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case the neural network has been used as a processor for human-robot interface. We have shown that the interface can faithfully detect myographic signals, classify them according to hand gestures, and send the corresponding commands to the robot. Although the two applications belong to different areas of the Control Theory and applied Neuroscience, they are based on a common approach of neural computations. We note that in both cases besides neural networks there are no additional external algorithms for the decision-making.Please, make your references list in accordance with the example below (please, notice that it is represented in alphabetical order). Do not force the "References" section to start on a new page.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation project 15-12-10018 (Sections 1, 2.1, 3.1 and 4) and project 14-19-01381 (Sections 2.2, 2.3, and 3.2).
REFERENCES
Bichler, O., et al., 2011. Unsupervised features extraction from asynchronous silicon retina through spike-timing-dependent plasticity. Proc. of IJCNN, pp. 859-866.
Izhikevich, E.M., 2004. Which model to use for cortical spiking neurons? IEEE Trans. Neural Netw., 15, 10631070.
Kasabov, N., et al., 2011. On-line spatio- and spectro-temporal pattern recognition with evolving spiking neural networks utilising integrated rank oder- and spike-time learning. Neural Networks.
Loiselle, S. et al., 2005. Exploration of rank order coding with spiking neural networks for speech recognition. In Proc. Int. Joint Conf. on Neural Networks, 2076-2080.
Morrison, A., Diesmann, M., Gerstner W., 2008. Phenomenological models of synaptic plasticity based on spike timing. Biol Cybern., 98, 459-478.
Paugam-Moisy, H., Bohte, S.M., 2009. Computing with spiking neuron networks. In: Kok J, Heskes T (eds) Handbook of natural computing. Springer Verlag.
Pimashkin, A. et al., 2013. Adaptive enhancement of learning protocol in hippocampal cultured networks grown on multielectrode arrays. Frontiers in Neural Circuits.
Tsodyks M., Pawelzik, K., Markram, H.. 1998. Neural network with dynamic synapses. Neural Comput., 10, 821-835.
Wagenaar, D.A., Pine, J., Potter, S.M., 2006. An extremely rich repertoire of bursting patterns during the development. of cortical cultures. BMC Neurosci. Art. no. 11.
Prenatal Development Study On Phenomenon Of Delayed Implantation
1 Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina str. 3, 119991 Moscow, Russia " Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991
' Center of Brain Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Institute of Cytogenetics and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
1 University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, BNRI Worcester, MA 01604, USA. Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]
Summary. Delayed implantation is a very widespread in Mustelidae family. It was described more than 100 years ago, but its mechanisms are yet poorly understood. We first made a de novo whole genome sequence of three species of mustelids with delayed implantation stage in prenatal development and find out several mutations in their melatonin pathway genes.
Key words. Delayed implantation, Mustelidae, melatonin. INTRODUCTION
Delayed implantation (DI) is arrest of embryo development at the blastocyst stage, characterized by inhibition of mitotic activity and synthesis of nucleic acids in cells of the inner cell mass of embryo and temporary prevention of it implantation in uterus. The Mustelidae family seems to be the most interest for DI research because of extraordinary prevalence of this trait in this family; almost half of mammals with DI are mustelids. Delayed implantation feature is pleomorphic in mustelids. It seems to be inherited from common ancestor. In a process of evolution of this family there were multiple losses of this trait. Furthermore DI length is variable among Mustelidae family: from 50-60 days in mink (Neovison vison) to 245-275 days in marten (Martes
martes) or sable (Martes zibellina). [Isakova 2004; Thom et al., 2004]. Mechanisms of transduction between active and inactive embryo stages and factors underlying the length of embryonic diapause are not clearly understood to date. It has been suggested that melatonin (pineal gland secret) is the crucial regulator of this processes. Melatonin secretion depends on photoperiod length and regulates synthesis of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin [Jack et al. 1996; Murphy 2012]. Nonetheless there were no any molecular-genetic studies of DI mechanisms. Research of DI is of great interest for evolutionary biology and may also be important for reproductive medicine and fur industry. Moreover studies showed that presence/absence
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of DI in prenatal development are correlated with longevity among mustelids [Thom et al., 2004]. We suggest that presence of DI also may have effects on animal behavior. We first made whole genome sequence of three mustelids with delayed implantation stage in prenatal development - mink (Neovison vison), marten (Martes martes) and sable (Martes zibellina). Using the data from whole genome sequencing of these animals and assembled genome of ferret (Mustela putorius furo) which is closely related specie that does not display diapause we analyzed the genes involved in melatonin pathway.
