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PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES
PRONOUNS, ARTICLE AND NOUN IN THE FUNCTION OF ADDRESS IN ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES Ermetova J.I.1, Sabirova D.D.2 (Republic of Uzbekistan) Email: [email protected]
1Ermetova Jamila Ismailovna - Candidate of Philology, Head of Department;
2Sabirova Dilorom Davlatboyevna - Master Student, DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE, FOREIGN PHILOLOGY FACULTY,
URGENCH STATE UNIVERSITY, URGENCH, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: this article discusses the role of diverse sorts of pronouns, articles and different types of nouns in the function of address in two compared languages- English and Russian. Moreover, we tried to give full clear information related to the abbreviation of the personal name and surname as a function of address in two languages. Oppositions, the importance of ordinate and subordinate clauses in sentences, emphatic and non-emphatic address have also been clarified in this article. Furthermore, the facts related to the semantics are also shown in this article. All the information and facts are supported with additional examples from two languages. Keywords: intonation, stimulant, auxiliary function, grammatical structure.
МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ, АРТИКЛЬ И СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ В ФУНКЦИИ АДРЕСА НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ И РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ Эрметова Дж.И.1, Сабирова Д.Д.2 (Республика Узбекистан)
1Эрметова Джамиля Исмаиловна - кандидат филологических наук, заведующая кафедрой;
2Сабирова Дилором Давлатбоевна - магистр, кафедра английского языка и литературы, факультет иностранной филологии, Ургенчский государственный университет, г. Ургенч, Республика Узбекистан
Аннотация: в этой статье обсуждается роль различных видов местоимений, статей и различных типов существительных в функции адреса в двух сравниваемых языках -английском и русском. Кроме того, мы постарались предоставить полную четкую информацию, касающуюся сокращения имени и фамилии как функции адреса, на двух языках. Противоположности, важность ординатных и подчиненных предложений в предложениях, подчеркнутые и не подчеркнутые адреса также были разъяснены в этой статье. Кроме того, факты, связанные с семантикой, также показаны в этой статье. Вся информация и факты подкреплены дополнительными примерами на двух языках. Ключевые слова: интонация, стимулятор, вспомогательная функция, грамматическая структура.
In the sentence, which contains as its members the pronoun of the 2nd person, in his personal meaning, or a verb in the form of which is taken in the main meaning, contains an indication of the relation of the statement to the second person (to the interlocutor), the address, fulfilling the function of clarifying who the proposal is addressed to, thereby clarifies, in a substantive sense, an indication of the second person, carried out by the pronoun of the second person, or embodied in the meaning of the predicative form (in English in the meaning of the imperative form, in Russian -in the meaning of the form of the 2nd person and, in particular, the imperative form of the 2nd person, taken in their main meaning).
In English, matching in numbers can only be observed if the sentence has either a reflexive pronoun of the second person or archaic forms:
With how sad steps, O Moon thou climbs the sky.
Since in the modern English language for the singular and plural there is only one form "you" and one form "your", as well as one form of imperative mood, the form of the noun in the function of address in this case may turn out to be the only indicator of whether "you", "your" or under the form of the imperative mood, singular or plural, which gives a greater significance of treatment in this language than in Russian.
Since in both languages the category of number, and in Russian also the category of the gender of the noun - the categories are non-syntactic - and since the function of the separate application carried out by the call in the sentence, which contains the terms corresponding to it in terms of meaning, is the result of the above coincidence, the address in this case is not a member of the sentence, as a formal-grammatical whole.
In English, this is confirmed by the fact that, as in all sentences, in the sentence, which contains the personal pronoun of the second person in the function of its member, the common noun in the function of the application to it carries the article, and in the function has no circulation. Compare for example:
Would you, a Bishop, approve of such partnership?
and
Would you, Bishop, approve of such partnership?
Without entering into opposition to the corresponding member of the proposal in relation to the opposition, i.e. not being a member, the appeal itself may carry a separate application. In English, it either consists of the second person pronoun, or contains either the second person's personal pronoun or the definite article:
You lie, you old soup Kitchener, you.
Oh, my _ friends, the down - trodden operatives of Cake town! I tell you that the hour is come.
The absence of the article with the noun in the application allows us to think that both the reference and the application to it stand in the same independent form and that the article is not in this case not an indication that the name in the application function is another indication of who or what denoted by appeal.
