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of personal “uniqueness” a scientific employee is initially pretentious and ambitious. However, organization also has its strategic aims. Considering these factors, one should strive to combine personal and organizational interests.
Individualization may be in different forms - from material rewards to participation in decision-making. Individualization as a style of management means the minimization of control and high level of confidence and self-organization of the engineering personnel. For example, planning of abroad training and participation in the conferences, financed by the enterprise, is suggested to impose on the engineers themselves. We think that only the expert may consider the real necessity of information nourishment during a particular overseas trip. In this case he must be responsible for the results of such trip before his colleagues and management. It is desirable to give s certain freedom to leading employees, to find virtual ways of communication- via personal computer or mobile phone. Initiative and creative people are capable to organize their working day, orienting not on making man-hours, but on a final product - science-consuming product. Moreover, as it is known, the periods of cerebral activity depend on personal abilities of each employee. As far as creative and intellectual activity are primary in the personnel activity, the following factors must be treated very seriously, giving opportunity for certain specialists- innovators to start a working day later (earlier), to have flexible, close to free, schedule of work.
5. Career-qualifying stimulating. Many scholars fix the preferential orientations of specialists not at escalating the
administrative stairs but at increasing of the expert status. In other words, the majority of scientific employees are deprived classical vertical career ambitions, connected with inevitable deprofessionalisation and retraining to a pure manager. Professionals prefer to work according their specialty and at the same time to improve their qualification.
In this case the organization management faces two challenges, linked with the regulation of career motives: refining “horizon” variants of professional career, alternative to “vertical”, ensuring the perception of their equal meaningfulness and prestigiousness by the employees.
If a man demonstrates creative qualities and suggests something crucially new, one may settle the question of his pay-rise, and subordination status. One of the variants is to put a specialist at the head of temporal creative group, ex. actually to recognize his right to be a think-tank of this group. Horizontal career may occur in the same official frames (not fixing juridical), but satisfaction from such horizontal movements gives a strong motivation impetus for a specialist.
6. Social meaningfulness of job. The feeling of involvement to business, useful for the country's branch definitely affects a satisfaction from a job.
Summing it up, it should be ascertained that a specialist, brining profit to the organization during his innovative activity, may expect a relative moral and material reward. In other case, the badly needed innovative constituent in industrial indices of domestic organizations will remain at the extremely low level.
удк 658.1:662.7 V.K. Markov
RAISING EFFICIENCY OF THE COUNTRY'S OIL AND GAS ENTERPRISES
The author points to the importance of government regulation in the development of oil and gas complex in Russia. The special attention in work is paid to transition of oil and gas complex to an innovative way of development.
Key words: an oil and gas complex, innovations, enterprises, service.
В.К. Марков
ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ НЕФТЕГАЗОВОГО КОМПЛЕКСА СТРАНЫ
Автор указывает на важность государственного регулирования развития нефтегазового комплекса России. Особое внимание отводится переходу нефтегазового комплекса на инновационный путь развития.
Ключевые слова: нефтегазовый комплекс, инновации, предприятия, сервис.
Oil and gas complex was very important during the Soviet period and today plays an important role in Russian economy (it has the largest share of income to the state budget and of Russian export). Oil and gas complex during a long period of time had rise indices of extraction of hydro carbonic resources and their export.
In the first half of 2000 it was connected with the expanding of export capacities, and mainly with formation Baltic pipeline system and use of railroad transports, intensification of development of current deposits and expanding investment capacities of the oil companies due to the growth of world oil price. During the last years the
rate of growth of oil production essentially decreased. If in 2002-2004 years the growth of oil production reached only 8,9-11% per year, then in 2006-2007 the annual growth made 2,1%, and in 2008 for the first time for the last years there was a decrease in oil production. This is an evident sign of the resource exhaustion due to increasing oil production in the country and intensification of the development of functioning deposit, which indicates the necessity of more active actions to develop new oil fields.
The observing decrease of growth rate of oil development is explained by objective worsening of conditions of oil extraction first of all. Significant part of the exploiting
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deposits entered a stage of declining production, and new fields are characterized by the worst mining-geological and geographical features, the development of which demands raising of capital, exploitation and shipping expenditures.
In 2009 the oil development growth was renewed, though its increase was rather low (1,2% compared with the previous year). In 2010 the oil development growth amounted to 2,1%, which was on the level of growth rate of 2005-2007. Introduction of several large new deposits on the north of European part of the country and in the East Siberia had a positive impact on oil production dynamics. Also the introduction of some amendments of the Tax Code of RF, aimed at decreasing of tax burden on the oil sector, stimulation of extended development of the exploited deposits and development of new regions of deposits had a positive effect.
