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4РАСТЕНИЯ С АДАПТОГЕННОИ И АНТИГИПОКСАНТНОИ АКТИВНОСТЬЮ
(Обзор литературы)
Абдиназаров Иброхим Туйчиевич
Институт химии растительных веществ АНРУз Саноев Зафар Исомиддинович
Институт химии растительных веществ АНРУз Ташкентский государственный стоматологический институт
В обзорной статье представлены данные о распространенности, химическом составе, общей фармакологической активности, а также специфической адаптогенной и антигипоксической активности лекарственных растений, широко используемых в практике, на основе статей, опубликованных в отечественных и зарубежных журналах за последние годы. Описаны компоненты, биологически активные вещества этих растений, а также особенности их применения в медицинской практике.
Ключевые слова: женьшень, радиола, адаптоген, антигипоксант, фармакологическая активность, применение.
ADAPTOGEN VA ANTIGIPOKSANTFAOLLIKKA EGA BO'LGAN O'SIMLIKLAR
(Adabiyotlar sharxi)
Tahliliy maqolada so'nggi yillarda mahalliy va xorijiy jurnallarda chop etilgan maqolalar asosida amaliyotda keng qo'llaniladigan dorivor o'simliklarning tarqalishi, kimyoviy tarkibi, umumiy farmakologik faolliklari hamda spetsifik adaptogen va gipoksiyaga qarshi faolliklari to'g'risida ma'lumotlar keltirilgan. Ushbu o'simliklarning tarkibiy qismlari, biologik faol moddalari hamda ularning tibbiyot amaliyotida qo'llanilishining o'ziga xos xususiyatlari bayon etilgan.
Kalit so'zlar: jenshen, radiola, adaptogen, antigipoksant, farmakologik faollik, qo'llanilishi.
PLANTS WITHADAPTOGENICAND ANTIHYPOXANTACTIVITY
(Literature review)
The review article presents data on the prevalence, chemical composition, general pharmacological activity, as well as specific adaptogenic and antihypoxic activity of medicinal plants widely used in practice, based on articles published in domestic and foreign journals in recent years. The components, biologically active substances of these plants, as well as the features of their use in medical practice are described.
Keywords: ginseng, radiola, adaptogen, antihypoxant, pharmacological activity, application.
Kirish. Adaptogenlarning faol moddalari inson tanasining mudofaasini uyg'un tarzda safarbar qiladi, to'qima almashinuviga ta'sir qiladi, ekstremal tashqi ta'sirlarni keltirib chiqaradigan, jismoniy va aqliy faoliyatini normallashtiragan yoki oshiradigan kasalliklarning rivojlanishini oldini oladi. Adaptogenlar - stimulyatorlar va tonusni oshiradigan dorilar o'rtasidagi asosiy farq barqaror dinamik muvozanatni tiklash, ishlashni yaxshilash va samaradorlikni oshirish, bu ularni qabul qilish boshlanishidan oldingi dastlabki darajaga qaytmaydi. Antigipoksant faollikdagi preparatlar esa organizmni kislorodga bo'lgan ehtiyojini kamaytirib, og'ir kasalliklarda va yuklamalarda chidamlilikni oshirishga sababchi bo'ladi. O'simlik asosida olinadigan preparatlar tibbiy xususiyatlarga ega bo'lgan yoki dorivor xossaga ega turli o'simliklarning barglari, ildizlari, urug'lari, po'stlog'i, mevalari, poyalari yoki gullaridan ishlab chiqariladi. O'simlik dori-darmonlari FDA tomonidan farmatsevtika sanoatida tartibga solinmaganligi sababli, ular sotilishidan oldin
