CC BY
17UDK: 616.8+378.147+614.253.4
Tymoschuk O. V.
Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine Associate Professor of the Department of Hygiene and Ecology DOI: 10.24411/2520-6990-2019-10468 PSYCHO-HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF THE WAY IN WHICH LEADING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY OF STUDENTS AT THE MODERN EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES ARE FORMED
Summary
Study of the issue of psychological adaptation of the student to the new conditions of training in modern educational institutions of different types involves, first of all, the specification of the concept of adaptation. The phenomenon of adaptation to the situation of studying in a higher educational institution may be understood and interpreted differently. Generally, the issue of adaptation is raised regarding new, unfamiliar situations that are essential for a person or even vital. This means that non-adaptation can with high probability lead to a person's psychological distress, and create a serious threat to their vital interests. Non-adaptability is manifested in the inadequate understanding of the situation, in the way of action, which increases the adverse and threatening situation.
The most general understanding of psychological adaptation to new unusual conditions involves the formation of psychological mechanisms through which a person ensures safety and adequate comprehension of the new situation. With successful adaptation, a person gets the opportunity for the most successful self-realization without excessive effort. Students, who find themselves in new, unfamiliar conditions have difficulty in enquiring knowledge because they have not completely developed such personal traits as: readiness to study in compliance with new requirements, the ability to learn more independently, control and evaluate themselves, have a good command of their own individual features of cognitive activity, the ability to manage and allocate properly their working time for self-training.
Key words: school students, students, psychophysiological functions, latent period, simple visual-motor reaction.
Problem statement and analysis of some recent research.
The centralpiece is the study of the peculiarities of the processes of psychophysiological activity and the processes of formation of psychophysiological functions of students and school students who were in different types of modern educational institutions [9 - 11]. In order to assess competently the degree of development of individual psychophysiological functions of the body of boys and girls, the basic indicators of the functional state of higher nervous activity, and of the visual-sensory system have been studied, as well as the effectiveness of the somato-sensory analyzer has been evaluated.
Nowadays, many fields of a person's professional and educational activity engage nervous-psychic tensions, stresses [8, 9]. Urbanization, acceleration of the pace of life, information overload increase this tension and often contribute to the emergence and development of boundary forms of neuropsychiatric pathology, which puts the issues of psycho-hygiene and psychoprophylaxis in a number of the most important tasks to protect human mental health [1, 2, 4].
Social adaptation of students is divided into the following types: professional adaptation, that is the adaptation to the nature, content, conditions and structure of the educational process, the development of life skills in educational and scientific work; social-psychological adaptation means adjustment of a person to a group, interaction in it, formation of individual style of behavior.
Socio-psychological adaptation means a person masters a role when entering a new social situation, this
is a particular process of socialization. Indicators of successful social adaptation are the high social status of a person in a particular environment, their psychological satisfaction with this environment and its most important elements such as satisfaction with the work, its organization, conditions and content, etc. Indicators of low social adaptation are the shifting of the subject into another social environment, deviations in behavior. The success of social adaptation depends on the characteristics of the environment and the subject [5, 6].
University students' motivation differs significantly from school students' motivation by its transitional nature, since it combines cognitive and professional motivation. The motives of professional activity imply the awareness of high priority needs of a person (getting higher education, self-development, self-awareness, professional development, improving of their social status, etc.), carrying out of educational tasks that encourage to study future occupation [3, 7].
The objective of the research is to identify the peculiarities of forming the leading characteristics of higher nervous activity of school students and students at modern educational institutions of different types.
Materials and methods of research.
During the study of the basic characteristics of the simple and differential visual-motor reaction among students at modern educational institutions of different types, 300 students (including 150 females and 150 males) were surveyed at five educational institutions in the city of Ivano-Frankivsk : Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpa-thian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk Finance
Commercial Cooperative College named after S.Granat, Ivano-Frankivsk music school named after Denis Sichinskiy, Ivano-Frankivsk Vocational Motor Transport and Construction Lyceum #15, Ivano-Frankivsk boarding lyceum for gifted young people from rural areas. At the research, the main characteristics of these indicators were studied in school and university communities, as well as their projection estimation by using statistical models. The technique used made it possible to determine the simple and differentiated visual-motor reaction and provided an opportunity to draw conclusions about the equilibrium of excitation and inhibition processes in the cerebral cortex [4].
