CC BY
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https ://doi.org/10.29013/EJA-20-1-157-161
Khaydarova Nigora Tokhirjonovna, doctoral student (PhD) Institute of Fine Art Academy of Science of Republic of Uzbekistan E-mail: [email protected]
PROBLEMS OF INTERPRETATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF CLASSIC WORKS IN UZBEK ANIMATION ART
Abstract. The article analyzes animated films based on world and uzbek classics in Uzbek animation art. As well as topical issues of professional creativity and industry development. Also, the current problems in the feild and their solutions are mentioned.
Keywords: script, plot, character, animation art, frame, rhythm, decoration, color, music, animator, studio, effect.
Animated film is a built-up sequence of static frames that create the illusion of movement during projection. This movement is not in physical reality, and it appears due to the creation of a new image in the virtual world of projection [7.12]. According to doctor of art criticism N. G. Krivuly, the space of an animated film is a special world where the boundaries of the possible and impossible are erased. Animation creates the conditions for various forms of interaction [1, 35]. One of the types of art that can quickly effect the minds and hearts of the younger generation, arouse good feelings in them and enrich their spiritual world nowadays is the art of animation. The originality and entertainment factor of Uzbek animation, being created based on the themes of the national literature, fairy tales and other samples of the oral folk art, lies in the fact that through visual means and forms it takes on the spiritual, aesthetic and educational significance.
Creating cartoons is an exciting process in which computer technology becomes an assistant. They allow not only to create modern cartoons, but also provide new opportunities for the implementation of other creative ideas [2, 13].
In the art of modern animation, the Uzbek specialists and filmmakers turned to historical themes, appearances and deeds of our great ancestors, giving
them a new incarnation according to the national ideology. The principle of educating the younger generation in the spirit of national ideas based on the instructive examples, taken from the history of our nation, has took on the new interpretation.
Every year more and more attention is given to the production of the animated films based on the Uzbek folk tales and poems, classical literature and the works of Uzbek writers. The latest animation technology was used to create them. Since 2010, such animated movies as "Farhad and Shirin", "The Lion and the Carpenter" adaptation of the poems by Alisher Navoi, "Three Comrades", "Spitamen", "The Liar and the Truthful", "Semurg - the Bird of Happiness" based of different historical events, legends and Uzbek folk tales have been released. Among the animated films based on the works of the great thinker - Alisher Navoi - that have been produced starting from the second half of the 1990s by the director M. Makhmudov, for example, a film based on the poem "Sabayi Sayor" ("The Seven Planets") of the famous "Khamsa" Makhmudov studies carefully the literary source prior to start production of the animation film. He wrote a script for "Bakhrom and Dilorom" jointly with A. Fainberg. The script in condensed form reflects the content of the poem. The film embodies a unique charm and appeal of the poetry by Alisher Navoi.
It is quite a daunting task to transmit via video images the deep philosophical idea ofthe poem by Navoi, the beauty ofhis couplets, which can be compared to the gems. Being fully aware of this, M. Makhmudov, began an adaptation of the poem "The Seven Planets" starting from its first part - "Bakhrom and Dilorom", which connects the seven stories that constitute its content. Another poem that makes a part of "Hamsa" by Alisher Navoi - "Farhad and Shirin" - was brought to the animated screen by director N. Tulyakhodjaev (2010), who in collaboration with the screenwriter E. Khasanova and the artist A. Gvardin used the existing experience in creation of this animation film. In this film as well, a deep sense of the love poem has found its perfect incarnation.
A master of his craft, M. Makhmudov is tirelessly seeking the new ways to express the meaningful ideas in his works, therefore he turned to the poem "The Amazement of the immaculates" ("Hayrat ul-Abror") from the quintuple poem. In collaboration with R. Djabbarov, M. Makhmudov has written a screenplay on the basis of the poetic legend about a lying carpenter - "The Lion and the Carpenter" (2010, artist S. Silka). M. Makhmudov took part in filmmaking also as a director. The deep meaning of the poem has acquired a bright poetic expression at the animation screen. The main idea of the film, topical at all times, is that "a human being should always be truthful", which adds an enormous educational value to it.