Recent years oil processing grew faster than it's processing, that was caused mainly by accelerated growth of oil products export, stimulated by lower export taxes compared to the export taxes on crude oil.
In 2005-2010 the growth rate of primary oil processing amounted to 3,2 - 6,2% (excluding 2009 year), the growth rate of oil extraction - 1,2-2,2% per year (excluding 2008 year).
As a result a share of oil processing in its development increased from 42,5% in 2004 to 49,4 % in 2010; however it is lower the level of 2000-2001 years, when the half of extracted oil was processed. But the intensity of oil processing has not changed for the last decades and in 2010 it amounted only 71,2% that was at the level of 2000 year (it should be noted that in developed countries the intensity of oil processing is 90-95%). Efficiency of oil processing and quality of produced oil products in Russia is still essentially lower of the world level.
Mark, that the largest volumes of oil were produced by petroleum companies “Rosneft”, “Lookoil”, MNC-BP, “Sur-gutneftegas” and “Gasprom”. The share of these five companies is equal to 75% of general oil extraction in the country The share of middle-sized companies (“Tatneft”, “Slavneft”, “Bashneft”) equals to 14,2% of general oil production. 2,9% of Russian oil was developed by the operators of agreement on division of production in 2010 year The share of other producers, among which there are 100 small oil- producing organizations, is 7,6%, and share of the state (federal ownership) companies in all-Russian oil- production is 30,8%. Compare - the share of “Rosneft” and “Gasprom” in all-Russian oil- production in 2003, i.e. before they took over the assets of private oil companies, was only - 7,3%. “Gasprom” traditionally dominated in gas-production. At the same time, as far as decreasing of gas production took place due to “Gasprom”, its share in all-Russian gas production in 2009-2010 dropped a bit (to 77,2% in 2010). The share of other gas producers: “NO-VATAC” company, SRP operators and other producers increased. The share of the state (federal ownership) companies in all-Russian gas-production amounted to 79,8% [6, p. 272-273].
Among the important events in 2010 in oil-gas sphere are: signing an agreement on realization of shelf projects of 'ROSNEFT' together with foreign corporations; introduction of shelf deposit named after U. Korchagin on the Northern Kaspy in the industrial development; provision of full project capacity of Urkhar gas-condensation deposit,
launch of the first turn of oil-producing enterprise in Nizh-nykamsk , the volume of which is - 7 mln. tons of oil annually; laying of gas-pipe “Nord Stream” in the sea area; and launch of gas-pipe from Nizhnykvachinsk gas-condensa-tion deposit to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and introduction of main oil- pipe “Scovorodino-Mokhe” with capacity -15 mln tons per year
Today the complex has a number of problems, which have a negative affect on efficiency of oil-gas companies’ work. To them we refer: unsatisfactory activity of majority companies to reproduce mineral- raw materials source and irrational use of entrails; the lack of efficient utilization system in the oil-gas sphere in our country and lack of efficient use of the oil associated gas; high level of deterioration of basic funds at the oil-gas processing enterprises; low rates of usage of new technologies and innovations.
In this situation we need to increase efficiency of work of oil-gas enterprises themselves, and create conditions to ensure effective work for the country's interests (in this case the role of the governmental participation in the development of oil-gas sector should be noticeable). A state must be not only a regulator of the economic relations, but a participant of oil-gas business.
The final approval of the main program documents on development of oil-gas complex is strategically important. The General scheme of oil brunch development till 2020 is prepared. The improvement of its agreement with federal agencies of executive power is under way, and at the beginning of the second quarter of 2011 the document will be submitted to the Government of RF. The general scheme of gas industry development till 2030 will be submitted to the government in the nearest time. Active work on realization of gas-petrol-chemistry plan of Russia till 2030 is under way. The first stage of the necessary program has been elaborated already. The second stage elaboration will be finished in October 2011. The other important documents of the program - Complex plan of development of liquefied natural gas production at the Yamal peninsular, Program of complex development of hydro-carbon raw material deposit of the Yamal-Nenetsky autonomous district and North of the Krasnoyarsk region till 2020, have been already elaborated and approved.
In the frames of improving of the normative-juridical basis in the oil-gas complex the project of a federal law on the foundations of state regulation of production, processing and shipping of oil and oil-products was elaborated and introduced to the Government of RF.
The most important tasks are - enhancement of economic efficiency and realization of new projects in the sphere of oil-gas production. The decisions, concerning the lowering of the export taxes for deposits of Kaspy pool -named after U. Korchagin and V. Philanovsky, have been adopted and fulfilled. A work aimed at increasing of economic efficiency of the oil-gas complex will be continued in 2011. First of all it concerns realization of the projects on the territory the Yamalo-Nenetsky autonomous district (Yamal peninsular), intensification of the oil development at the small deposits, introduction of cycling-process technology -development of gas-condensation deposits with maintaining of the stratal pressure.
