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PROBLEMS OF STUDY OF CONDITIONALS FROM STYLISTIC
PERSPECTIVE
Islom Urol ugli Minnikulov,
Doctor of Philosophy in Philological Sciences (PhD), Head of Department of English Language Applied Subjects, First English Faculty, Uzbekistan State University of World Languages, Uchtepa District, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Email: mr.islom19@gmail.com
This research is devoted to the analysis of stylistic principles of analyzing conditionals in world linguistics. Particularly, we deal with analysis of the principles of analysis of stylistics of conditionals used in the literary works. The results of the research have shown that stylistic analysis of conditionals is based on the following principles: the use of conditional relations in literary texts for artistic function; the use of conditional relations in literary texts to reveal the correspondence between thought and expression; the use of conditional relations in literary texts to find the artistic principles underlying a writer's choice; the principle of studying the ways in which meaning is created through the use of conditionals in the literary texts; the principle of considering lexical categories, grammatical categories, cohesion and context, figures of speech in the use and analysis of conditional relations in the literary texts.
Key words: stylistic devices, style, language variation, conditionals, conditional conjunctions, stylistic effect, stylistic coloring.
INTRODUCTION.
The problem of studying conditionals is common among world linguists. As it is a complex phenomenon as a language phenomenon. It has been studied from several aspects: structural, semantic, functional, cognitive, pragmatic and etc. This study reveals some basic principles of analysis of conditionals by reviewing related literature. The problem is that conditionals can express more just than a mere conditional meaning. Therefore, it requires a complex analysis of conditionals from different perspectives. In order to analyze a problem from a certain viewpoint, first, its principles of analysis should be designed. This study works out some principles of stylistic analysis of conditionals which might be the gap in this field of research.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.
This research is qualitative by its nature. The research methodology is based on qualitative research design. The research is theoretical as it develops some theoretical
ABSTRACT
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research principles as generalizations, comparison, contrast, analysis, synthesis, critical review and so on. In this study, the following linguistic analysis methods are used: linguistic description, interpretation, stylistic analysis and etc.
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS.
Stylistics is the study of the ways in which a meaning is constructed through a language in various types of texts including literature. A qualitative or quantitative analysis of the phonological, lexical, grammatical, semantic, pragmatic or discoursive features of texts enables to reveal a stylistic aspect of a language unit, in particular conditional relations in a language. There are some stylistic approaches to language analysis such as analysis of the style of a particular author, all types of discourse and texts and the reader himself/herself and the role readers play in meaning construction. Stylistics is used to investigate literary works: objects which are investigated are prose and poetry. It investigates the various styles used in language. The language user has his/her style of language to express. In language, style is also a way to write or use words beautifully. Stylistics is the study that investigates language and style. It is also used to reveal the correspondence between thought and expression; it frequently denotes an individual manner of making use of language; it sometimes refers to more general, abstract notions thus inevitably becoming vague and obscure. Scope of stylistics is not only a literary text, but many forms of discourse (advertising, journalism, popular music, even casual conversation). The study of stylistics aims to give an explanation of the language use and artistic function. Purposes of stylistic analysis: to find the artistic principles underlying a writer's choice; to explore language and creativity in language use; to study the ways in which meaning is created through language in literature as well as in other types of texts. Stylistic analysis, mainly, plays an essential role in comprehending and understanding a literary work. It, usually, studies the styles and techniques that an author uses in composing his literary work.
Components of stylistic analysis in terms of content of a language means: stylistic categories: lexical categories (lexical items contained in the text); grammatical categories (focus on the structure of the sentence. To produce a sentence, the writer or the speaker certainly considers many things such as the use of tenses, complexity level of sentence, active-passive of a sentence, word choice in sentence, and so on); cohesion and context; figures of speech (the forms of speech which are different from common speech in use; by the use of figures of speech, language becomes figurative). The choice of linguistic elements is determined by the paradigmatic axis or the syntagmatic axis, for instance, the writer can choose between 'dead' and 'pass away'.
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New developments in stylistics emphasize that the production of meaning is perceived as a double exercise encompassing as much text-informed inferences as the mental processes that allow text comprehension. This new approach triggers cognitive stylistics, also known as cognitive poetics. As defined by Stockwell: 'Cognitive poetics is all about reading literature' (Stockwell, 2002, p. 1). Cognitive stylistics/poetics highlights the aspects of reading that literature consumers operate when they process literary texts. Cognitive stylistics, essentially, has emanated from the application to literature of models originated from disciplines such as cognitive linguistics, cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence. This branch deals with issues such as 'what do people do when they read' and 'what happens to people when they read (Burke, 2006, p. 218).
