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3RATING BY ECONOMIC REGIONS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION BY THE LEVEL OF PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF DAIRY PRODUCTS
ABSTRACT. THE ARTICLE IS DEVOTED TO THE ISSUES OF PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS, TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION REGIONAL PECULIARITIES OF THE FUNCTIONING OF THE FOOD INDUSTRY.
KEYWORDS: DAIRY INDUSTRY, THE RATING OF DAIRY PRODUCTION SPECIALIZATION LIVESTOCK, MILK CONSUMPTION ECONOMIC AREAS.
OLGA ATAMANOVA
CANDIDATE OF ECONOMIC SCIENCES, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS, ORGANIZATION OF PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT, BRYANSK STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
Milk and dairy products in the Russian Federation is one of the most significant category of product industry. In the dairy industry of the Russian Federation as of 2012, there are about 1219 enterprises for the production of whole milk, sour-milk products, cheese, butter, ice-cream, canned milk, dried milk and other dairy products, whose share in the overall structure of the food supply reaches 12.4 percent.
Leading positions in the market of dairy products is occupied by such manufacturers as «Wimm-bill-Dann», «Unimilk», «Danone», «Ehrman» and «Voronezh Milk factory» («MonBecr»). The dairy products market in our country has a high level of consolidation, as major players control more than 50% of the market. So the largest share of manufacturers of dairy products is the company «Wimm-bill-Dann», which is 35% of the market, «Unimilk» company is 15%. 15% on the market of raw milk in the aggregate belongs to such enterprises as «Danone» - 7%, «Ehrman» and «Voronezh Milk factory» («MonBecT»), which is given by 4%, and the remaining 35% of the market is occupied with small regional processing plants.
Revenue from sales of dairy products has a tendency to increase and in 2012 it was 559,9 billion rubles Should be noted, though, that the enterprises of the dairy industry are working profitably, the sector is characterised by a low level of profitability, which in 2012 amounted to 6.5%. The share of loss making organizations was 26.4%.
Currently, the domestic dairy industry was rather difficult situation. Because of the transition in the 1990s from the Central government to the market, type of managing this led to the fact that the agro-industrial complex of Russia was in a state of crisis.
This situation immediately reflected in a substantial reduction in agricultural production, acreage, the number of livestock of dairy cattle, which in turn contributed to the reduction in availability of raw material resources in the dairy industry of our country. It is worth noting that despite the decline in the number of cows in modern conditions there is a positive dynamics of increase of productivity of dairy cattle. Thus, during the study periods the level of yield of milk per cow increased by 38.3% and amounted in 2012 3776 kg against 2731 kg in 1990. This trend is because in the Soviet period the livestock of dairy herds even despite the low level of productivity was maintained at a high level in order to ensure the supply of meat, because in this period it was still and cold source of our state. Because of the liberalization of the economy the dairy industry (dairy sector) of our country became market-oriented, and the meat was of by-products of the dairy farms. Because of deliverance, dairy farms from the obligation to supply beef led to the fact that they were to increase milk production.
In our country, given its vast territory of the gross production of milk is distributed very unevenly, due to differences in geographical, socio-economic, environmental and other factors. Traditionally in Russia dairy cattle as a leading livestock industry developed in the Central European regions with the most favorable climatic conditions, with greater availability of pastures and meadows, with relatively high levels of income and population density. The livestock specialization in economic regions of the Russian Federation is presented in Fig. 1.
Based on the above presented information, it can be stated that orientation in animal husbandry is concentrated in the Central-Chernozem, West Siberia, North Caucasus, Ural, far Eastern economic areas and in the East-Siberian, Volga, Northern, North-Western and Volga-Vyatka regions takes place dairy and beef.
FIG. 1 THE LIVESTOCK SPECIALIZATION IN ECONOMIC REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Milk production-raw materials economic regions of the Russian Federation is presented in table 1 on the basis of statistical data [Russian Regions. Socio-economic indicators, 2012].