Results of the research and their discussion
The results of detailed psycho-hygienic assessment of the peculiarities of the development of indicators of the functional state of higher nervous activity and especially, the indicators of the speed of the simple visual-motor reaction help to carry out an adequate and correct assessment of the degree of formation of criterion characteristics of the visual-motor coordination, which characterizes the features of the regulation of visual-motor coordination and the fulfilment of a variety of sensorimotor and motor techniques, and is the basic characteristic of adequate realization of social and necessary in the future professional sensorimotor acts and typical motor techniques, convincingly proved that among the young males and females who studied in modern educational institutions of different types,
the psychophysiological correlate, as the speed of a simple visual-motor reaction, was 158,23±2,48 ms of males and 156,89±2,49 ms (1,3%; p(t)yH>0,05) of females at the university, 163,39±2,67 ms of males and 158,78±2,49 ms (4,6%; p(t)^>0,05) of females at the lyceum, 163,72±3,11 msof males and 158,34±3,12 ms ([8, 9]5,4%; p(t)yn>0,05) of females at the music school, 165,83±2,87 ms of males and 157,72±2,49 ms (8,1%; p(t)K>0,05) of females at the college , as well as 171,45±3,75 ms of males and 159,69±2,77 ms (11,8%; p(t)m>0,05) of females at the boarding lyceum (table. 1).
Indicators of the peculiarities of the mobility of nerve processes, which characterize the level of development of the basic psycho-physiological correlates of the rate of development and alternation of excitation and inhibition processes, of irradiation processes and concentration of high-speed indicators of higher nervous activity, have revealed the following pattern and showed the indices 1,23±0,13 ms of males and 1,40±0,17 ms (0,2%; p(t)yH>0,05) of females at the university 2,06±0,20 ms of males and 1,76±2,12 ms (0,3%; p(t)^>0,05) of females of the lyceum, 1,73±0,19 ms of males and 1,70±0,18 ms (0,3%; p(t)yn>0,05) of females at the music school, 1,50±0,14 ms of boys and 1,50±0,19 ms (0,1%; p(t)K>0,05) of girls at the college, as well as 1,63±0,14 ms of males and 1,66±0,19 ms (0,1%; p(t)m>0,05) of girls at the boarding lyceum (table. 1).
Table 1.
FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF INDICATORS OF THE LEADING CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY OF STUDENTS AT MODERN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF
DIFFERENT TYPES. (M±M; N; P)
Indicators Research time Groups P(t)«-ro
Females Males
n M±m n M±m
Latent period simple visually motorized reactions, ms university 30 156,89±2,49 30 158,23±3,12 >0,05
lyceum 30 158,78±2,86 30 163,39±2,67 <0,05
music school 30 158,23±3,72 30 163,72±3,11 >0,05
college 30 157,72±2,50 30 165,83±2,87 >0,05
school 30 159,69±2,77 30 171,45±3,75 >0,05
p(t)university >0,05 >0,05
p(t) lyceum >0,05 >0,05
p(t)music school >0,05 >0,05
P(t)college >0,05 >0,05
P(t)school >0,05 >0,05
Latent period differential visually motorized reactions, ms university 30 166,75±2,17 30 171,15±2,06 >0,05
lyceum 30 167,77±2,56 30 174,03±2,43 >0,05
music school 30 167,23±2,31 30 173,95±3,01 >0,05
college 30 166,85±2,74 30 173,89±2,58 >0,05
school 30 168,31±2,11 30 174,57±2,40 >0,05
p(t)university >0,05 >0,05
p(t) lyceum >0,05 >0,05
p(t)music school >0,05 >0,05
P(t)college <0,05 <0,05
P(t)school >0,05 >0,05
Mobility of nerve processes, number disruptions Differentiation, ms university 30 1,40±0,17 30 1,23±0,13 >0,05
lyceum 30 1,76±0,21 30 2,06±0,20 >0,05
music school 30 1,70±0,18 30 1,73±0,19 >0,05
college 30 1,50±0,19 30 1,50±0,14 >0,05
school 30 1,66±0,19 30 1,63±0,02 >0,05
p(t)university >0,05 >0,05
p(t) lyceum >0,05 >0,05
p(t)music school >0,05 >0,05
P(t)college >0,05 >0,05
P(t)school >0,05 >0,05
Equilibrium of nerve processes error ms university 30 20,16±0,62 30 20,26±0,76 >0,05
lyceum 30 21,46±0,37 30 22,03±0,80 >0,05
music school 30 20,46±0,69 30 21,80±0,84 >0,05
college 30 20,33±0,58 30 20,93±1,29 >0,05
school 30 20,43±0,68 30 21,46±0,95 >0,05
p(t)university >0,05 >0,05
p(t) lyceum >0,05 >0,05
p(t)music school >0,05 >0,05
P(t)college >0,05 >0,05
P(t)school >0,05 >0,05
It should be noted that the best indicators from the point of view of adaptation, which are characterized by the lowest values of latent period of simple visual-motor reaction, were observed among boys and girls of the university. At the same time, the worst indicators in terms of adaptive-significant characteristics, and accordingly, their largest values of latent period of simple visual-motor reaction were recorded among boys and girls of the school. However, statistically significant differences