In addition to the adaptations of the works of the national classics, the maitres of animation appeal to the foreign classics. Just so, the artist and director - M. Makhmudov has created the animated film "A Happy Prince" (1992) based on the scenario by N. Tulyakhodjaev, in which he touched the theme of human feelings, revealing the spiritual world of a human being. A statue of the Prince mounted in the town square stands as the main character.
Animation artists, working on characters, locations or props for guidance, can draw them either manually or using computer programs, or using a
combined method [8.40]. As N. Kurkova wrote, for artistic creativity, such characteristics of a creative personality are necessary as imaginative thinking, imagination, emotional lability, a sense of empathy, and creative abilities (a set of personality traits that ensure the novelty and originality of the result of creative activity) [9, 235]. The eyes of the statue are made of precious stones and the body of golden petals. The final of this film is tragic. The viewer understands that a symbol of the courageous person, willing to give his life for others, is a swallow. The film is attractive due to its psychological content, revealing the depth of the human soul. Intended for the adult audience, this film encourages the spectators to think about the meaning of life, the essence and purpose of human existence. In 1993, the film was awarded by the Griffin Award of the Association of the Cinematographers of Uzbekistan.
Among the young artists of the animated films based on the classic works, the following films should be noted - "The Nightingale" (written and directed by M. Makhmudov, the artist M. Karabayev, 1999), "Come and have potluck with us" (script writer M. Makhmudov, director and artist Dmitry Vlasov, 2004). In "The Nightingale", M. Makhmudov approached the classic genre of the fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen. The idea of this film can be summed up in the words "the beauty will save the world". A true beauty is the naturalness and purity of thoughts. This thought permeated the events in the film. The music that accompanies this film, emphasizes the divine nature of the idea that unfolds on the screen through such descriptive means as metaphor, grotesque and hyperbole [5, 206].
The ability to transfer inner feelings and emotions through the paper doils in animation, M. Makhmudov first showed in his film "A Happy Prince", and then in "The Nightingale" it was reassured. This is a specific typological similarity of the two pictures. In 1999, the movie "The Nightingale" was awarded the first prize "Golden Fish" at the International Festival of Children's Animation Cinema held in Moscow.
In the animated fairy tale "Come and have pot-luck with us" (screenplay by M. Makhmudov, director and artist D. Vlasov, 2004) used the technique of replacement, which resulted in the the modern interpretation of the fairy tale by H. H. Andersen "Whatever a man does, it is perfect". The authors of the film, keeping the original idea of the writer, changed the scene, moving it on the Uzbek soil. Thus, the market in the tale was replaced by the Eastern bazaar, which is full of the items like the national embroidery and embossing on metal.
Such works by M. Makhmudov like "Bakhrom and Dilorom" (1996), "Shadman, the Athlete"
(2008), "The Fortune-Teller Against Her Will"
(2009) are copyrighted as the Uzbek animation films.
Attention to the text and the artistic metaphors
of director and animation artist - M. Makhmudov has grown with the development of the animation art. With the intensification of dialogues and their transformation into a driving force, attention to the visual expression of thoughts and ideas has increased. At the same time, active use of rhetorical means can be observed in the children's films, and visual trend in the films for grownups. In the animated films, where more attention is paid to the visual imagery, there is a tendency to philosophical generalization through symbols.
The motion phrases of individual objects or characters are drawn on sheets of transparent film (celluloid and other similar materials) that are superimposed on glass located above the image of the background or the characters' environment [3, 9]. Modern animation has long ceased to be an entertaining form of art, today it addresses the most pressing problems of our time, touches on the broadest range of political, social, moral and ethical issues of our time [6, 239].
President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh. Mirziyoev noted that the great attention paid to the development of this art in Uzbekistan. According to President's Decree on August 7, 2017 "On measures for further development of national cinema-
tography", it is possible to understand the creation of animation films by 15 in 2018 and by 50 in 2022. This decision requires more serious responsibility than representatives of the industry.
The human imagination is international in its essence, and animation, like no other art capable of speaking in this language: image and movement - the oldest forms of human expression - underlie the art of animation, so it is easily perceived by people of any nationality and color. Possessing unlimited possibilities for the most daring fantasies, animation can revive forgotten legends and folk heroes, bringing them closer to modernity and new generations [10, 4].