On the basis of available information, we can conclude that during study periods gross production of milk in all economic regions of the Russian Federation tends to decrease. With the greatest numbers of manufacture of dairy raw material resources is observed in the North-Caucasus and Urals economic regions, which amounted to 82.9% and 74.9 percent respectively. In addition, the data presented in table 1, show that at the beginning of the study period leading positions in manufacture of dairy raw material resources occupied the Central areas of the European part of Russia, which belong exclusively to the dairy cattle breeding. However, at the end of the period the leadership in the production of milk-raw material is shifted to areas that have milk-meat direction, namely, the Urals, North Caucasus and West Siberian economic regions of our country, which in 2012 produced 5929,9Tbic. so, 5158,7 thousand tons and 4845,9 thousand tonnes of dairy raw material resources.
TABLE 1
MILK PRODUCTION-RAW MATERIALS ECONOMIC REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION,
THOUSAND TONS
Name of the economic region 1990 year 1995 year 2000 year 2007 year 2012 year 2012 year to 1990 year %
Central areas of the European part of the Russian Federation 9791,6 6402,2 51 64,1 4417,8 3955,8 41,5
Central Chernozem region 5265,6 3514,1 2629,3 2289,1 2499,4 47,5
West Siberian 7598,4 5365,8 4354,9 4270 4845,9 64,7
Ural 8099 6088 5337,4 5590,2 5929,9 74,9
North Caucasus 6222,8 4353,6 3736,7 4217,2 5158,7 82,9
Far Eastern 1690,1 900,9 748,4 682,4 768,9 45,5
East-Siberian 3252,6 2321,3 2020,8 1961,9 2145,5 65,9
Volga 6033,9 4697,3 3571,1 3588,1 4157,5 68,9
North 1887,4 1120,3 1012,6 923,4 885,2 46,9
North-West 1654,4 1145,2 966,8 780,7 757,7 45,8
Volgo-Vyatsky 4203,5 3291,3 2757,6 2479,3 2501,9 59,5
For a more detailed examination of this situation, the us was ranked by economic regions of Russia, reflecting factors such as milk production-raw materials, number of dairy cows, and milk yield per cow in farms of all categories as presented in table 2.
On the basis of the information presented in table 2, one can conclude that the Central areas of the European part of the Russian Federation, despite the fact that have specialization dairy cattle on all three factors are 5 place.
During the study regions with milk-meat direction, it was found that in this group are the Urals, North Caucasus and West Siberian economic regions, which was the greatest quantitatively milk-raw material, which is provided mainly by the greatest number of dairy cattle. The most effective production of dairy raw material resources is observed in the Central black earth economic region, which in the presence 899,8 thousand heads of dairy cattle produced 3955,8 thousand tons of dairy raw material resources that were achieved through a high level of productivity of dairy cattle.
Analyzing economic regions, with dairy and beef, it can be noted that these areas except in the far Eastern and Volga economic regions demonstrate a high milk yield per one shelter. So, in the Northern district of milk yield per cow is 4759,5 kg, resulting in the area of productivity of dairy herds takes the first place, Northwest, and Volga-Vyatka economic areas in this factor are 2 and 4 place and produce accordingly 4629,5 kg and 4489,7 kg However, since this is not favorable for dairy cattle climatic conditions in the above listed areas, the main focus is livestock dairy and beef. Based on the above, we can conclude that the most efficient production of milk-raw material developed in the Central Chernozem and Volga-Vyatka economic regions of the Russian Federation. This statement due to the fact that in the Central Chernozem and Volga-Vyatka regions, the number of dairy cattle as compared with the Central areas of the European part of the Russian Federation less than 1.7 and 1.5 times, respectively. However, the production of milk-raw data areas with fewer cows yield to the Central areas of the European part of Russia only by 39.6% and 36.1% respectively, which is associated with a relatively high level of productivity of dairy cattle, which the Central Chernozem and Volga-Vyatka economic areas occupy 3rd and 4th respectively.
