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14AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
POTATO PRODUCTIVITY DEPENDING ON ALTERNATIVE FERTILIZER ON LIGHT GRAY
PODZOLIZED SOIL
Kostiuk V.,
Master Vazinska O., Master Pidhorodetskyi V., Master Sapatiuk Ya., Master Kharchuk V. Master Kovalchuk N., Master
Polissia National University, Ukraine
ABSTRACT
The use of fertilizers significantly affects the productivity of potato plants and the agro-ecological condition of the soil. Organic fertilizers for potato are the best of all kinds and are the necessary component of the technology of its growing. It is generally believed that 35-40 t/ha of organic fertilizers are optimal on sod-podzolic soils and 25-30 t/ha on gray podzolized soils.
Fertilizers, along with providing plants with basic nutrients, contribute to the improvement of the physical and physical-chemical condition of the soil.
As an alternative fertilizer, it is suggested to use straw of cereals and green manure - siderates when growing potatoes on light gray podzolized soil.
The article deals with the use of straw (3 t/ha), green fertilizers - siderates (12 t/ha), moderate amounts of mineral fertilizers as an alternative fertilizer for potatoes. It has been found out that they have high efficiency on productivity of development of potato tubers (229-261 c/ha) in cultivation on light gray podzolized soil.
Keywords: alternative fertilizer, straw, siderates, manure, potato productivity.
Formulation of the problem
Potato in the Polissia region is one of the most important cultivated crops. Potato planting areas For potato comprise 1.6 million hectares with a yield of only 138 c / ha. Thus, for today the primary task in the field of potato growing is to increase yields (Zhuravel et al., 2020). However, in recent years, the rapid decrease in manure production in the farms of the Polissia region and the high cost of mineral fertilizers do not make it possible to apply the recommended norms, which require finding alternative sources of organic matter for the soil, which would contribute not only to high yields, but also to increased fertility of the soils.
Thus, there is a need to study the effectiveness of alternative fertilizers for potato, namely the use of non-market products of the precursor - straw of cereals and green fertilizers - siderates when growing on light gray podzolized soil, which is most suitable for growing potato. However, for today the impact of such fertilizers on soil moisture and potato yields has not been sufficiently studied (Brurberg et al., 2011).
Therefore, the aim of the article is to study the growth and development of plants and potato productivity depending on the use of alternative fertilizers, namely straw of cereals and green fertilizers - siderates.
Analysis of recent sources
Nowadays, the development of agriculture is considered and evaluated from the perspective of environmental issues, which take into account the optimal
combination of the ecological condition of the agricultural landscape and the technology of crops cultivation. In recent decades, the activation of degradation processes in agroecosystems has been caused by an unbalanced anthropogenic load on natural resources, namely high agricultural development of the territories of Zhy-tomyr region (52.8%) and plowed land (40.5%). As a result, the decrease of humus in soils is widely spread, which is caused by imbalance between the organic matter entering the soil and its removal with the crops, which lead to the deterioration of the physical, physical and chemical properties of the soil, drop in crop yields (Lisovyi et al., 2018; Polozhenets, 2004).
It is known that organic fertilizers, namely manure, are a powerful reserve for increasing soil fertility and potato yield. However, due to the rapid decline in the number of livestock in recent years, the amount of production and application of organic fertilizers in the soil decreased accordingly.
In order to reach the proper levels of productivity of agroecosystems, it is necessary to achieve positive balance of nutrients at the expense of both our own production and import in the required quantity and nomenclature. Also, important issue in this respect may be the use of by-products of cereals - straw and green fertilizers - siderates (Chernilevskyi et al., 2003).
Farms generate excess straw, which is proposed to be introduced into the soil to replace manure. To avoid the additional expense of spreading straw across the
field, it is introduced into the ground in the crushed form while harvesting of cereals. In order to ensure the fermentation of straw and improve the nitrogenous nutrition of plants per one ton of it, it is recommended to apply 8-10 kg of nitrogen fertilizers in the active substance (Lisovyi et al., 2018).
For the enrichment of soil by organic matter, and accordingly water and nutrient regimes of soil, sidereal crops are used, the plant mass of which is wrapped in the soil at the place of their cultivation. The decay products of the green mass should be used directly by the next crop, and this can be achieved by plowing the siderates in late autumn (Skrypchuk et al., 2019).
Thus, the research was to determine the effect of alternative fertilizers on potato productivity on light gray podzolized soil of Polissia.
Research objectives
Research objectives are the following:
1. To determine soil moisture depending on fertilizer.
2. To study the dynamics of growth and development of potato plants.
3. To determine potato tuber productivity depending on alternative fertilizer.
Objects and methodology of the research
The object of the research is the study of changes in morphological parameters of potato plants depending on fertilizer application.