retsept bo'yicha dori-darmonlarni qabul qiladigan keng ko'lamli sinovlardan o'tishlari shart emas [1]. O'simliklar tarkibining asosiy qismlari uglevodlar, oqsillar, lipidlar va nuklein kislotalar hamda ikkilamchi metabolitlari terpenoidlar, flovanoidlar, alkaloidlar va fenol birikmalari muhim ahaniyat kasb etadi. Bular antiaterogen, gepatoprotektor, mikroblarga qarshi, virusga qarshi, antibakterial, o'smaga qarshi, allergiyaga qarshi, trombolitik, kardioprotektor va vazodilatator kabi biologik faolliklari uchun keng qadrlanadi [2]. Bu biologik xususiyatlar bilan bir qatorda antioksidant va oksidlanish-qaytarilish xususiyatlari bilan ajralib turadi va ular erkin radikallarni zararsizlantirishda hal qiluvchi rol o'ynaydi [3]. Organizm darajasida adaptogenlarning ta'sir qilish tartibi ba'zan yengil deb ataladi. Buni tekshiruvlarda kortikosteronning pastroq chiqishi bilan kuzatish mumkin adaptogenni olgan sub'ektlarda eksperimental ravishda qo'zg'atilgan stress sharoitlari taqqoslandi ushbu stressga qarshi vosita berilmaganlarni nazorat qilish uchun [4]. Bundan tashqari, o'simlik moddalari turli xil farmakologik ta'sirga, shu jumladan yallig'lanishga qarshi faolliklni namoyon qiladi. Eleutherococcus senticosus, Rhodiola rosea ekstraktlari izolyatsiya qilingan miya hujayralarida yallig'lanish yuzaga keltiradigan leykotriyenlar hujayra biosintezini boshqaradigan asosiy genlarning faolligini kamaytiradi [5]. Bundan tashqari, ko'plab tadqiqotlar taniqli adaptogen, Panax ginsengning yallig'lanishga qarshi salohiyatini mavjudligini isbotlaydi [6]. Shuningdek uning faolligi molekulyar darajada, in vitro modellarida ham tasdiqlandi. Hozirgacha ma'lum bo'lganidek, molekulyar darajada faol adaptogenlarning birikmalari antioksidant fermentlarni, neyropeptidlarni (masalan, NPY), o'sishni qo'zg'atadigan va apoptozni ingibirlovchi omillar (masalan, BDNF) hamda signalizatsiya yo'llari asoslantirilgan [7]. Ushbu faollik neyrodegenerativ kasalliklarni davolashda muhim rol o'ynaydi [8]. Texnik uzum navlari asosida olingan ekstrakt eksperimental tajribalar asosida isbotlangan gipoksiyaga qarshi faollikni namoyon qilganligini ko'rish mumkin [9]. Tribulus Terrestris L. ekstrakti turli dozalarda laboratoriya hayvonlarida o'tkazilgan tajribalarda gipoksiyaga qarshi faollikni namoyon qilgan [10]. Bir guruh olimlar tomonidan [11-20] o'tkazilgan tajribalarda o'simlik tarkibidan va yarim sintez yo'li bilan ajratib olingan alkoloidlar turli xil psixofarmakologik faolliklarni, jumladan, depressiyaga qarshi, tutqanoqqa qarshi, neyroleptik, psixostimullovchi va boshqa markaziy nerv tizimiga ta'sir ko'rsatuvchi faolliklari haqida ma'lumotlar keltirilgan.
Quyida yuqori adaptogen faolliklarni namoyon qiluvchi o'simliklar haqida ma'lumotlarni keltirib o'tamiz.
Panax Ginseng
Panax ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.) o'simligini 2000 yildan ortiq vaqt davomida foydalanib kelishmoqda [21]. Ilgari ginsengning poyalari, barglari va asosan ildizlari ishlatilgan. Ekstraktlar inson tanasida gomeostazni ta'minlash, charchoq va zaiflikni davolash, immunitetni oshirish va gipertenziya, diabetning 2 turi va erektil disfunktsiyani davolash uchun tayyorlangan va ishlatilgan [21-24]. Xitoy an'anaviy tibbiyotida ginseng ekstraktlari nootrop moddalar va tonusni oshiruvchi vosita sifatida ishlatilgan [22-24]. Panax ginsengining adaptogen ta'sirining aniq mexanizmi noma'lum, ammo u gipotalamus-gipofiz-buyrak usti bezi o'qiga ta'sir qiladi va antioksidant faollikni ham namoyon qiladi [25-27]. Panax ginseng ekstraktini qabul qilish plazma lipid profilining yaxshilanishi va qon glyukoza darajasi bilan bog'liq. Panax ginseng ekstraktlari yurak-qon tomir kasalliklari, giperlipidemiya va diabet bilan og'rigan bemorlarning ratsioniga kiritilishi mumkin. O'simlikdan olingan ekstraktlar nafaqat kognitiv funktsiyani va xotira funktsiyalarini oshiradi, balki uyqu va charchoqni yaxshilaydi. Panax ginseng ekstrakti jiddiy nojo'ya ta'sirlarga ega emas [28-37]. Ekstraktning xavfsizligi e'tiborga olinadigan yana bir foyda.
