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13NAUKI INZYNIERYJNE I TECHNICZNE | TEXHMMECKME HAYKM
POSSIBILITIES OF ENRICHMENT AND USE OF KVARTS- FELDSPAR SAND OF UZBEKISTAN FOR PRODUCTION OF GLASS
Babaev Zabibullo Kamilovich
cand. tehn. sciences, dept. Chemical Engineering Urgench State University Urgench, Uzbekistan Matchanov Sherzad Kamilovich cand. tehn. sciences, dept. Chemical Engineering Urgench State University Urgench, Uzbekistan Radjabov Rashid Farhodovich
cand. sciences, dept. Of labor education Urgench State University Urgench, Uzbekistan Xadjiyev Azamat Shamuratovich master,
dept. Chemical Engineering Urgench State University Urgench, Uzbekistan Duschanov Sаnаt Кurambaevich
master,
dept. Chemical Engineering Urgench State University Urgench, Uzbekistan Ruzimov Yodgor Sabirjanovich
master,
dept. Chemical Engineering Urgench State University Urgench, Uzbekistan
ABSTRACT
In this article the main are brought data quartz- feldspar sand in production of glass: main requirements and methods of enrichment. Short characteristics of the main fields quartz - the feldspar sand of Uzbekistan, and also the acceptable technology of enrichment quartz- feldspar sand of Yangiaryk a field for receiving tare glasses are given. As a result of the conducted laboratory researches glasses for production of food container with satisfactory technical and optical characteristics are synthesized.
Keywords: quartz-feldspar sand, enrichments, flotation, flotation attire, hydro classification, floatation reagent, glasses, tare glass, optical characteristics of glass, a transmission in visible area of a range.
Introduction: For the glass industry of the Republic of coloring, usually the second are a part some industrial glasses Uzbekistan development of the system of product quality and demand only the account at structure calculation charge. It control, an exit according to requirements to quality of products is known [1] that oxide iron and chrome are harmful impurity to the level of the international standards is priorities. Quartz in raw materials and are regulated in marks of sand, dolomite, sand is used in the manufacture of glasses industry. Quartz a chalk, and potash. For a number of structures of the highsand is a product of destruction of rocks, consists basically quality de-colored glasses and crystal the actual maintenance of grains of quartz and usually contains various impurities. of painting impurity of iron is in limits of 0,023-0,040 %. Such Impurity happens in sand mechanical (grains of other minerals, quantity and wide sphere are connected with inconstancy inclusions in quartz grain, etc.) and chemical (firm solutions to of the maintenance of impurity in sand and carbonate raw quartz, glumes, etc.) All impurity can be divided on two groups: materials (a chalk, dolomite). Considerable maintenances of harmful - oxide iron, chrome, the titan, manganese, vanadium, clay, field spars, and also iron oxides do not allow directing it to etc. and harmless - oxide aluminum, calcium, magnesium, manufacture without preliminary enrichment. potassium, sodium, etc. the first inform glass the undesirable A number of glass factories of the republic use imported
quartz sand for the needs. The requirement of the glass industry for quartz sand can be completely satisfied at the expense of use of the dissolved stocks of local deposits. However non-uniformity of placing of the deposits, the limited stocks of high-quality natural raw materials, and also a delay in development of new deposits lead to the necessity of use of raw materials of poor quality, frequently from the open-cast mines which are at a great distance from consumers. Considerable cost of transportation of quartz raw materials in the remote regions and increasing requirement for raw materials compels the enterprises to search for alternative sources of supply of the manufacture by qualitative raw materials.
In territory of the republic of Uzbekistan as a result of search and prospecting measures [2-3] numerous deposits of quartz raw materials are revealed, the majority from which in details is not studied. The most studied are cultivated fields with quartz sand of the Azatbash deposit located in the Tashkent area [4]. The basic fertile creating minerals in them are quartz (74-78 %), a micro-wedge and plagioclase. Cultivated fields with Quartz sand is possible to carry in the Kerim-Navok sand located in Bukhara area to the largest deposits. An exit of products of enrichment, counting on the basic components according to [4] following (in weights. %) a quartz concentrate - SiO2 - 98,00; K20 - 0,21; Na2O - 0,17.
