CC BY
19ЕГИПЕТ И СОПРЕДЕЛЬНЫЕ СТРАНЫ EGYPT AND NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES
Электронный журнал / Online Journal Выпуск 2, 2018 Issue 2, 2018
Preliminary report on fine ware pottery from Memphis (seasons 2014-2016, 2018)
V. I. Yarmolovich
Junior research fellow of the Centre for Egyptological Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences vikapottery@gmail.com
This paper presents some preliminary results of studying the fine ware pottery from Memphis that was conducted in seasons 2014-2016 and 2018. The basics of my research methodology are discussed first, the main results of the work following.
Keywords: pottery, Late Period, Ptolemaic period, Memphis, Bes-vessels, Kom Tuman, pottery studies, Ancient Egypt, Achaeminids.
Since 2001 the Centre for Egyptological Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (CES RAS) has been conducting archaeological excavations in the north-eastern part of Memphis. The Russian concession includes three 'hills' — Kom Tuman, Kom Dafbabi and the southern part of Tell Aziz 1. This area yields a lot of artifacts 2, and pottery belonging to different periods of Egyptian history is among the most frequent finds. The team includes two pottery analysts: Dr. S. Laemmel examines the main part of pottery material, while I focus on fine ware pottery made of marl or mixed clays.
During work on the site such features of vessels as shape, dimensions, clay type, surface treatments and decorations and (or) other elements on the surface are registered. The most part of the material is preserved in fragments, but occasionally a complete profile of a pot can be reconstructed from sherds.
Due to considerable quantity of fine ware pottery on Kom Tuman, the research is focused on vessels made of marl and mixed clays (not Nile silts). A fabric description is of par-
1 Belova, Ivanov 2016: 23. Ivanov 2016; Ivanov 2007; 2015; 2017; Yarmolovich
2 The results of studying the Memphite finds were pub- 2015; Белова 2009; Иванов 2003; 2009; 2018; Ярмо-lished in: Belova 2004; 2005a; 2005b; 2009; Belova, лович 2017a; 2017b; 2017c.
ticular interest — it will let establish a classification of fabrics of Memphite fine ware pottery and compare results of the study with data from other sites. Marl clays are divided into three groups and their variants, while mixed ones — into two 3.
It is possible to conclude that most of fine ware pottery found in Memphis can be dated to 5th-4th centuries BC with probable extension to the Ptolemaic and Roman periods. The dating is based on study of the assemblages from archaeological excavations of the CES RAS mission 4 as well as analogies from other sites 5.
All data is recorded in the database of fine ware pottery from Memphis. It has columns for ID number of a vessel, type of its shape, type of its clay, surface treatment, decorations and (or) other elements on the surface, dimensions (diameter of the rim and base, maximum body diameter, height 6), place of find, date of the assemblage, commentaries, an illustration. The same features are included in a database of analogies from other archaeological sites and museum collections. The number of catalogued objects (complete profiles or complete vessels, fragments with diagnostic features) now exceeds 600, and more that 200 body sherds without diagnostic features were described as a material for statistical data.
Now the work on drawing on a typology of the fine ware pottery is in process. All pottery material is divided into four broad classes — closed shapes, open shapes, bases and other shapes. Inside classes vessels are grouped according to their morphological features. Selection of morphological features directly depends on the pots' state of preservation.
So far the typology includes 15 types of closed shapes and 10 types of open shapes. Closed shapes present various jugs, juglets, small neckless vessels with/without lug handles, vessels with short neck, situlae, lekythoi and others (fig. 1). Open shapes present cups, goblets, dishes and others (fig. 2).
A large number of finds are bases of various shapes and state of preservation. Most often it is difficult to classify these fragments as belonging to a particular type of shape, so they have to be studied separately from other material.
Lids and sieves (class 'other shapes') are also studied separately from other material.
To sum up, though examination of the fine ware pottery from Memphis is continued, some preliminary results are already achieved. The considerable part of the vessels is dated to the Late Period, namely to 5th-4th centuries BC, when Egypt was conquered by the Achae-menids. The majority of shapes are typical for the Egyptian ceramic corpus of this period.