Eleutherococcus Senticosus
Sibir ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus ((Rupr. va Maksim.) Maksim.) birinchi 19-asrda Porfiry Kirilov tomonidan tasvirlangan edi [38]. Uning adaptogen ta'siri Rossiyada 1960-1970 yillarda keng o'rganilgan [39]. Sportchilarda o'simlik ekstraktlaridan foydalanish bo'yicha birinchi
ma'lumotlar Rossiyadan xabar qilingan. Bugungi kunda o'simlik ekstraktlari nafaqat butun dunyo sportchilari, balki sport bilan faol shug'ullanmaydigan boshqa ko'plab iste'molchilar tomonidan ham qo'llaniladi.
Fitokimyoviy tarkibi fenilpropanoid-syringindan iborat; lignanlar—sesamin; saponinlar— daucosterol; kumarinlar, terpenoidlar, flavonoidlar, organik kislotalar va vitaminlar [40,41]. Eleutherococcus senticosus ildizining ekstraktlari olinadi, immunitet tizimini rag'batlantiradi, tashqi omillarga moslashishga ta'sir qiladi, aqliy va jismoniy, xotira funktsiyalarini yaxshilaydi, gipoglikemik va yallig'lanishga qarshi ta'sirga ega [40,41]. Eleutherococcus senticosus gipotalamus-gipofiz-adrenal o'qiga ta'sir qilish orqali uning adaptogen faollikni namoyon qiladi deb o'ylashadi [40].
Rhaponticum Carthamoides
Rhaponticum carthamoides (Rhaponticum carthamoides IIjin.) Rossiya, Xitoy va Mo'g'ulistonda asrlar davomida ishlatilgan ko'p yillik o't [42]. O'simlik Leuzea sifatida ham tanilgan. O'simlikning ekstraktlari zaiflik [42,43], o'pka kasalliklari, buyrak kasalliklari, isitma va angina [44] ni davolash uchun ishlatilgan.
1969 yilda Brexman va Dardimov bu o'simlikni adaptogen sifatida tasnifladilar [42]. So'nggi o'n yilliklarda Rhaponticum carthamoides ildizi ekstrakti bo'lgan mahsulotlardan foydalanish oshdi. Ekstrakt odamlarga juda ko'p foydali ta'sir ko'rsatadi: yuqori jismoniy chidamlilik, anabolik ta'sir, gipoxolesterinemik ta'sir, neyroprotektiv ta'sir, diabetga qarshi xususiyatlar, oksidlanishga qarshi va immunitetning oshishi [42]. Ekdisteroidlar tufayli yuzaga keladigan mexanizm steroid va estrogen retseptorlari bilan emas, balki signal uzatish yo'llari bilan bog'lanadi [45].
Rhodiola rosea
An'anaviy tibbiyotda (Rhodiola rosea L.) jismoniy chidamlilikni oshiradigan, charchoq, depressiya va asab tizimining buzilishlariga ta'sir qiluvchi adaptiv vosita sifatida tavsiflanadi. Ilgari Osiyoda gripp va sovuqni davolash uchun ishlatilgan va sil kasalligida foydalanish haqida xabar berilgan. Yevropaning Skandinaviya qismida o'simlik ekstraktlari jismoniy chidamlilikni oshirish uchun ishlatilgan [46].
