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16CULTIVATION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS WITH SHORT ROTATION AND APPLICATION OF
ORGANIC FERTILIZER SYSTEM
Trembitska O.,
Candidate of Agriculture Sciences, Klymenko T.
Candidate of Agriculture Sciences, Stohodiuk K., master Shatylo O., master Chernysh V., master
Krykun M.
master
Polissia National University, Ukraine
ABSTRACT
The article describes the influence of the organic fertilizer system on the biological activity of the soil in the short rotation. The biological activity of the soil is an important component of its fertility and determines the level and quality of the yield.
It has been established that the organic fertilizer system, which includes the application of manure, straw of grain crops and green manure crops, causes microbiological processes in the soil. These processes are much more intensive compared to mineral and organic-mineral systems, which provides a positive balance of humus in the soil and high yield indicators while reducing the cost of purchase and application of mineral fertilizers.
Keywords: biological activity of the soil, organic system, mineral system, organic-mineral system, crop rotation, humus, yield.
Problem statement. The biological activity of the soil is an important component of its fertility and determines the level and quality of the yield. It is formed by the number and biomass of microorganisms of various ecological and trophic groups in the soil which carry out a complex of biological processes of decomposition of organic matter, fertilizers, and plant residues. [2,4].
Due to the decline in the level of environmentally-friendly farming, there are objective preconditions for alternative agriculture in the 21st century.
An important indicator of the biological activity of the soil is the intensity of decomposition of organic matter that is available in the soil, like humus, or that enters the soil with organic fertilizers, plant and animal residues and other substances. In all these organic substances, fiber is the main source of energy for the entire life of the soil [1,6].
The presence of earthworms in the soil is also one of the signs of soil fertility. The number of earthworms indicates the development of agroecosystem and is one of the biodiagnostic indicators of organic matter in the soil [3,5].
Organic fertilizers are one of the main agrotech-nical measures aimed at increasing soil fertility. They include manure, poultry manure, peat, straw, green manure and others. In combination with mineral fertilizers, they will provide the highest return. Therefore, studies of the biological activity of the soil under the organic fertilizer system are relevant.
Materials and methods of the study. The purpose of the study is to examine the effect of organic, organic-mineral and chemical fertilizers on the biological activity of the soil under short rotation.
The experiment was held in 2005 in the research field of the Polissia Institute of Agriculture located in the village Grozyno, in Korosten raion of Zhytomyr region, on sod-podzolic sandy soil.
The scheme of the experiment involved studying the effect of 5 different fertilizer options on the biological activity of the soil (Table 1): the dynamics of cellulose decomposing activity of soil and the activity of earthworms under a four-field crop rotation with the following rotation of crops: corn for silage, barley, oat+field pea, winter wheat.
Table 1.
Scheme of fertilizer application in a crop rotation
Options of fertilizer systems Amount of fertilizers applied during crop rotation for a crop, kg/ha Amount of fertilizers applied NPK, kg of active substance per 1 ha
corn barley oat + field pea winter wheat
1. Without fertilizers (control) - - - - -
2. Common system 20 t/ha manure +N50P40K50 N45P45K45 N35P45K45 N60P45K60 N290P240K280
3.Organic system 20 t/ha manure + straw+ green manure+ growth-promoting agent growth-promoting agent "Emistym" straw + green manure + growth-promoting agent "Emistym" straw + growth-promoting agent N250P86K170
4.Organic-mineral system 20 t/ha manure + straw+ green manure P45K45 straw + green manure +P70K45 straw + N30P40K45 N250P240K300
5.Mineral system N100P80K100 N60P 60K60 N40P 40K50 N80P 50K70 N280P 230K280
Note: N - ammonia nitrate, P - superphosphate, K - potassium chloride were used as mineral fertilizers
Results. The intensity of microbiological processes in the soil in terms of cellulosolytic activity, i.e. decomposition of flax activity, in the case of the organic fertilizer system was significantly by 13.2 - 20% higher compared to the intensity of the conventional system (Fig. 1).