TABLE 2
RANKING OF REGIONS BY THE LEVEL OF MILK PRODUCTION-RAW MATERIALS, THE NUMBER OF COWS AND ROUTES PER DAIRY COW IN 2012
Name of the economic region The yield of cow, kg Place in the region Number cows thou heads Place in the region Production milk-raw materials, thousand tons Place in the region
Dairy cattle
Central areas of the European part of the Russian Federation 4396,5 5 899,8 5 3955,8 5
Dairy- meat production
Central Chernozem region 4578,5 3 545,9 8 2499,4 7
West Siberian 3167,7 7 1529,8 2 4845,9 3
Ural 4389,2 6 1299,8 4 5929,9 1
North Caucasus 3149,7 8 1637,8 1 5158,7 2
Far Eastern 3019,9 10 254,6 9 768,9 11
Meat- dairy and meat production
East-Siberian 2519,7 11 852,5 6 2145,5 8
Volga 3028,5 9 1408,5 3 4157,5 4
North 4759,5 1 195,9 11 885,2 9
North-West 4629,5 2 245,5 10 757,7 10
Volgo-Vyatsky 4489,7 4 557,5 7 2501,9 6
It turns out that currently have a situation where the Central areas of the European part of the Russian Federation, which according to their specialization must have a sufficiently high indicators of productivity of dairy cattle, to hold leading positions on manufacture of dairy raw material
resources and, accordingly, must be a model for other economic regions of our country, are inferior in every way areas with milk-meat and dairy and beef.
An important feature of milk production in our country is that it is of a seasonal character. A seasonal peak in summer, and in autumn and winter periods milk production-raw materials is severely reduced. Seasonal fluctuations of production of dairy raw resources associated with the natural cycle of dairy cattle, as in the summer time the majority of the animals gives the offspring of that as a consequence accompanied by a growth in the ability to lactation and as a result of increased volumes of manufacture of milk, and also with lack of food resources in the winter.
Undoubtedly, the situation is currently in the agricultural sector, reflected on the volumes of production of milk and milk products milk processing enterprises. Production of milk and dairy products in natural terms on the main categories of goods are presented in table 10 on the basis of statistical data [Industry of Russia 2002, Russian Industry, 2010, Russian statistical Yearbook, 2012].
On the basis of available information, we can conclude that from 1995 to the year 2012 volumes of dairy production in the Russian Federation except for butter and SPVs and dry mixtures tend to increase.
So the production of whole-milk production in 2012 as compared with 1995 has increased in 2 times or by 5798 thousand tons in absolute terms.
In 2012 production of cheese all the enterprises of the dairy industry increased compared to 1995 in 2,1 times and has made in natural expression 464 thousand tons.
TABLE 3
MANUFACTURE OF THE BASIC KINDS OF DAIRY PRODUCTS IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION, IN PHYSICAL TERMS BY MAJOR CATEGORIES OF GOODS
Name of production 1995 year 2000 year 2005 year 2012 year 2012 year to 1995 year,%
Whole milk products, thousand t 5600 6221 9742 11398 In 2 times
Butter, thousand t 421 267 254 222 52,7
Cheeses, thousand t 218 221 378 464 In 2,1 times
Canned milk, MUB. 527 623 897 789 In 1,5 times
Ice cream, thousand t 232 239 406 425 In 1,8 times
SPVs and dry mixtures, thousand t 125 74,5 79,7 48 38,4
COM, milk replacer, whey powder 95,7 96,7 123 112 115,8
It is worth noting that in the dairy sector one of the fastest growing and fast-growing market is the market of cheese. The most rapid pace of growth in production of processed cheese, which is, first of all, the deficit in Russia of high-quality raw materials milk, which is necessary for the formulation of European varieties of cheese. Manufacture of rennet cheese opposite tends to decrease, however, in spite of this they still occupy a leading position in the domestic cheese-making industry. So as of 2010 the share of rennet cheese amounted to 53% in the output of cheese and processed cheese - 47%.
Despite the fact that the production of canned milk in 2012 compared to 1995 increased by 1.5 times, and in real terms amounted to 789 million. in recent years has tended to decline. Production of canned milk by 2005 has increased in comparison with 1995 70.2%, however, in subsequent periods, volumes of development and has not exceeded this indicator, but, on the contrary, in 2012 in comparison with 2005 has decreased on 5,3%. According to experts, the main factor limiting production of canned milk is the loss of the culture of consumption of this type of dairy products.