Modern animation the work represents an amazing symbiosis of all possible kinds, art and technological innovations. It is a high concentration of artistic images and achievements of science, operating at the level of archetypes, simulacra, symbols and collective unconscious, in a single merging stream that broadcasts various ideas to the subconscious of the viewer, influencing with a high degree of efficiency on his psyche [11, 3]. Modern art practice demonstrates new forms of animation. In this context, the role of continual and synchronous determinations in a wide field of relations with previously formed and functioning art forms, models and animation systems is becoming increasingly important [12, 3]. Modern volumetric animation has unique possibilities of visualizing the non-physical sphere: the world of memories, dreams, miracles, processes of the spiritual life [13, 18].
Animation is a magical technology that makes inanimate objects move. For animation, the main thing is to create actions and effects that are impossible in reality. Only in this fairy-tale world can you fly, change shape, recreate yourself. The animation of the objects looks magical. It is amazing how small grains of sand themselves can form into a sand castle or a pencil, suddenly, without any influence, begins to display bizarre images on paper [4, 8].
Special effects are used to create pictures, images, events and incidents for the current animated
screen. For example, various cataclysms in nature, fantastic fantasy characters, imaginary events, incidents and movements. As well as computer animation and visual effects for animators in the creation of animated films, the desire to qualify for the use of new modern techniques will ensure the further development of the industry. The first full-length film 2D (two-dimensional) "The Pearl of the Sun (2017) based on computer technology in our country, as well as the first 3D (three-dimensional) 2010 but also in creation of films, such as "Wise's adventure" (2014), "Tortoise" (2016), "Dog" (2016), "The youngest brave" (2017). Nowadays it is necessary to create modern films at the level of modern requirements.
In the development of this sphere in modern science in Uzbekistan, one should pay attention to the following actual problems:
- increasing general and specialized subjects by 70-80% according to the program of foreign subjects in the curriculum developed for this area of study in science process and organization of training sessions on main subject;
- involvement of specialists in the field of science to the leading universities and studios of foreign countries during the internship so that they can acquire modern knowledge in the production process (Russian animation - All Union State Cinematography University, Sankt-Peterburg State University, "Soyuzmultfilm", "Melnitsa", "Pilot", "Cristmas Films", "Animacord", "Wizart", American animation - JMS Academy, SAE Institute UK, Bath Spa University, "Pixar", "Walt Disney", "Sony Pictures", "Dream Works", "Blue Sky", "Warner Bros". "Animation", Italian animation - RUFA, NABA, UCSC, "Rainbow", "BRB International", Japanian animation - TUAA, KSU, "Studio Ghibli" and other studies); as well as modern practices demonstrate new forms of animation. From this point of view, the importance of continuing and synchronous identification with previ-
ously established and functioning art forms, models and animation systems is increasingly important.
- organization of master classes with training of advenced specialists in foreign countries for the academic year (about programs 3D and 4Cinema);
- writing scenarios for the children with interesting events, dynamics, descriptive heroes characteristic, and rich writing animation language; as well as in the process writing scenarios, taking into account the moral needs, desires, interests and young aspects of children (small, medium and large);
- creating an excellent, modern animation images that will keep young people in the memory of animated films, bringing to the young generation the values and traditions of our people on the basis of universal principles, their outlook and actions, to present children the modern fairy tale;
- creating traditional and contemporary music based on national heritage that is compatible with multiplicative films;
- formation of voice skills and attracting professional actors for film characters to be created;
- students will be able to participate in "short films" contests of world-class students with their creative works;
- creation of animation series themes in various genres;
- to enhance the artistic, audiovisual and quality of the created cartoons, film screening and discussion of animated films regularly with participation of film critics, to evaluate the shortcomings and achievements in films and to develop appropriate recommendations.
It is important to emphasize that as a result of solving the aforementioned problems, the Uzbek animation art is interpreted in a modern science and in new ideas. In addition to the created of films based on national heritage using the latest programs, to enhance the interest ofyoung people in this field and to contribute to the development of animation science.
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