Cellulosolytic activity of soil
80 70
60 —
50 —
40 —
30 —
20 —
10 — 0
4
barley
6 7
oat + field pea
•winter wheat
Fig. 1. Effect of fertilizer systems on the intensity of microbiological processes in the soil in terms of
cellulosolytic activity.
Under the organic-mineral fertilizer system (var.4), there is also a tendency to increased intensity of microbiological processes in the soil compared to the intensity of the conventional system.
In addition, the intensity of microbiological processes under the mineral system was by 12.0 - 18.4% lower than the intensity under the production (conventional) system, although in this system the intensity of microbiological processes was by 33.3 - 86.4% higher than the absolute control without fertilizers. At the same time, organic and organic-mineral systems (var.
2,4) increased the cellulosolytic activity of the soil by 1.94 - 2.24 times compared to the activity in the control (without fertilizers), which is explained by the introduction of a certain amount of organic matter, while mineral fertilizers in their pure form or in combination with organic ones inhibit the biological activity of the soil.
The inventory of earthworm biota in the soil showed their largest number under the organic fertilizer system, where it exceeded the number of worms of the conventional system by 25.0 - 61.1% (Fig. 2).
1
2
3
5
8
Under the organic-mineral system, the number of earthworms was slightly lower for corn and oat + field pea.
When organic fertilizers were applied, such as manure, straw and green manure, on average the number of worms in the soil during crop rotation increased in the variants of organic (var.3) and organic-mineral (var.4) fertilizer system by 56 - 109% compared to control.
Under the conventional system, the application of organic fertilizers of only 20 t/ha of manure for corn increased the number of worms under this crop by 62.5% compared to the control. Under subsequent crops, i.e. barley, oat + field pea and winter wheat, the number of worms gradually decreased by 11.1; 5.2 and 6.9%. During crop rotation in this variant, 50% more of earthworm biota was found compared to the control variant.
Although the application of a significant amount of mineral fertilizers (N280P230K280) in sod-podzolic sandy soil under the mineral system increased the mass of root residues compared to control, it inhibited the development of biota, the amount of which under all crops was by 18 - 50% less and during crop rotation by 32% less than in the variant without fertilizers (control) and by 61.3 - 70% less compared to the amount under organic fertilizer system.
Under organic and organic-mineral systems (var.3,4), the largest number of worms was detected. Under optimal conditions of existence, their mass in relation to the mass of the conventional system was by 87.0 and 79.7% higher and in relation to the control amounted to 365.0 and 350.6%. Under the mineral fertilizer system, vermiculture was underdeveloped and worm mass was only 20% of the weight under the organic system and 69.4% of the weight under absolute control.
Under the conventional fertilizer system, the mass of vermibiota was by 75.9% higher than its mass in the control variant, which indicates a fairly active existence of biota under crops in this variant.
Under the organic system of cultivation with the introduction of manure, straw of grain crops and green manure, the intensity of microbiological processes in the decomposition of flax tissue and the development of earthworm biota in the soil determined a positive balance of humus in the soil (+1.1 t/ha) and high indicators of crop yields: corn, barley, oats, field pea and winter wheat while reducing the cost of mineral fertilizers.
Conclusions. Under the organic fertilizer system, which involves the application of manure, straw of grain crops and green manure, microbiological processes in the soil during the decomposition of flax tissue and the development of earthworm biota in the soil are much more intense than under the conventional and organic-mineral fertilizer systems. The organic fertilizer system provides a positive balance of humus in the soil and high indicators of yields while reducing costs due to the price of mineral fertilizers.
Application of mineral fertilizers only in scientifically sound amounts for all crops during a crop rotation practically does not activate microbiological processes of mineralization of organic residues and development of soil biota, i.e. earthworms. As a result, under a high productivity of crops during a crop rotation there is a negative balance of humus in the soil, while costs for fertilizers and their application are high.
Organic-mineral fertilizer system provides high intensity of microbiological processes in the soil, a positive balance of humus, high yield indicators, but requires additional costs for the purchase and application of mineral fertilizers, if compared to the organic system.
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