendency to invest in companies that create artificial intelligence. This is a general trend, which is aimed at reducing costs in the future. Once upon a time it seemed to us that there was still a lot of time before this and it is possible only