Because in our country, a new generation of young people are not aware of such dairy products as canned condensed milk without sugar. The falsification of canned milk sent a mass phenomenon, and in modern conditions, consumers are becoming more demanding in choosing foods and dairy canned food, the quality of which has recently decreased significantly, bought less and less. Also the production of this product requires certain financial cost of the production of canned milk becomes every year more and less profitable.
Production of ice-cream in 2012 compared to 1995 increased 1.8 times. It is worth noting that the 2005 edition of this type of dairy products in Russia increased by 75% compared to 1995. However, over the last years, the production of ice cream tended to decline and only in 2012, the production of this product has increased in comparison with 2005 by 4.7% and reached 425Tbic. tons. Skyrocketing demand can be regarded as the growth and restoration of the market after unsuccessful seasons 2006-2009 In previous years due to the increase in raw material producers
had to sharply raise the price of products, that in the conditions of наловившегося economic crisis has led to a reduction in sales.
The volume of production of butter in real terms in 2012 compared to 1995 decreased by 47,27%, due to growth of prices for dairy raw material resources, and with further increase of the prices for milk-raw material production of this type of dairy products will be annually reduced. In our country there is no a specialized manufacturer in the segment of butter, because this kind of product is produced mainly as a byproduct of the processing of milk into milk powder. Along with this, over the last years consumption of butter decreased in the result of the consumption of so-called «light» oils and Margarines. According to Rospotrebnadzor on the market of dairy products is present butter, produced with the use of herbal supplements, specific weight of which is from 20 to 40%.
In 2012, there was a significant reduction in the production of dry milk products. So, production of dry whole milk and dry mixtures decreased from 79,7 thousand tons in 2005 up to 48 thousand tons in 2012 or 61.6%. Manufacture of dry skim milk, whole milk substitutes and dried whey from 2005 to 2007 tended to increase, however, since 2008, the production of this category of goods decreased by 20.1 % and in 2012 was the 113.6 thousand tons. Decrease in volumes of manufacture of dry milk products was caused primarily with the introduction of the concept of «milk drink» consumer demand, which is almost absent (loyalty on behalf of the consumers is very low), and insufficient production of dairy raw material resources. However, reducing the generation of skimmed milk powder is connected with decrease in the production of butter.
It is worth noting, despite the fact that recently the dairy industry shows positive dynamics in the production of certain types of dairy products, generation of many species of this food products except cheese has not reached the level of 1990.
As well as milk production of raw materials in RF spread unevenly also observed and the uneven distribution of the generation of dairy products. The analysis of manufacture of the basic kinds of dairy products and the level of independence in economic regions of our country in 2010 are presented in table 10 on the basis of statistical data [Demographic Yearbook of Russia, 2011, the Social situation and living standards in Russia, 2012].
TABLE 4
MANUFACTURE OF THE BASIC KINDS OF DAIRY PRODUCTS BY ECONOMIC REGIONS IN 2012
Name of the economic region Production of whole milk, thousand tons Production of cheese, thousand tons Production oil, thousand tons
just soul g/person the level of independence, % just soul g/person the level of independence, % just soul g/person the level of independence, %
Central areas of the European part of the Russian Federation 843,9 28,9 48,2 126 4,2 70,0 38,1 1,3 32,5
Central Chernozem region 401,2 55,8 93,0 60,8 8,4 140,0 20,6 2,9 72,5
West Siberian 548,4 37,4 62,4 88,8 6,0 100,0 24,4 1,7 42,5
Ural 684,3 35,5 59,2 37,6 1,95 32,5 29,9 1,5 37,5
North Caucasus 355,3 18,6 31,02 47,3 2,4 40,0 30,9 1,6 40,0
Far Eastern 88,4 14,9 24,8 2,5 0,4 6,7 4,6 0,8 20,0
East-Siberian 293,7 35,2 58,8 5,6 0,6 10,0 5,8 0,7 17,5
Volga 310,1 28,9 48,3 52,2 4,8 80,0 37,2 3,5 87,5
North 171,9 34,8 58,1 2,9 0,5 8,3 5,9 1,2 30,0
North-West 270,6 31,9 53,1 15,2 1,7 28,3 4,4 0,5 12,5
Volgo-Vyatsky 363,1 48,2 80,5 24,3 3,2 53,3 20,1 2,7 67,5
Based on the above presented data we can conclude that, despite the fact that the leader of the production of whole milk, butter and cheese in 2012 are the Central regions of European part of
Russia, but the leading position in the production of these categories of dairy products per capita, and hence on the degree of independence occupies the Central Chernozem region.
