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26УДК: 319.5: 621.42
POTENTIAL, DEVELOPMENT OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY ON THE EXAMPLE OF GERMANY AND RUSSIA
Pimenova A.I., student
Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
E-mail: nasta.pimenova@yandex.ru Ivanov D.D., student Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
E-mail: the.ivanov@yandex.ru
Abstract. This article discusses the potential of one of the modern technologies - Blockchain. The meaning of the definition is determined, the basic principles of the technology are described, and the possibilities of its use in various fields are also given. The development and application of the blockchain is reflected not only in commercial activities, but also at the state level. The study was conducted by analyzing large amounts of information, both from Russian and foreign sources. The article shows the economic expediency, as well as the potential usefulness of using this technology at the present time and in the future. The main examples of states actively implementing blockchain technology are Russia and Germany. In addition, the widespread use of the blockchain by various organizations, including supranational ones, is shown. Perspective projects for implementing cloud technologies in order to optimize various processes are considered. The relevance of blockchain technology in relation to socio-economic, health and other areas is reviewed. The aspects of using cryptocurrencies in the Russian and foreign markets are affected. Thus, the result of the study is confirmation that the technology continues to develop and find new ways to employ it. Soon, this trend will continue.
Key words: bitcoin, blockchain, digital economy, smart contract, energy, innovation, «masterchain».
ПОТЕНЦИАЛ, РАЗВИТИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ БЛОКЧЕЙН НА ПРИМЕРЕ
ГЕРМАНИИ И РОССИИ
Пименова А.И., студент
Финансовый университет при Правительстве Российской Федерации, Москва, Россия
E-mail: nasta.pimenova@yandex.ru Иванов Д.Д., студент Финансовый университет при Правительстве Российской Федерации, Москва, Россия
E-mail: the.ivanov@yandex.ru
Аннотация. В данной статье рассматривается потенциал одной из современных технологий - Блокчейн. Определено значение термина, описаны основные принципы работы технологии, а также приведены возможности её использования в различных сферах. Также отражено развитие и применение блокчейна не только в коммерческой деятельности, но и на государственном уровне. Исследование проводилось с помощью анализа больших объемов информации, как из российских, так и из зарубежных источников. В статье показана экономическая целесообразность, а также потенциальная полезность использования данной технологии в настоящее время и в будущем. В качестве основных примеров государств, активно внедряющих технологию блокчейн, приведены Россия и Германия. Кроме того, показано широкое применение блокчейна различными организациями, в том числе наднациональными. Рассмотрены перспективные проекты внедрения облачных технологий в целях оптимизации различных процессов. Показана актуальность технологии блокчейн применительно к социально-экономической, здравоохранительной и другим сферам. Затронуты аспекты применения криптовалют на российском и зарубежном рынке. Результатом исследования является подтверждение того, что технология продолжает развиваться и находить себе новое применение. В ближайшее время данная тенденция сохранится.
Ключевые слова: «биткоин», блокчейн, цифровая экономика, смарт-контракт, энергетика, инновации, «мастерчейн»
Introduction
«The blockchain technology is a divided and decentralized database which document past and completed transactions independently». [3, C. 31] The database is constantly expanding chronologically with a linear sequence like a network that connects new elements to existing blocks. At first glance the system doesn't seem complicated. When one block is
full the system makes the next one. Each block contains the control data for all previous blocks. All transactions are concluded and stored in one block, and it is placed and available on all computers connected to the network.
This happens without «the third person», i.e. in these operations are not involved other objects and unnecessary events. This allows to save error-
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protected information. The blockchain is known as the technology that is fundamental when Bitcoin is used. However, the scope of operation and application of this system is enormous. Thus, the blockchain can and should be considered as a cryptocurrency-independent technology which allows secure «exchange of values» [2].