The studies were performed on light gray podzo-lized sandy loess loam, underlain by fluvial-glacial deposits. Layer of soil 0-20 cm is characterized by the following agro-chemical parameters: humus 1.22-1.35%, the reaction of the soil solution is medium acidic (pH
4.8-4.9), the amount of the absorbed bases and the degree of saturation of the soil bases are low and, respectively, comprises 1.80-2.07 mg-eq / 100 g of soil and 46.5-53.2%, the amount of mobile forms of nitrogen and phosphorus is medium, potassium is low.
Potato precursor - winter rye. The basic tillage was based on the tillage without rotation by the BDT-3 heavy disk harrows to a depth of 16-18 cm.
The fertilizer system included the use of by-products of the precursor - straw (3 t/ha), sidereal fertilizer - oil radish (12 t/ha), manure, mineral fertilizers (nitrogen - ammonium nitrate, phosphorus - superphosphate simple granulated, potassium - potassium salt. Mineral fertilizers were introduced in a spreading way). Potato fertilizer options:
1. Control (without fertilizers). 2. Siderates + straw. 3. N50P40K70. 4. Manure 25 t/ha + N25P20K35. 5. Manure 50 t/ha. 6. Manure 37.5 t/ha + N12.5P10K17.5.
For the experiments we used potatoes Bellaroza of German breeding.
During the research we used conventional techniques and applied the potato cultivation agro-technics generally accepted for the Polissia area.
Statistical processing of the experimental material was carried out according to method (Dospekhov, 1985) using the program MS Excel. Research results
The agro-ecological condition of the soil and the productivity of the plants are greatly influenced by the cultivation of the soil and the use of fertilizers. Therefore, to obtain a high yield and efficient use of fertilizers in the soil a sufficient amount of productive moisture is required for the growth and development of plants (table 1).
Table 1
Deposits of moisture in light gray podzolized soil depending on fertilizer, mm
Observation periods Fertilizer options
Control (without fertilizers) Siderates + straw N50P40K70 Manure 37.5 t/ha + N12.5P10K17.5
Layer of soil
0-20 0-50 0-20 0-50 0-20 0-50 0-20 0-50
In the budding phase of plants 33.4 104.7 37.6 110.4 34.9 113.6 40.3 127.3
When harvesting 23.6 78.5 21.7 76.3 20.8 81.1 25.3 86.4
During the vegetation of plants, the moisture in the topsoil must be at least 15 mm. According to the research data, moisture reserves in light gray podzolized soil were sufficient for plants during the years of the research.
It is known that the greatest need of moisture for plants is during their budding. At this time, the moisture reserves in the 0-20 cm soil layer were 33.4 mm on the control variant, and 104.7 mm in the 0-50 cm layer, which was enough for the plants. Fertilizer application increased the amount of soil moisture, namely straw and siderates up to 37.6 mm in the 0-20 cm soil layer and up to 110.4 mm in the 0-50 cm layer. The introduction of only mineral fertilizers within a small range increased the amount of moisture, respectively, to 35.7 mm and 113.6 mm, which is only 4.5-8.1% more than the control (without fertilizers).
The highest amount of moisture was observed in the combined application of manure and mineral fertilizers - 40.3 mm in the 0-20 cm soil layer and 127.3 mm in the 0-50 cm soil layer during the budding of plants.
At the end of the vegetation period, the amount of moisture was significantly reduced in all variants of the experiment during harvest, and in the control variant there were already 23.6 mm in the 0-20 cm soil layer and in the 0-50 cm layer - 78.5 mm. On the fertilized variants, the moisture reserves ranged within, respectively, 20.8-25.3 mm and 76.3-86.4 mm, but were sufficient for the plants.
So, the use of fertilizers, especially organic, contributed to the increase of moisture in the soil and improved physical features of light gray podzolized soil, which had positive impact on the growth and development of potato plants and crop formation.
Stooling
Blossoming
Plant wilting
□ Control (without fertilizers)
□ Siderates + straw
□ N P K
□ Manure 25 t/ha + N P K
□ Manure 50 t/ha
□ Manure 37.5 t/ha + N P K
Fig. 1. Influence offertilizers on the dynamics of the height ofpotato plants, cm
(average for 2017-2019)
The dynamics of plant growth and development most fully reflects the process of crop formation, and it depended on fertilizer (Fig. 1).
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If in the control variant the height of plants in the phase of intensive growth was 15-17 cm in general while the research, then due to fertilizer the height increased up to 19-26 cm, or 12-73%.