The production of whole milk leaders in the level of independence are the areas such as Central-Chernozem, Volga-Vyatka, and West Siberia, where he is 93.0%, 80,5%, 62.4 per cent respectively, whereas the lowest level of this indicator is observed in the far Eastern economic region - 24,8%. It is necessary to establish the fact that the number of cheese production in our country only Central-Chernozem and West-Siberian regions meet health standards per capita consumption (8.4 kg 6,0 kg, respectively), and the production of animal oil in the Russian Federation established medical standards there is no economic region.
You should note the fact that the consumption of dairy products, our country is far behind that of the developed countries. Thus, the level of per capita consumption of drinking milk our country was occupied in 2010 31 place for the consumption of butter - 29 place, and cheese - 27th place. According to the Order of the Ministry of health and social development of the Russian Federation (Ministry of health of 2 August 2010 N 593h, Moscow «on approval Of recommendations for rational norms of consumption of food products, which meet modern requirements of healthy nutrition» [www.minzdravsoc.ru] the norms of per capita consumption of milk and dairy products must be 320340 kg per year (in milk equivalent), drinking milk - 60 kg, butter and cheese - 4 kg and 6 kg per annum respectively.
For 2011, per capita consumption of the population of our country was 248 kg of milk and dairy products that are below the norm by 20.6%, 77 kg of drinking milk per year, which exceeds the norm by 28.3%, 2.2 kg of butter, which is below the norm 45.0%, 5.7 kg of cheese, below the average of 4.5%.
It should be noted that, despite the recent increase in the production of dairy products, according to experts of the growth rate for this category of food products in our country is about 5 - 8% and higher than the rate of increase of its production (2 - 6%), which in turn leads to an increase in the share of imports of these products.
According to the Doctrine of food security [www.mcx.ru] specific weight of imported milk and dairy products on the domestic market this category of goods shall not exceed 10%. However, in 2010 the share of imported products in the General resources of milk and dairy products increased compared with 1992 by 10,5% and amounted to 16.6%. The most significant share of imports in such market segments as the production of cheese, butter and dry milk products. So on the Russian milk market the share of imports for cheese bold in 2012, compared with 1995 2.4 times and amounted to 48.2% of the total market. In 2012 the volume of import of a butter in comparison with the previous year decreased by 24.4% and amounted to 108,9 thousand tons, due to reduced demand for the dairy products. Dry dairy products in 2011 the share of imports exceeded the volume of own production and amounted to 68.3%. The largest share in the import of dairy products is occupied by the Belarusian producers. So, in 2012 in domestic import of cheese and cottage cheese, Belarus ranked 27,8%, in import of milk and cream condensed and dried and 70.2%, and import of butter and other milk fats to 47.8%. Russia currently exports of milk and dairy products is not developed and therefore does not affect the state of the domestic market in this product category. So, the share of exported dairy products to shared resources is insignificant and is within 2%. As exported dairy products are the cheese, condensed milk and cream, fermented dairy products. It is worth noting that more than 90% of the Russian dairy products are exported to CIS countries, particularly Kazakhstan and Ukraine.
Thus, as a result of rating evaluation of the economic regions by the level of milk production-raw materials, the number of cows and routes on one dairy cow was revealed, that at present there is a situation when the Central areas of the European part of the Russian Federation subject according to their specialization occupy a leading position in all the above options, inferior areas with milk-meat and dairy and beef.
Also this study suggests that the dairy industry as a whole in the country and in all regions of the Russian Federation is not without exceptions, is in a difficult and critical situation that is due to the transition from the Central government to the market type of management and, as consequence, crisis of agro-industrial complex as a whole. This circumstance is confirmed by the following facts: milk production by all categories of farms in 2012 below the pre-reform level by 42.7 %, and the livestock of dairy herds by 59.9%.