Fig. 1. Schematic representation of blockchain device technology
[1]
Nowadays there are many enterprises based on this blockchain technology. The most interesting organizations will be studied further. For example, the «Bitnation» which is an enterprise and calls itself the first «electronic state» of the world based on blockchain technology. This company offers to customers a row of services which are typically for traditional countries, such as identity card, confirmation of important events (notary services) or loan history, assurance, etc. The project has also developed a land register for Ghana and has tested property, where 70% of this amount wasn't registered properly discouraging to implement in real estate investment and granting loans. The «Bitnation» in cooperation with the government of Estonia has created the notarial blockchain service for residents of Estonia in November 2015. [4, C.123] Methods
Moreover, Sberbank certifies the system of the document flow using blockchain technology. Experts estimate that the blockchain technologies will allow to reduce the costs of the banks about 80%. «Smart Contracts» will be concluded which make transactions quicker and cheaper.
As mentioned, with using blockchain technology becomes possible application of «Smart Contracts». Features such as fast and transparent execution of transactions in a short period of time are very
important for the counterpart. This, in turn, is very similar to the system of modern electric power industry in the world. Therefore, «Smart Contracts» will also be relevant for this area. The existence of mobile structures, such as «small decentralized power plants that store energy-related data or other electronic products allow to observe and use blockchain technology in order to apply this system for transactions with embedded electronic technology» [5] Another indicator of the popularity of smart contracts is the number of transactions made with bitcoin. The graph shows the number of transactions with bitcoin per day. The vertical scale shows the number of operations, and the horizontal the moment of time. Significant growth has been observed over 10 years, starting in 2009. The maximum value was recorded on December 14, 2017 when 490,000 operations were completed. In 2017 and 2018, there was a decrease in the number of operations, which is associated with state regulation of bitcoin, and with the consideration of the legislative regulation of cryptocurrencies in developed countries. However, the dynamics show that over the past two years, Bitcoin has been actively trading again. The proof of this is that every day there is an average of 400,000 operations with bitcoin. Indirectly, this indicates confidence in the blockchain system and smart contracts, respectively.
Fig. 2. Confirmed Transactions Per Day [6]
Results
It's worth noting that in our country, the blockchain platform is a popular development direction. Thus, Sberbank in 2015 took an interest to this technology. The Big Data Specialists and even blockchain developers were hired. Consequently, already in 2017, the first international transaction based on blockchain was carried out and the further development of 15 pilot projects was announced, including the most important - «Masterchain». As a result, in 2018 was opened the blockchain laboratory in which projects were being implemented and innovative networks were being
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developed. In addition, the laboratory collaborates with other market participants and conducts information and educational activities as part of the popularization of blockchain technology. Even though in 2019 Sberbank abandoned the «Masterchain» platform, it is planned to replace it with international counterparts. [9] So, the projects launched earlier, will continue to function. For example, one of the most successful projects is the document management system, which is actively used by Sberbank. It is not related to financial services but involves the exchange of documents in an encrypted form. Also, with the help of the blockchain platform, the system of verification of supplies between «M.Video» and «Sberbank Factoring» was greatly simplified. In order to optimize the process of reconciling supply documents, a registry was used. It hashed the data, verified and stored using blockchain technology. In addition to Sberbank, company «S7Airlines» with the support of Alfa Bank became interested in the blockchain technology. Together they began to automate the process of selling tickets. A special platform based on Ethereum was created, which made it possible to use the system of smart contracts when tickets are selling. The «Megafon» company issued securities, the purchase and sale of which was carried out on the basis of the blockchain [8].
Finally, speaking about the potential of blockchain technology, it's important to notice the Ministry of Health which directed its efforts to creating a blockchain platform where medical records will be stored. Patients will be able to determine for themselves who will get access to health data. The Agency for Housing Mortgage Lending offers the use of cloud technology for shared-equity construction. The solution will optimize the exchange of information between «Rosreestr» and the Compensation Fund. It is planned to form a system based on blockchain technology in Russia to store information about the education and work experience of Russian citizens. This idea will surely interest employers, but the data is confidential. Accommodation is possible only with the consent of citizens. Universities expand their training programs, including lectures and blockchain practices. The emphasis is on the application in different industries.
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Interdisciplinary units for bachelors and masters are being developed. So, MGIMO began to train lawyers in the field of blockchain. The Moscow City Council is planning a solution to digital management city. It is supposed to combine healthcare and housing and communal services. Cloud technologies will help to increase the transparency and security in the real property market.