During the flowering phase, plant development reached its maximum height. On the control variant, the height was 29-31 cm, and on the fertilized variants, respectively, 37-56 cm. In the studies, the dependence of the positive effect of the stem on the introduction of straw and siderates into the soil was observed. Their use increased the plant height by 9-11 cm compared to the control. Due to only mineral fertilizers, the height of the stems increased by 11-12 cm. When combined with organic and mineral fertilizers, a significant increase in the height of the stem was observed and it exceeded the control (without fertilizers) by 18-19 cm .
The maximum height of potato plants was obtained in the options of manure 35 t/ha and mineral fertilizers - 54-56 cm, while in the control option the stem did not exceed 30 cm.
At the beginning of the wilting of the plants, the height of the plants naturally decreased in comparison with the flowering phase, and generally reached 27-49 cm during the research.
So, combined application of organic and mineral fertilizers allows to obtain a height of stems of potato up to 56 cm, or 35-40% higher than in the control variant (without fertilizers). The intense growth of the vegetative mass of the bud was observed from the beginning of the full shoots to the full flowering phase and gradually decelerated from the beginning of the natural wilting of plants.
In the formation of the yield of potato tubers the weight of plants plays and important role, which is significantly dependent on fertilizers.
At the beginning of the wilting of the plants on the control (without fertilizers), the weight of one plant was 115.1-123.3 grams, and that of straw and siderates, respectively 245.0-273.1 grams, or it has more than doubled (fig. 2).
450 400 ct 350 «"300 J 250 ■g 200
£ 150
ct
I 100 50 0
Control (without fertilizers) Siderates + straw
N P K
Manure 25 t/ha + N P K
Manure 50 t/ha
Manure 37.5 t/ha + N P K
Stooling Blossoming Plant wilting
Fig. 2. Dynamics of accumulation of aboveground mass ofpotato plants by developmental stages, g / bush.
(average for 2017-2019)
The largest mass of plants was in the option with the application of manure 35 t/ha and mineral fertilizers - 409.5-435.4 grams per bush, which confirms the effectiveness of the application of these fertilizers. It means that application of organic and mineral fertilizers contributed to increase of the weight of plant and improved productivity of potato tubers.
So, the use of organic and mineral fertilizers contributed to formation of significant accumulation of
aboveground mass of potato plants, which eventually formed a high yield.
Fertilizers are among the important factors that can improve the productivity of tubers. According to our results, in the fertilizer-free option, the potato yield was low and comprised 195 c/ha (table 2).
Studies on the use of straw and siderates revealed the increase of potato yields by 25 c/ha. It should be noted that the increase of the yield in all options of the experiment was reliable at 95% significance level.
Table 2
Yield of potatoes, depending on the fertilizer, c / ha
Fertilizer options Years of examinations Average for 2017-2019 % before control
2017 2018 2019
Control (without fertilizers) 213 167 222 201 100.0
Siderates + straw 229 187 261 226 112.4
N50P40K70 319 239 319 292 145.2
Manure 25 t/ha + N25P20K35 335 268 338 314 156.2
Manure (10t /ha of rotation area) 302 242 305 283 140.8
Manure 37.5 t/ha + N12.5P10K17.5 364 285 346 332 165.2
HIP0.5 c/ha 6.6 5.1 4.1
In options where only mineral fertilizers were used, there was also an increase in the yield of potato tubers by 91 c/ha. This indicates that the provision of potato with the basic elements of mineral nutrition allows to obtain a significant increase in the yield.
Similar to the variant with the introduction of mineral fertilizers, the increase in the yield of potato tubers by 82 c/ha was actually obtained when applying only organic fertilizers. The difference is 9 c/ha, which is reliable at 95% significance level.
The experiment also obtained a significant increase in yield in the case of manure application of 25 t/ha and moderate rates of mineral fertilizers N25P20K35. The difference in the yield in comparison to the control comprises 131 c/ha which is quite considerable at 95% significance level.
It means that light gray podzolized soil of Polissia needs the significant amount of organic matter which ensures high yield of potato tubers.
So, the use of such fertilizer system, namely the application of alternative fertilizers and moderate norms of mineral fertilizers is an effective way to improve soil fertility and increase of potato yield significantly.
Conclusion
Summarizing the above data and taking into account the current economic situation, it is advisable to use straw and siderates in combination with moderate norms of mineral fertilizers as an alternative to manure when growing potato in Polissia region, which ensures its high productivity and preservation of ecological stability of agro-phytocenosis. In the future, it is necessary to focus on studies related to the effects of alternative fertilizers on the physical characteristics of soil, micro-and mesofauna and, in general, on the environmental sustainability of the agroecosystem.
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