were detected only when comparing the results for boys and girls at the university and in the school. (p(t)i-3<0,001). Gender divergences detected during research were recorded only between boys and girls in the school and the college (p(t)ro-fl<0,001), particularly, a more appropriate level of development required for the urgent provision of a successful educational process for students, was typical for males at the university and the college and for females at the university (Fig. 1, 2).
Fig. 1. Indicators of comparative analysis of the peculiarities of development of separate characteristics of development of the leading psychophysiological functions of boys.
Fig. 2. Indicators of comparative analysis ofpeculiarities of development of separate characteristics of development of leading psychophysiological functions of girls.
At the same time, characteristics that describe the properties of changes of such an indicator as the speed of differential visually motorized reactions, which is responsible for the effectiveness of the fulfillment of motor acts associated with the distinguishing of positive, negative, as well as indifferent signals while performing various activities had a tendency towards a gradual decrease in the values of the LP of the visual-motor reaction in the process of making a choice, both for boys and for girls. It is necessary to mention that the best adaptation, and therefore, the smallest values of latent period of differential visually motorized reactions in the selection environment were observed among young boys and among girls who studied at the university. Alongside, the worst indicators of adaptation, and, in fact, the largest values of latent period of differential visually motorized reactions were recorded among young males and among females of the school. Deviations of negative nature, among the indicators under study, have not been detected in the process of research, and especially the expressive rapid changes in the values, which were characterized by positive values, were recorded among boys and girls of the school. Gender determined differences have not been detected in the process of research (p(t)g-b>0,05) (Fig. 1, 2).
During the research, it was found out that the best indicators of adaptation and, accordingly, the lowest indicators of the value of the number of failures of differentiation were observed among the young males and females of the university. At the same time, the most poor indicators from the point of view of adaptation and, in fact, the largest number of cases of failure of differentiated reactions were recorded among boys and girls of the lyceum.
The most significant changes in the main characteristics, which had a negative meaning, were recorded only among girls in the lyceum, at the same time; the
largest number of vivid rates of changes characterized by positive content was recorded among college boys and university girls. It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that gender-induced (p (t) g-b> 0,05), and age-determined statistically significant fluctuations of the value of the studied parameters ware not revealed.
Conclusions
1. The best indicators of adaptation, and, accordingly, the lowest indicators of the value of the number of failures of differentiation were observed among boys and girls of the university.
2. The largest number of cases of failure of differentiated reactions was recorded among boys and girls of the lyceum.
3. The most significant changes in the main characteristics under study, which had a negative nature, were recorded only among girls in the lyceum.
4. The largest number of vivid indicators of rates of change characterized by positive content was recorded among college boys and girls at the university.
In the future, we plan to study in detail latent period simple visually motorized reactions and latent period of differential visually motorized reactions in the group of experimental intervention and compare these results with those already obtained in the course of the research.
References
1. Features of the processes of development of the leading psychophysiological functions of the body of students at different stages of learning / Sergey IV, Panchuk O.Yu., Timoshchuk O.V. // Materials of the scientific and practical conference "Environment and Health", April 2728, 2018 year. -Ternopil, UkrmedkNiga, 2018. 99.