CONCLUSIONS
We described a set of genetic alteration in genes of melatonin pathway in mink, marten and sable. The data
imply the genetic alteration may lead to changes of quantity and regulation level of melatonin in animals with DI stage in prenatal development.
REFERENCES
Isakova GK. On the activity of the sable embryonic genome at the stage of delayed implantation: a cytogenetic study. Dokl Biol Sci. 2004; 397:305-306.
Murphy BD. Embryonic diapause: advances in understanding the enigma of seasonal delayed implantation. Reprod Domest Anim. 2012;47 Suppl 6: 121-124. doi: 10.1111/rda.12046.
Thom MD, Johnson DD, MacDonald DW, The evolution and maintenance of delayed implantation in the mustelidae (mammalia: carnivora). Evolution, 2004; 58(1) pp 175-83.
The Role Of Cannabinoid Receptors (Type 1 And Type 2) In Implementation Of Neuroprotective And Antihypoxic Effects Of N-Arachidonoyldopamine In Acute Hypoxia In Vitro
1 Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarina ave., Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, 603950
2 Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russian Federation 1 State Institution Scientific Neurology centre of RAMS, Moscow, Russian Federation
* Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]
Summary. The aim of the investigation was to study a role of cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2) in implementation of antihypoxic and neuroprotective effects of N-ADA in hypoxia model in vitro. The experiments were carried out on primary hippocampal cultures. N-ADA effect on the spontaneous bioelectrical and calcium network activity in dissociated hippocampal cultures in normal and hypoxic conditions as well as the role of CB1 and CB2 in the implementation of these effects were investigated. Registration of extracellular action potentials was conducted by MEA systems (Multichannel Systems, Germany) application. For the detection of patterns of spontaneous calcium oscillations we used fluorescent calcium dye Oregon Green 488 BAPTA-1 AM (Invitrogen) and a confocal laser scanning microscope (Zeiss LSM510, Germany). Study the expression of mRNA CB1 receptors was performed using SmartFlare RNA Detection Probes (Merck Millipore, France) and fluorescent microscopy. Our data demonstrated that N-ADA has strong antihypoxic and neuroprotective properties associated with activation of cannabinoid receptors type 1. Key words. Neuron-glial networks, endocannabinoid system, N-arachidonoyldopamine, hypoxia, primary hippocampal cultures, neuroprotection
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays ischemic stroke is one of the main causes of death and severe disability of the population in Russia and around the world. Hypoxia considered as a key factor of brain cells damage during ischemic stroke. The endogenous cannabinoid system plays an important role in the modulation of synaptic transmission, plasticity and maintaining the normal functioning of the nervous system. The neuronal activity regulation by cannabinoids receptor's activation in ischemia has shown in a number of studies on different models in vivo and in vitro. A recently discovered and synthesized endocannabinoid N-arahidonoildofamin (N-ADA) is a perspective substance for hypoxic damages correction. N-ADA was described as an agonist both cannabinoids (CB1 and less CB2). In our recent studies neuroprotective and antihypoxic effects of N-ADA were shown [1]. However, a question
concerning the molecular mechanisms of N-ADA neuroprotective and antihypoxic actions during hypoxia is still open. The aim of the investigation was to study the role of cannabinoid receptors type 1 and type 2 in antihypoxic and neuroprotective effects of N-ADA in hypoxia model in vitro.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
In vitro studies were conducted using hippocampal cells dissociated from 18-day embryonic CBA mice. Hippocampal cells were plated on multielectrode arrays (MEA60, Multichannel Systems) or coverslips. Hypoxia modeling was performed on day 14 of culture development in vitro by replacing the normoxic cultural medium with a medium containing low oxygen for 10 min. An application of N-ADA (10 mcM) or N-ADA with CB1 or CB2 antagonist was conducted into hypoxic
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