However, according to experts, Russia's accession to the WTO, import of dairy products will increase by 17.6 % to 9.3 million. so in 2014, compared with 2010. Thus, foreign companies on the
market of dairy products will continue to strengthen its position, displacing the domestic producers. Undoubtedly, in such conditions of severe competition without government support will lead to the fact that many Russian milk-processing enterprises go bankrupt and leave the market, and achievement of the indicators of food security Doctrine in the dairy products will be impossible. In order to solve the problems of dairy industry, selfsufficiency in the region of goods of the local production, as well as in the conditions of Russia's entry into the world trade organization requires comprehensive system solutions, which must have long-term character. State complex program of development of agriculture 2013-2020 provides for the continuation of the financial support of the most significant branches of agroindustrial complex, one of which, undoubtedly, is the dairy industry. In addition, the program aims to provide targeted assistance to the regions in the most promising directions of the agrarian sector-to-determine - the task of the regions themselves.
REFERENCES
1. Regions Of Russia. Socio-economic indicators. 2012: Stat. collection / Rosstat. - M, 2012. - 659 C.
2. Industry Of Russia. 2002: Стат.сб. / Goskomstat Of Russia. - M, 2002. - 459 c.
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7. Order of the Ministry of health and social development of the Russian Federation (Ministry of health of 2 August 2010 N 593н Moscow «on approval Of recommendations for rational norms of consumption of food products, which meet modern requirements of healthy nutrition» [Electronic resource]. URL: http:// www.minzdravsoc.ru [ 25.09.2013 ].
8. Russian President decree of January 30, 2010 N 120 «On approval of the Doctrine of food security of the Russian Federation» [Electronic resource]. URL: http:// www.mcx.ru [25.09.2013].
ROLE OF PHYSICAL TRAINING AND SPORTS UNDER CONDITIONS OF THE YOUTH'S HEALTH PRESERVATION AND PROMOTION, THEIR SOCIAL ADAPTATION, PERSONAL
AND PROFESSIONAL BECOMING
ABSTRACT. ONE OF THE ACTUAL SOCIAL PROBLEMS IS PROFESSIONAL BECOMING OF FUTURE EXPERTS WHO ARE READY TO RESEARCH, CREATIVE WORK AND REALIZATION OF OWN PROFESSIONAL AND PERSONAL POTENTIAL, AND ALSO ARE HEALTHY AND PHYSICALLY STRONG. THE AUTHOR CARRIES OUT THE RESEARCH AND ALLOCATES A NUMBER OF ORGANIZATIONAL AND PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS OF PREPARING LESSONS OF PHYSICAL TRAINING, THE REALIZATION OF WHICH POSITIVELY INFLUENCES ON FURTHER PERSONAL, SOCIAL AND PROFESSIONAL BECOMING OF STUDENTS.
KEYWORDS: THE PROCESS OF TRAINING, ORGANIZATIONAL AND PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS OF LESSONS, PHYSICAL FITNESS, SOCIAL AND PROFESSIONAL ADAPTATION, PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL BECOMING.
MICHAEL GNEZDILOV
CANDIDATE OF PEDAGOGIC SCIENCES, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AT THE CHAIR OF PHYSICAL TRAINING, KUZBASS STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER T.F. GORBACHEV
At the present stage of the society development one of the most actual problems of education is personal and professional becoming of future experts. It is necessary to notice that employers' requirements grow. So, future experts have to orientate simultaneously in information streams, to solve business questions, to come into interpersonal contacts, etc. A modern enterprise needs, on the one hand, an expert with encyclopedic knowledge who can also think creatively and critically, ready to research, creative work and realization of his or her own professional and personal potential, socially and professionally adapted, on the other hand, hardworking, healthy and physically strong.
Social and professional adaptation is an integrative parameter of a person's conditions reflecting his or her abilities to carry out certain social and professional functions; adequate perception of social realm; adequate system of relations and communication with other people; ability to work, selfservice and interactive service at home and work, variability (adaptability) of behavior according to other people's role expectations [1].
A social symbol of adulthood and manhood is teenagers' physical ageing. At this stage the change of social roles and ambitions frequently leads to a so-called syndrome of physical defect fear. In