2. Modern approaches to the effective carrying out of a prognostic assessment of the state of health, functional abilities and adaptive resources of the body of
students / Sergey IV, Teklyuk RV, Tymoschuk O.V., Panchuk O.Yu., Bratkov O.Yu. ., Drezhenkova IL, Stoyan NV, Makarova O.I. // Medicine of boundary states: the theory and practice of prenosological diagnosis, treatment and prevention of occupational diseases. -Kharkov, 2018.68-75.
3. Hygienic estimation of the peculiarities of the daily routine activities, educational adaptation and the health of modern students of educational institutions of different backgrounds / Sergey IV, Mostova O.P., Ti-moschuk O.V. // Actual problems of physiology, pathology and organization of medical care school-age children and teens. Present and Future of Adolescent Medicine. -Kharkiv, 2018. 59-64.
4. Prognostic assessment of the peculiarities of the processes of psychophysiological and psychological adaptation of high school students to the conditions of staying in modern general educational institutions on the basis of statistical models / Sergey IV, Mostova O.P., Ti-moschuk O.V., Teklyuk R.V., Lukin N.Yu. // Hygiene of populated places.-2014. (64). 287-292.
5. The level of educational adaptation of girls and boys who are in modern educational institutions and the problems of comprehensive assessment of the health status of pupils of school age and adolescents / Sergeta IV, Stoyan NV, Dregenkova I. L., Mostova O. P ., Panchuk O. Yu., Teklyuk RV, Lukina N. Yu., Tymoschuk O. V. // International Journal of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology. Materials of the IX Congress of pediatricians of Ukraine "Actual problems of pediatrics". - July / August 2014; (6) .1.70.
6. Actual problems of estimating the course of psy-chophysiological, psychological and social-psychological adaptation of pupils of school age and adolescents to the conditions of education / Sergey IV, Mostova O.P., Stoyan NV, Dunets I.L., Teklyuk R.V. , Lukina N.U., Panchuk O.Yu., Timoschuk OV // International Journal of Pediatrics, Acupuncture and Gynecology. Materials of the IX Congress of pediatricians of Ukraine "Actual problems of pediatrics". - July / August 2013 (4) .1.71.
7. Kozova I.L. Studying the level of socio-psycho-logical adaptation of medical university students in the
context of modern education // Proceedings of the V International Conference of Young Scientists "Psychology - Science of the Future", Moscow: Publishing House "Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences". 2013. 279-280.
8. Kozova I.L. Comparative characteristics of the level of socio-psychological adaptation of medical students in various systems of modern education // International Journal of Applied and Basic Research. 2013.11. 141-144.
9. Methods for diagnosing students' learning motivation (A. A. Rean and V. A. Yakunin, modification N. Ts. Badmaeva) // N. Ts. Badmaeva. The influence of the motivational factor on the development of mental abilities: monograph. Ulan-Ude. 2004.151.
10. Pankratov A.N. Self-regulation of mental health: A practical guide / A.N. Pankratov. M .: Institute of Psychotherapy, 2001.168.
11. Levkivska G.P. Adaptation of freshmen in the conditions of a higher educational institution: Educational coursebook / G.P. Levkivs'ka, V.E. So-rochinskaya, VS Shtifurok .K.2001.128.
12. Rean A.A. On the values and motivation of students - university students / A.A. Rean, T.V. Andreeva, N.N. Kireeva, etc. // Ananyevskie readings - 99: Abstracts of the scientific - practical conference. - SPb., 1999.
13. Raygorodsky Ya.D. Practical psychodiagnostics. Testing and Testing Techniques: coursebook / Ya.D. Raygorodsky. Samara: BAHRAH. M. 1998. 430.
14. Bozovic L.I. Problems of personality formation / Bozhovich L.I. ; by ed. DI. Feldstein; entry Article D.I. Feldstein. 2 ed. M .: Publishing House "Institute of Practical Psychology"; Voronezh: NPO "MODEK" 1997. 352.
15. Haug G. Visions of a European Future: Bologna and Beyond, 11th EAIE Conference, Maastricht, December 1999: http://www.eaie.nl
16. Haug G., Tauch C. Summary and Conclusion. Towards the European Higher Education Area: Survey of Main Reforms from Bologna to Prague, 2001. - 5 p.
17. Seminar on Bachelor-level Degrees, Helsinki, Finland, February 2001: http://www.eaie.nl
