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66PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION OF PUBLIC SPACES IN LARGE
CITIES Sergazy D.Y.1, Samoilov K.I.2
1Sergazy Daniyar Yerlanyly - Bachelor of Arts, Undergraduate Student;
2Samoilov Konstantin Ivanovich - Doctor of Architecture, Professor, ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT, KAZAKH NATIONAL RESEARCH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER K.I. SATPAYEV, ALMATY, REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
Abstract: the City is a complex system formation in which continuous changes take place. The image of the city consists of many different elements: location, natural conditions, economic and cultural development, people who lived and live in it - these and many other historical, social and aesthetic factors affect the urban fabric, patterns of relationships, make up the cultural and historical context of the formation ofpublic spaces. This article discusses the General principles of improving public spaces, as well as ten of their quality indicators, formulated on the basis of world experience.
Keywords: public space, city, quality, image of the city.
Public space is a social space that is usually open and accessible to people. Public spaces play a historically forming and socially active role in the structure of the city. The task of public spaces is to unite urban areas and society. The quality of public spaces is measured on a pedestrian scale. These are spaces that are easily accessible, easily intersect, and where you can sit, relax, roam, crowded with visitors, buyers, merchants and local residents [1].
Measure is a person, his feelings and social behavior. In an urban context, its main expectations are certain spatial and aesthetic qualities and access to surrounding functions [2]. Studies that directly or indirectly relate to the problem of public spaces describe their qualitative characteristics [3-8]. Based on world experience and the developmental features of modern society, ten qualitative indicators can be distinguished, which are the principles of improvement and evaluation criteria for public spaces of a large city. Accessibility means the degree of free access, penetration and use of public space for everyone, regardless of any physical or mental disorders. On a citywide scale, the principle of accessibility refers to the connectedness of urban areas, the regularity of traffic and the ergonomics of public transport and stopping points.
Multifunctionality refers to the degree of functional diversity and the possibility of choice in public space. Only a diverse, mutually beneficial and complex mixture of places of residence, recreation, trade and other functional urban subsystems can ensure the growth of social capital in the city [4].
Safety refers to the degree of human security in public places. Social control is a defining measure of protection against crime in public places. A city is safer as more people go out and spend time in public places [5].
Legibility refers to the degree of convenience of orientation in a public space. Legible public spaces have a simple network of routes and intersections with simple unambiguous signs and visible unambiguous signs. The key meaning of this term was first mentioned in urban planning by Kevin Lynch (1960). He defined this as "the ease with which parts of the urban landscape are recognized and formed into an orderly picture", giving the readability of the urban landscape key to creating a complete picture of the city, region or individual space [6].
Sustainability is understood as the degree of creating a favorable environmental situation and meeting needs without harming the environment [7]. In today's vibrant, noisy and aggressive communication environment of the city, a person is tired of aggression and seeks solitude and silence. Given this feature of large cities, the need for places hidden from heavy traffic (pedestrian streets, parks) will increase [8]. The human scale refers to the degree of creating proportionally comfortable conditions for a person, characterized by the ratio of parts and the whole with a person and design goals [9]. The scale of space is characterized by its size, proportions of spatial
boundaries and their detail [10]. Identity is understood as the degree to which spaces reflect a local character and possess such a combination of functions, forms of development, characteristics, colors and materials that form their own identity in the general character of the area. Interactivity refers to the degree of involvement of people in the active life of the city and the processes taking place in public places. Therefore, it is necessary that the processes take place, and participation in them is possible, desirable and encouraged [11].
Adaptability is a measure of conformity determined by openness to development. Flexibility to change, creating a great appeal of the place. In this case, flexibility takes into account two polar states: variability and stability. Adaptability is expressed in how modern needs and trends are reflected in a certain space.
Flexibility is the ability to return to its original state, that is, spatio-temporal changes. This is the scenography of the space during the holidays, changes in its functioning (Sunday fair, blocking car traffic in favor of pedestrians) and other temporary inclusions in space.
Manipulability is the ability to change the spatial environment in its form or use. Equipping public places with elements of diverse use significantly enriches the space [12].
World experience shows that the basis for the successful reconstruction of developed modern cities was the existence of a concept for the development of public spaces and its gradual implementation - the restoration of the lost dignity of the urban landscape (Barcelona), interconnected public spaces (Cordoba), a city for people (Lyon, Moscow), renewal of transport systems (Strasbourg), "pedestrian path" or the development of a pedestrian network (Copenhagen, Freiburg) [13]. In Almaty, public spaces are not developed due to the low population density and the relatively recent urbanization. In addition, the country inherited from the USSR giant squares for military parades, mass festivals and propaganda. Now these spaces are used as a venue for major concerts and events. It is for this reason that the population of the city associates public spaces with huge, empty areas. The development of public spaces of the city, accessible to all segments of the population, is one of the priorities of the Almaty City Development Program and is an indispensable condition for proper urban development. The purpose of urban research is to determine the level of comfort of zones and make proposals for their improvement [14].
Change in public places must occur between conservation and change, reparation and renewal, continuity and mosaic. Based on the research, the following recommendations can be made on the comprehensive improvement of public spaces in a large city. The following aspects are important for the implementation of the policy of developing public spaces on a city scale: 1. Connectivity and convenience of communication spaces of the city for all road users with priority for pedestrians and public transport; 2. Improving the quality and functional diversity of public spaces of regional importance; 3. The formation of the image of the peripheral areas of the city through the stylistic unity of the spatial elements of the regional significance of public spaces; 4. Involvement of local residents in the process of creating and improving public spaces; 5. Increasing the importance of park territories in the system of public spaces of the city; 6. Saving the city for short distances; 7. Regular city-wide events in various public spaces of the city; 8. The general concept of the development of public spaces of the city [15].
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