Being in the sentence, as in the intonational-semantic whole and carrying out in it a purely auxiliary function of clarifying its appeal, the appeal does not have the grammatical structure of the sentence and is not such.
However, its function, as a qualifier of the one to whom the statement is addressed and its role, as a stimulant of the response, brings the appeal to the proposal closer.
Emotionally stressed utterance of emphatic appeal at the beginning of the sentence, whereby the appeal turns out to be inculcated with meaning, allows it to be a means of drawing attention to the statement and a means of stimulating the response of one or those designated by the address.
The address in this case, as it were, serves as a signal to the beginning of speech communication. The estimated value of the words that can be expressed address, as it gives it a predicative coloring. For example, compare the "Monster" call of the first of the following examples with the sentence "Monster!" In the second example:
Monster, your perfidy grows deeper every moment.
and
Monster! Without conscience!
In both languages, the address may carry a definitive subordinate clause, it does not indicate that the address is a member of the sentence, but that the address in this case acts as the main sentence in relation to its subordinate clause.
Words are the only or grammatical dominant component of the address in English and Russian. Able to clarify, by their forms, their meanings, persons, objects or phenomena designated as the addressee of speech. These words include:
1. Noun (proper or common);
2. Replacing a noun, an adjective (in Russian also participle);
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3. Personal pronoun of the second person (in English also the reflexive pronoun of the second person);
4. An indefinite pronoun with the meaning of the total quantity (in English, the word is also a substitute for "one (-s)");
5. Numeral (quantitative and ordinal);
6. The adverb "there", "там" (in Russian also the adverb of the time, for example:
Здравствуйте, завтра!).
1. Sit down, Dombey.
Продолжайте поиск, Комаров...
By your leaves, gentlemen,...
Ребята, не волнуйтесь.
2. Now, stupid, to be sure not.
Пойдем, родная.
Жизнью пользуйся, живущий.
3. Come here, you!
Hey, yourself!
4. Listen, all!
Hey, everyone, look what I've found!
Глядите на меня, все.
Sleep, my little one,.
5. Mind your form, Two!
Девятнадцать! Разовьем свои знамена..
Здорово, шестая!
6. Hello, there!
Привет! Здравствуйте!
It should also be noted that a certain peculiarity of the English language is manifested in the field of morphological structure of English surnames. So, unlike the Russian language, which does not allow such an opportunity, in English colloquial speech, suffix word formation is possible using the suffix I, in the spelling -ey, which give this surname a touch of familiarity, for example:
You are in for it, Jonesey.
The Russian language is also characterized by the use of the abbreviation of the personal name and surname as a function of address. However, this is characteristic of the English language and is considered a relatively new phenomenon:
"D.C.", he turned to a boy behind him, - "D.C.", shut the door.
Oh, haven't you told them, J.B.?
The use of first and last names in abbreviated form, apparently, is explained by the habit of reducing in colloquial speech the most complex concepts to the simplest abbreviations.
Clarification of a person, object or phenomenon can be carried out using their attribute. In the Russian language, in this case, a prepositional group with a noun in an indirect case can act as a circulation function:
Здравствуй, в белом сарафане.
Из серебряной парчи!
Not compatible with the article, the noun in the conversion function in English does not combine with such denominators of the article as some, any, no, this/these, that/those, his, her, its, their, much, many, little, few, most, each, every, whose, which, what, both, all and with numerals, which is the specificity of the noun in an independent form.
The words "all" and "both", however, can be used in circulation as a grammatically dominant component (all of you, both of you), and the word "all" also as its only component, as can be seen from the above example.
Emphatic address is used either to attract attention or to express emotions. In both cases, it serves as a signal to the beginning of speech communication.
Non-emphatic address is most often used in such stable patterns of everyday dialogical treatment as greetings, invitations, congratulations, as well as in everyday specific questions and answers to them.
Non-emphatic address is used to express politeness, as well as to maintain the attention of the person designated by him to the subsequent part of the address and to give the statement more expressiveness.
References / Список литературы
1. Wales Katie, 1995. Personal pronouns in present-day English (Digital print. ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521471022.
2. Halliday M.A.K., Matthiessen Christian M.I.M. An Introduction to Functional Grammar, 3rd. edition. London: Hodder Arnold. Р. 700.
3. Jespersen Otto. Analytic Syntax. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard, 1937. 170 p.