However, at this stage in the development of the blockchain, we can't talk about a single well-established cloud technology platform. Nevertheless, the promising pilot projects are already operating in the economic sphere, as well as in the system of state and municipal government in Russia. So, under the State Duma of the Russian Federation, an Expert Council on digital economy and blockchain technologies has been formed. The advisory body deals with issues of legislative and information support for distribution register systems. In addition, Russia holds annual cryptocurrency and blockchain events in the form of lectures, presentations and discussions. An example is the annual Blockchain Conference Moscow which is dedicated to the prospects of using distribution registers in the non-financial sector and cryptocurrency management in Russia. However, there are other popular forums [10] Conclusion
In conclusion, the blockchain system in Russia still has to go through many changes, however, the prerequisites for its successful functioning are being laid right now.
Speaking about the benefits of using blockchain technology in our country, the effect is predicted will be positive. At the conference «CIPR-2019» conducted for the first time in may was noticed that the potential economic effect of implementation distributed registry technology (blockchain) in Russia by 2024 may exceed 1.5 trillion rubles. From this money 600 billion rubles will go to digitization of business processes and 300 billion rubles to reducing the quantity of intermediaries and decreasing the counterfeit products. Also stated about impact on the shadow sector of the Russian economy. The effect of the reduction the volume of the shadow economy by 2024 will be 250 billion rubles, and 185 billion rubles will be spent on additional income. Accordingly, it's
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important to notice that the technology continues to develop, and new forms of its application are found, in this connection its use is cost-effective. [7]
The advantages of blockchain technology: economy of time (reduced transaction synchronization time); cost reduction (discontinuation of overhead and intermediary costs); risk reduction (reduced risk of online manipulation, deceit and criminal activity in the Internet); confidence (high reliability of everyday operations).
In Germany there is an innovative development of the application of the technologies: «the blockchain technology is one of the new «digital drivers of the energy revolution».
Fig. 3. Power distribution scheme with and without blockchain
[1]
Besides, [1, C. 63] promising direction for future -the «Internet of the energy» can be used for entering offers and inquiries in the real time. For example, trade with the electricity would be possible directly between producer and consume without intermediaries. So, the main benefits are that transaction costs are significantly reduced, and trade becomes quicker. However, it also more reliable,
because most of the data information exists in separate blocks.
In conclusion, the blockchain technology is perspective direction and has a wide scope of the application both in Russia and in Germany.
References
[1] Christoph Burger, Andreas Kuhlmann. Blockchain in der Energiewende. Berlin: 2016. Deutsche Energie-Agentur GmbH (dena)
[2] Chris Skinner.ValueWeb. New York: 2017. Mann, Iwanow und Ferber.
[3] Pol Winja, Michael Kejsiro Die Crypto-Währung Ära. Wie Bitcoin und Blockchain ändern die weltweite Wirtschaftsordnung. Berlin: 2017. GmbH "Mann, Iwanow und Ferber".
[4] Vigna P., Casey M.J. The Age of Cryptocurrency: How Bitcoin and Digital Money Are Challenging the Global Economic. New York. St.Martin's Press, 2016.
[5] Mit Blockchain zum «Internet of Value» [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.dbsystel.de/dbsystel/digitalisierung/innovation en/blockchain-419546
[6] Confirmed Transactions Per Day.The number of daily confirmed Bitcoin transactions. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.blockchain.com/ru/charts/n-transactions (дата обращения: 5.09.2019).
[7] OrderBlockchain Life [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://blockchain-life.com/europe/ru/ (дата обращения: 10.09.2019).
[8] Блокчейн в Сбербанке [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http://www.tadviser.ru/index.php/ (дата обращения: 13.09.2019).
[9] Мастерчейн (Masterchain) Российская национальная блокчейн-сеть [Электронный ресурс]. http: //www. tadviser.ru/index. php/Про дукт: Мастерчейн_( Masterchain)_Российская_национальная_блокчейн-сеть#2019/ (дата обращения: 13.09.2019).
[10] Блокчейн в России [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://blockchain3.ru/blokchejn/blokchejn-v-rossii/ (дата обращения: 08.09.2019).
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