The fine ware pottery from Memphis allows us to study the problem of foreign influences on Egyptian ceramic tradition in the Late Period. The fact that such influences took place in the Late and Ptolemaic periods was mentioned by many researches 7. It is well-known that Egyptian potters imitated Greek and Phoenician amphorae ('torpedo') 8, black-glazed pottery ('Memphis black ware') 9. Pottery studies conducted in last 15 years have yielded new data shedding light on this interesting practice. For example, there are vessels from Memphis 10
3 MpMO^OBHq 2017d: 166-168.
4 I am grateful to Dr. S. Laemmel for providing me with the dates of the pottery assemblages from Memphis and general advices on the fine ware pottery.
5 MpMO^OBHq 2017: 58-61.
6 This column is used only when we have at least a com-
plete profile of a vessel.
7 E. g., see: Defernez, Marchand 2006; Ярмолович 2017b.
8 Defernez, Marchand 2006.
9 Васильева, Малых 2016.
10 Ярмолович 2017b.
Type 1.1.
14/0001/128
14/0001/127
Type 1.3.
16/0038/016
13/0040/092
\
T —I
c
E
Y
Type 1.8.
16/0003/014
Type 1.13.
15/0005/023
Fig. 1. Closed shapes of fine ware pottery from Memphis (drawn by V. I. Yarmolovich, E. G. Tolmacheva, N. A. Sizova)
Type II.1.
15/0022/016
Type II.2.
13/0001/037
Type II.3.
13/0040/101
Type II.9.
14bis/0001/002
0 5 cm
Fig. 2. Open shapes of fine ware pottery from Memphis (drawn by V. I. Yarmolovich, S. Laemmel, N. A. Sizova)
and its necropolis (Saqqara), Delta (Thonis-Heracleion, Naukratis, Suwa, Tell el-Mukdam, Tell Timai and Saft el-Henna) and Sinai (Tell el-Herr) that could be imitations of either metal situlae 11 or 'Palace ware' (Assyrian type of pottery) of 8th-7th centuries BC 12. This thesis was suggested by C. Defernez and C. Grataloup on basis of study of pottery material from Tell el-Herr and Thonis-Heracleion respectively.
Another shape that appeared as a result of a foreign influence on the Egyptian pottery is bowls with high neck, carinated shoulders, globular or ellipsoid body, round or flat base. These bowls were found in Memphis 13 and its necropolis 14, Delta (Suwa) 15, Northern Sinai (Tell el-Herr) 16 and even in some distant sites like Bahariya 17 and Kharga 18 oases. By their shape these bowls resemble metal and clay bowls that were spread on the territory of the Achaemenid Empire 19.
The Memphite material found by the CES RAS mission corresponds with results of archaeological excavations on other Egyptian sites and increases our knowledge about Egyptian pottery of the Late Period. It also enables us to come closer to solving some interesting problems connected with sociocultural and economic life of the Ancient Egyptians during the Late and Ptolemaic periods.
Studying Bes-vessels is an important part of my work 20. Sufficient amount of these vessels on Kom Tuman lets me conduct their comprehensive research. At the moment the total number of the Bes-vessels exceeds 42 21. The vessels, state of preservation of which allows studying their morphological features, were divided into nine types. Body sherds were studied in terms of their technological features. Visual examination of clay fabrics showed different properties of material used for production of Memphite Bes-vessels. Similar fabrics were found among pottery material of Thonis-Heracleion, Tell el-Herr and Saqqara. Memph-ite Bes-vessels were dated to the Late Period and New Kingdom.
Bibliography
Белова 2009 Белова Г. А., Ком Туман (Мемфис). В кн.: Шеркова Т. А. (ред.), Культура Египта
и стран Средиземноморья в древности и Средневековье. Сборник статей, посвященный памяти Т. Н. Савельевой (Москва, 2009): 54-103. Васильева, Малых 2016 Васильева О. А., Малых С. Е., 'Древнеегипетские рельефные керамические сосуды греко-римского времени из собрания ГМИИ им. А. С. Пушкина', Вестник древней истории 4 (2016): 981-1010. Иванов 2003 Иванов С. В., Археологические исследования в Мемфисе (Египет). В кн.: Кры-
кин С. М., Ртищева Г. А. (ред.), Открытия минувшего: история древности и археология. Научная историко-археологическая межвузовская конференция: научные труды (Москва, 2003): 23-26.