Among the paramount tasks is the elaboration and final approval of a new taxation system. It will be adaptive to changing macroeconomic conditions, increase the invest-
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ment attractiveness of the development of new deposits, including deposits on the continental shelf. This work is done by the correspondent federal agencies of the executive power [7].
The support of the development and introduction of the competitive technique and technologies, renovation, modernization and introduction of new capacities at the oil-gas complex enterprises - are the steps to the growth of efficient functioning of these enterprises in Russia. According to A.M. Petrov, it is very important to provide technique and technological renovation, introduction of the advanced innovations in the main industries of Russia. These given directions must be reflected in corresponding program-target developments, useful to ensure the effective development of branches, complexes of the country's economy [5, p. 44].
The introduction of innovations for the oil branch of the complex implies:
1. Increasing the efficiency of geological prospecting, including:
- essential improving of the role of distant (aerospace) methods for regional and exploration work;
- elaboration and output of the equipment of new generation and measuring apparatus for practical realization at different stages of geological prospecting process high-precision and informative technologies of geophysical researches by domestic industry;
- design and a wide introduction of domestic software for ensuring processing of geological-geophysical information and creation of digital models of geological objects of various hierarchical level;
- Introduction of the interrelated (through stages of all geological prospecting process) system of technical regulation in mineral wealth usage;
- Increasing of the extract coefficient of hydro-carbonate resources via usage of current methods of enhancement of gas-oil recovery of the stratus. It is necessary to introduce intensively tertiary methods (thermal, gas, chemical, microbiological).
2. Development of technologies in extraction and shipping of oil, including:
- development and wide introduction of technologies and equipment, providing efficient development of difficult for extraction oil-storage;
- development and mastering of technological complexes for boring and development in a sea shelf and continental slope;
- improving of technology of construction and exploitation of geological prospecting and oilfield objects in difficult nature- climatic conditions;
- improving and extended usage of the current and creation of new methods of processing of the stratus and increasing of oil- recovery;
3. Use of perspective technologies in processing of the oil raw material, aimed at optimization of schemes of deep processing, including:
- advanced development of technological complexes to intensify oil processing and increasing the production quality;
- introduction of modern technologies for catalytic reforming of benzenes, hydro fining of diesel fuel and fuel for jet engines, isomerization, dearomatization, hydrodepara-phinization, and getting of oxygen- containing highly active additions.
4. Increasing of energy efficiency and lowering of loss at different technological stages of production in the oil industry:
- in oil producing - decrease of oil consuming for technological needs and losses, increasing of oil- recovery, optimization of work of oil well, oil control and registration improving;
-in oil transportation - reconstruction of oil-pipe line objects and system organization of technological regimes of work;
- reduction of loss of oil, introduction of automated management and telemechanics systems, improving the technical state of oil-refining aggregates, wide introduction of tanks with floating roof;
- in oil-processing - increasing of intensity of processing, full use of gases of processing, automatization of the optimum running of technological chain regimes [3, p. 9].
In gas industry it is necessary to use actively the results of innovative activity. Especially important is the use of new technologies to decrease energy and material losses while preparing and transportation of gas, to increase gas transportation security.
It should be specially emphasized, that development of the arctic shelf demands new scientific and technique approaches, concerning specifity of the sea deposits and formation of the infrastructure in extreme climate conditions.
To exploit hydro carbonate resources of the arctic seas shelf it is necessary to provide a complex exploration of the arctic areas with a relative infrastructure of the sea and pipe-line transport.
Qualitative renovation of the current technical means and formation of HT equipment of new generation will involve the essential volume of applied research and development work in a wide range of issues, connected with elaboration of modern technologies and technique means for oil well drilling, transportation and processing of hydro carbonate raw materials of sea deposits, and also research in the sphere of scientific, technical, normative - methodological provision of the shelf projects. Vulnerability of the Arctic natural complexes causes the necessity to shape a strategy of a stable development of Arctic on quite new basis, considering the running changes of climate in Arctic zone and ever increasing anthropogenic impact on the current processes, linked with industrial activity of a man.