By prioritizing the textual components of literature, literary stylistics embodies the most traditional ways of stylistic analysis based on the interface between form, function, effect and interpretation whereas cognitive stylisticians argue that the mental component of the meaning creation process should be included. Influences from disciplines such as psychology, cognitive psychology and cognitive linguistics are responsible for shifting the emphasis to take into consideration the mental aspects of reading too.
This aims to represent the state of the art in cognitive stylistics - a rapidly expanding field at the interface between linguistics, literary studies and cognitive science. Cognitive stylistics combines the kind of explicit, rigorous and detailed linguistic analysis of literary texts that is typical of the stylistics tradition with a systematic and theoretically informed consideration of the cognitive structures and processes that underlie the production and reception of language (Semino and Culpeper, 2002, p. 9).
Corpus stylistics has only recently entered the landscape of stylistics, but it has all the more forcefully begun to exploit the potential of combining corpus linguistics and stylistics. Defining corpus stylistics as the cooperation between corpus linguistics and stylistics or as the application of the methods of modern corpus linguistics to (literary) texts and fusing these with the tenets of stylistics involves some challenges.
Critical stylistics is a term used to refer to stylistic work investigating the ways in which social meanings are manifested through language. This stylistic tendency is largely inspired and informed by critical linguistics and critical discourse analysis. Critical linguistics and critical discourse analysis (CDA) are closely related, with the latter often employed as an umbrella term for both.
In stylistics, Fowler was one of the first and most prominent proponents of a critical stylistics. In Linguistic Criticism (1986), he explores phenomena such as the
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representation of experience through language, meaning and world view, the role of the reader as well as the relations between text and context. By developing a particular style, a producer of a spoken or written text privileges certain readings, certain ways of seeing things, while suppressing or downplaying others. The purpose, in other words, is to probe under the surface of language, to decode the stylistic choices which shape a text's meaning (Simpson, 1993, p. 8).
For example, Simpson explores linguistic phenomena such as, for instance, the manifestation of attitude through language (modality; see entry), the linguistic construction of experience (transitivity; see entry) as well as pragmatic aspects of meaning-making. Finally, Jeffries in Critical Stylistics (2010) fuses critical discourse analysis and stylistics with a strong emphasis given to - and tools provided for the analysis of - the actual linguistic manifestation of social meanings.
Besides, stylistically-informed analyses have succeeded in looking into the emotional components of literary discourse as a whole, whether these affect the production level (author-induced emotion), the textual level (linguistic means) or the reception level (reader response).
Feminist stylistics aims at utilizing stylistic tools for the investigation of those concerns and preoccupations traditionally identified in feminist approaches to the study of language. As Mills puts it: 'Feminist stylistics is concerned with the analysis of the way that questions of gender impact on the production and interpretation of texts' (Mills, 2006, p. 221).
CONCLUSION
So, we can formulate the following principles of stylistic analysis of conditional
✓ The use of conditional relations in literary texts for artistic function;
✓ The use of conditional relations in literary texts to reveal the correspondence between thought and expression;
✓ The use of conditional relations in literary texts to find the artistic principles underlying a writer's choice;
✓ The principle of studying the ways in which meaning is created through the use of conditionals in the literary texts;
✓ The principle of considering lexical categories, grammatical categories, cohesion and context, figures of speech in the use and analysis of conditional relations in the literary texts.
It should be also noted that the study of conditionals from a stylistic viewpoint can
be done within the following trends of stylistics: cognitive stylistics, cognitive
poetics, corpus stylistics, critical stylistics, feminist stylistics.
relations:
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REFERENCES
1. Burke, M. (2006), 'Cognitive stylistics', in K. Brown (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, pp. 218-221.
2. Mills, S. (2006), 'Feminist stylistics', in K. Brown (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, pp. 221-223.
3. Semino, E. and Culpeper, J. (eds.) (2002), Cognitive Stylistics: Language and Cognition in Text Analysis. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
4. Simpson, P. Language, Ideology and Point of View. New York: Routledge, 1993.
5. Stockwell, P. (2003), 'Schema poetics and speculative cosmology'. Language and Literature, 12, (3), 252-71.