11 Defernez 2011.
12 Grataloup 2012.
13 The CES RAS excavations, unpublished material. I am studying these bowls at the moment.
14 S. E. Malykh (the Russian Archaeological Mission in Giza, the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences), personal communication.
15 Now this bowl is in the Petrie Museum of Egyptian
archaeology, inv. no. UC19279. See: Petrie 1906: pl.
XXXIX F (143).
16 Defernez 2001: pl. LXXII (208).
17 Musil, Tomasek 2013: 89, 92.
18 Wuttman 1996: 418.
19 As an example of this type of bowls see: Lehmann 1996: Taf. 91 (488/1-2, 492/1-2).
20 MpMO^OBH^ 2017d.
21 This number includes vessels destroyed by robbers during the revolution in 2011.
Иванов 2009
Иванов 2017
Иванов 2018
Ярмолович 2017a
Ярмолович 2017b
Ярмолович 2017c
Ярмолович 2017d
Belova 2004
Belova 2005a
Belova 2005b
Belova 2009
Belova, Ivanov 2016
Defenez 2001
Иванов С. В., Фигурка жрицы из раскопок А. Даниноса в Мемфиса (Египетский музей, Каир: JE 35107L). В кн.: Шеркова Т. А. (ред.), Культура Египта и стран Средиземноморья в древности и Средневековье. Сборник статей, посвященный памяти Т. Н. Савельевой (Москва, 2009): 191-206.
Иванов С. В., Производственный комплекс на памятнике Ком-Туман (Мемфис, Египет). В кн.: V (XXI) Всероссийский археологический съезд. Сборник научных трудов. 2-7 октября 2017 г. (Барнаул, 2017): 430.
Иванов С. В., «Нетипичная» терракота из Мемфиса. В кн.: Белова Г. А., Иванов С. В., Толмачева Е. Г. (ред.), Культура Египта и стран Средиземноморья в древности и Средневековье — 2. Сборник статей памяти Т. Н. Савельевой (Москва, 2017): 25-34.
Ярмолович В. И., Результаты изучения древнеегипетских глиняных сосудов с изображением бога Бэса (по материалам археологических раскопок ЦЕИ РАН в Мемфисе). В кн.: V (XXI) Всероссийской археологический съезд. Сборник научных трудов. 2-7 октября 2017 г. (Барнаул, 2017): 1207.
Ярмолович В. И., 'Об одном типе древнеегипетской тонкостенной керамики Позднего и птолемеевского периодов: морфология и проблема персидского влияния', Восток. Афро-Азиатские общества: история и современность 5 (2017): 52-71.
Ярмолович В. И., 'Технологический и иконографический аспекты изучения фигурного сосуда в форме петуха (по материалам археологических раскопок ЦЕИ РАН на Ком-Тумане (Египет)', Египет и сопредельные страны (Egypt and neighbouring countries) 3 (2017): 34-51. Электронный ресурс, режим доступа: http://enc-joumal.com/images/contributions/2017-3/3-3-yarmolovich.pdf.
Ярмолович В. И., Типология древнеегипетских глиняных сосудов с изображением бога Бэса из Мемфиса (по материалам археологических раскопок ЦЕИ РАН). В кн.: Белова Г. А., Иванов С. В., Толмачева Е. Г. (ред.), Культура Египта и стран Средиземноморья в древности и Средневековье — 2. Сборник статей памяти Т. Н. Савельевой (Москва, 2017): 144-174.
Belova G. A., The Cretans in Egypt. In: Maravelia A.-A. (ed.), Europe, Hellas and Egypt: complementary antipodes during Late Antiquity. Papers from Session IV.3, held at the European Association of Archaeologists 8th Annual Meeting in Thessaloniki 2002 (Oxford, 2004): 1-4.
Belova G. A., Ancient Memphis and the Helleno-Roman World: a short note. In: Maravelia A.-A. (ed.), Modern trends in European Egyptology: papers from a session, held at the European Association of Archaeologists 9th Annual Meeting in St. Petersburg 2003 (Oxford, 2005): 5-6.