O'simlikning fitokimyoviy tarkibida oltita birikma guruhi ustunlik qiladi: fenilpropanoidlar, feniletanol hosilalari, flavonoidlar, fenolik kislotalar va mono - va triterpen [47]. Asosiy feniletanol hosilalari salidrosid (rhodioloside), para-tirozol va fenilpropanoid-rosavin. Ular Rhodiola rosea [46,48] ning adaptogen va ergogen ta'siri uchun ham javobgardir. Rhodiola roseaning adaptogen ta'siri norepinefrin va serotonin darajasini oshirish orqali miya yarim sharining faollashishi bilan bog'liq. Bundan tashqari, u kortikotropin-ozod gormonlar, kortikotropin, kortizol va epinefrin [46, 49] darajasini kamaytirish, gipotalamus-gipofiz-buyrak usti o'qi tizimiga ta'sir qiladi.
Shisandra chinensis
Schisandra chinensis (Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Garov) birinchi marta 200 yil oldin kitobda Shennong BenCao Jing tasvirlangan, yo'tal va astma uchun chora sifatida ishlatilgan [50]. Ilgari Schisandra chinensis mevalari va urug'lari tungi ko'rishni yaxshilash, ochlik, chanqoqlik va charchoqni kamaytirish uchun ishlatilgan. 1960 yilda Rossiyada o'simlikning adaptogen xususiyatlari isbotlangan [51]. Schisandra chinensis mevalari bugungi kunda [50-53] ishlatiladi. Barcha fitokimyoviy moddalar sitotoksik, antioksidant, neyroprotektiv, gepatoprotektiv, jismoniy kuchning oshishi, stressdan himoya qiluvchi, yallig'lanishga qarshi [51, 54] kabi foydali ta'sirlarni namoyon qiladi. Schisandra chinensisning adaptogen ta'siri va antioksidant ta'siri kortikotropinni chiqaradigan gormon darajasini pasaytirish orqali gipotalamus-gipofiz-buyrak usti o'qi tizimiga ta'siri bilan bog'liq.
Xulosalar. Tabiiy adaptogenlar organizmning turli xil stress omillari ta'sirida stress o'zgarishiga chidamliligini oshirish qobiliyatiga ega. Sintetik adaptogenlardan farqli o'laroq, tabiiy
juda boy fitokimyoviy tarkibga ega ekstraktlardir. Ularning adaptogen xususiyatlari bitta molekulaga emas, balki turli moddalarning birikmasiga bog'liq. Odamlar tomonidan tabiiy adaptogenlardan foydalanish boy tarixga ega-ular kasallikdan, jismoniy zaiflikdan, aqliy funktsiyaning buzilishidan va boshqa holatlardan tiklanishda ishlatilgan. Taxminan 50 yil davomida o'simlik adaptogenlari organizmning chidamliligini oshirish va jismoniy chidamliligini oshirishi yuqori salohiyati tufayli professional sportchilar tomonidan qo'llanilgan. Hozirgi kunda eng ko'p ishlatiladigan o'simlik adaptogenlari Panax ginseng, Eleutherococcus senticosus va Rhaponticum carthamoides hisoblanadi. 2020 yildan beri Leuzea ekstraktiga boy ecdysterone VADA monitoring dasturiga kiritilgan va taqiqlangan ro'yxatga kiritish istiqbollari mavjud. Rhodiola rosea, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Panax ginseng, Schisandra chinensis va Rhaponticum carthamoides ekstraktlaridan foydalanishning afzalliklarini o'rganadigan tadqiqotlar soni cheklangan. Shu bilan birga, ushbu o'simliklarning ekstraktlarini surunkali charchoqni, kognitiv buzilishlarni davolashga, shuningdek immunitetni kuchaytirishga qaratilgan dorivor mahsulotlarga kiritish uchun imkoniyatlar mavjud. Ko'p bosqichli tadqiqotlar yurak-qon tomir kasalliklari bilan og'rigan bemorlarda, immuniteti zaif bemorlarda va surunkali charchoq bilan og'rigan bemorlarda ekstraktlardan foydalanishni juda samarali natijalar olingan.
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