It is necessary to conduct fundamental and applied scientific research, implementations the results of which would minimize the damage of interference of human beings in the environment. Preserving of the ecological balance of the sea and geological environment in the districts of performance and in the ways of transportation of the oil products must be chief (if not basic) task of activity of the shelf exploration. As many specialists emphasize, continental shelf regions are characterized by low level of intensity of natural biological clearing that in case of oil overflow may bring about a prolonged pollution of the sea water, bottom depositions and atmosphere. These factors require special demands to create facilities and exploitation of deposits, that implies formation of powerful, and the main thing - accident-free system of ecological protection [2, p. 4-5].
The state must play a meaningful role in provision of energy safety, based on not only the resource constituent,
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but on high intellectual- technological potential, embodied in service and gas-oil equipment. Valid development of service is connected with the issues of shifting of economy to the sphere of high technologies, providing the decision of questions of energy efficiency, resource-saving, energy safety and finally realization of foreign-policy and economic aims of the state. That's why it is very important to create conditions for accelerating development of HT industry of the oil-gas service on the basis of implementation of the best domestic developments in the sphere of information technologies and highly efficient apparatus decisions, formation of new scientific staff and scientific-industrial cooperation connections. Today there is a number specialized management systems of activity of vertically integrated companies of the oil-gas industry. For instance, nowadays there is a great variety of models and program complexes, realizing the particular transportation systems, exactly of hydro carbonic resources. Similar program complexes are essentially oriented at specifity of the industry. For example, among them are -automated systems of management in pipe- line transport of oil and oil-products, systems of management of transport logistics: «SAP for Railways», «SAP for Logistics», «Microsoft NaviTrans», “1c BIT Nova” and others. There are systems of management of processing of the primary resource, for example, oil-processing. The products of company “ Aspen Technology” is widely known : Aspen PIMS - economic -technological system of designing of oil processing enterprise (OPE), Aspen DPO
- system of optimization of delivery plan and distribution of the oil products [1, p. 13].
Oil-gas service, ensuring reproduction of mineral- raw material base of hydro carbonic raw materials, deposit exploration, realization of rational development of deposits, is a key element of the energy and technological safety. Oil-gas service promotes to decide the priority tasks of economy modernization in increasing of energy efficiency and provision of energy-saving.
To reach essential technological progress in the oil-gas industry is possible by purposeful implementation of new technologies in oil-gas service, which will provide:
- increasing of labor efficiency in oil-gas deposits explorations;
- increasing of efficiency of functioning of borehole cavities;
- rational and efficient use of resource deposit potential;
- implementation of operations to extract oil and gas with appropriate level of ecological safety [4, p. 182-184].
Government bodies through using of various methods and instruments must create conditions for effective development of oil-gas complex. The fact should be pointed out, that the work of oil-gas complex of Russia depends on activity of many government bodies, including executive bodies: Ministry of energy, Ministry of industry and trade of Russian Federation.
According to the adopted Resolution of the Russian Federation of May 28 2008 № 400 on “Ministry of Energy of Russian Federation”, Minenergo of Russia is a federal body of the executive power, performing functions for elaboration and realization of the state policy and normative-juridical regulation in the sphere of fuel and energy complex, including oil-producing, oil-refining, oil, gas and oil-prod-ucts- pipe main line. Ministry of Energy of RF possesses some authorities such as to approve annual and quarterly
balances of oil-products and liquefied hydrocarbon gases, norms of technological losses of hydrocarbon raw materials during producing, transportation of products of its refining by pipe line, defining perspective projects of pipe line construction.
Russian Ministry of Energy focuses on stimulation of investments to development of deposits and transport infrastructure, formation and development new large centers of oil and gas production, ensuring deposit's development on the shelf, increasing of efficiency of energy resources' use in the economic branches, encouraging the introduction of sophisticated technologies of oil and gas producing and refining, provision of dynamic and steady development of oil-gas complex' branches.
To renovate basic production funds of the oil and gas complex enterprises, Ministry of Trade and Industry of RF is charged to ensure development of engineering industry for stable supply of the competitive and available technique for oil-gas domestic enterprises and create conditions for timely and qualitative service.
It should be specially noted that, the activity of Russian companies of oil and gas complex is done in a complex and highly competitive world. Large international corporations and oil and gas companies occupy dominating position on the market and try to strengthen its influence in various regions of the world. Entering the international markets, they base on the active state support (USA, China, Japan, etc.). That's why the most important constituent of protection of Russian gas and oil companies abroad is ensuring of complex state support, including a financial one, aimed at reinforcement of competitive positions of Russian suppliers, promotion of domestic products with high added value on the perspective markets. It is necessary to provide systematic development of new centers of oil and gas production on the continental shelf as well, and growth of efficient processing of hydrocarbon resources processing, increasing of usage level of associated gas, and increase of innovative efforts in oil and gas complex. One of the priorities must be ensuring of innovative development of oil and gas complex' enterprises.
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