Belova G. A., Integrated geophysical survey at the Kom Tuman site, ancient Memphis (Egypt). In: Piro S. (ed.), Proceedings — extended abstracts of the 6th International Conference on Archaeological Prospecting. Rome, Italy, September 14-17, 2005 (Rome, 2005): 66-69. (In co-authorship with A. Gidaspov, M. Kats, A. Krol, I. Modin, A. Pelevin, S. Sokolov.)
Belova G., Memphis: correlation between written sources and archaeological data. In: Belova G., Ivanov S. (ed.), Achievements and problems of modern Egyptology. Proceedings of the international conference held in Moscow on September 29 — October 2, 2009 (Moscow, 2012): 23-39.
Belova G. A., Ivanov S. V., 'Kom Tuman. Season 2016', Египет и сопредельные страны (Egypt and neighbouring countries) 4 (2016): 23-30. Электронный ресурс, режим доступа: http://enc-journal.com/images/contributions/2016-4/4-2-belova-iva-nov.pdf.
Defernez C., La céramique d'époque perse à Tell el-Herr. Étude chrono-typologique et comparative, II (Lille III, 2011).
Defernez 2011 Defernez C., Four Bes vases from Tell el-Herr (North-Sinai): analytical description and
correlation with the Goldsmith's art of Achaemenid tradition. In: Aston D., Bader B., Gallorini C., Nicholson P., Buckingham S. (ed.), Under the potter's tree. Studies on Ancient Egypt presented to Janine Bourriau on the occassion of her 70th birthday (Leu-ven — Paris — Walpole, 2011): 287-323.
Defernez, Marchand 2006 Defernez C., Marchand S., Imitations égyptiennes de conteneurs d'origine égéenne et levantine (Vl-e s. - Il-e s. av. J.-C.). In: Mathieu B., Meeks D., Wissa M. (ed.), L'apport de l'Égypte à l'histoire des techniques (Le Caire, 2006): 63-99.
Ivanov 2007 Ivanov S. V., Anthropomorphic figurines found at Kom Tuman (Memphis). In: Bar-
ta M., Coppens F., Krejci J. (ed.), Abusir and Saqqara in the year 2005 (Prague, 2007): 32-41.
Ivanov 2015 Ivanov S. V., Offerings and crocodiles at pottery offering trays from Memphis. In: And
the Earth is joyous... Essays in honour of Galina A. Belova (Moscow, 2015): 115-128.
Grataloup 2012 Grataloup C., 'Céramiques calcaires d'époque perse et des dernières dynasties indi-
gènes à Thônis-Héracléion', Égypte nilotique et méditerranéenne 5 (2012): 167-194.
Lehmann 1996 Lehmann G., Untersuchungen zur späten Eisenzeit in Syrien und Libanon. Stratigraphi
und Keramikformen zwischen ca. 720 bis 300 v.Chr. (Münster, 1996).
Musil, Tomasek 2013 Musil J., Tomâsek M., Die Besiedlung in der Oase El-Hays in der Römerzeit: Auswer-stung der Funde. In: Dospel M., Sukova L. (ed.), Bahriya oasis. Recent research into the past of an Egyptian oasis (Prague, 2013): 63-67.
Petrie 1906 Petrie W. M. F., Hyksos and Israelite sites (London, 1906).
Wuttmann 1996 Wuttmann M. 'Premier rapport préliminaire des travaux sur le site de 'Ayn Manawir
(oasis de Kharga)', Bulletin de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale 96 (1996): 396-451.
Yarmolovich 2015 Yarmolovich V. I., Dating the Bes vessels from the CES RAS excavations at Kom
Tuman. In: And the Earth is joyous... Essays in Honour of Galina A. Belova (Moscow, 2015): 389-397.
Предварительные результаты исследования светлоглиняных сосудов из Мемфиса (сезоны 2014-2016, 2018 гг.)
В. И. Ярмолович
В статье представлены предварительные результаты исследования светлоглиняных сосудов, обнаруженных в ходе работы археологической экспедиции ЦЕИ РАН в Мемфисе. Исследование проводилось во время сезонов 2014-2016 и 2018 гг. Первая часть статьи посвящена краткому описанию методологии изучения сосудов. Во второй части даны предварительные выводы об этой категории сосудов.
Ключевые слова: керамика, Поздний период, птолемеевский период, Мемфис, сосуды с Бэсом, Ком-Туман, исследование керамики, Древний Египет, ахемениды.