The sand of the Kermena deposit located in Navoi area concerns perspective substitutes of quartz cultivated fields with quartz. Studying its chemical and mineralogical structure authors [5] have established, that the investigated material after enrichment is rather valuable raw materials and contains (in weights. %) 84-88 % SiO2 and 12-15 % of feldspar.
According to geological investigation [6] cultivated fields with quartz sand of the Chiyali deposit located in the Kashkadariya region, on the perspective stocks and 38 million tons also are among the large. From less studied point of view as raw materials for the glass industry, sources of quartz raw materials can carry cultivated fields with quartz-sand of the Ilansay deposit located in the Samarkand area [6].
Local use, in particular quartz raw materials for manufacture of a crystalware and high-quality ware in Central Asia is of great importance. In the republic 96 deposits quartz and cultivated field quartzof raw materials [7] are revealed and studied. Quality of quartz sand of many deposits of Uzbekistan does not meet the requirements state standards, shown to quartz raw materials. Use in glassmaking of quartz sand with the raised maintenance painting oxides not stable on chemical and granular-metrical structures, leads to decrease in quality of production and improvement of the expense of fuel. In this connection working out of technology enrichment of quartz sand and reception of glasses on their basis is very important.
In our researches possibilities of enrichment field cultivated quartz of sand of the Yangiarik deposit have been approved and technologies of reception of tare glasses on their basis are
developed. The Yangiarik deposit field cultivated quartz of sand is located in the Khorezm area in 10 km to the northwest from the center of Yangiarik area. For research of material structure the series of tests representing various horizons have been selected. In total it is selected 20 tests characterizing various sites of a deposit. Each test is average as it is made of 5-6 individual tests in weight of 5-10 kg selected on cross-section section of a card. The material of individual tests was averaged by hashing and shared billeting before reception of average test. Under the maintenance oxide silicon they can be carried to glass sand. The quantity painting oxide was in limits of 1,59 % and gland (11) was provided basically for the account оксида. On the basis of mineralogical structure of sand theoretical study of definition of possible methods of enrichment of initial raw materials has been made.
The analysis has proofed that the most effective methods of enrichment for quartz-feldspar sand of the given deposit are mechanical rub, flotation and flotation rub. In laboratory conditions for removal of free impurity, a glumeoxide gland and branches of a sandy dust was used installation for mechanical rub. To removal easy iron minerals (feldspar, ferriferous micas) and heavy impurity it was applied fleet rub. Mechanical rub spent on the laboratory installation consisting of capacity for a water-sandy mix and a propeller from stainless steel. Speed of rotation of a propeller is of 500-700 rpm. For more effective carrying out of process of enrichment water sandy mix prepared at sand and water parity 2:3 accordingly. Enrichment time made 30 minutes for the realization of the process of flotation prepared a pulp containing: flotation reagent —tri ethanol laminated sulfate, for foam formation, quartz-field spat sand and the cleared water.
In the course of enrichment waterproof impurity stuck to vials of foam and rose on a surface. The foam acted in glume together with impurity, and the cleared sand washed out and dried. With the help of rubbing and the subsequent flotation it probably removes to 80 % oxide gland. Thus efficiency of flotation rubbed sand above in comparison with initial sand.
For drawing up burdening glasses of tare structure used traditional raw materials (carbonate sodium, limestone, dolomite, sodium sulfate). Sand was applied to introduction oxide silicon both not enriched, and enriched by various methods quartz-field spat. Blend digestion is carried out in ciliate laboratory furnace at temperature 14500S with endurance at the given temperature within 1 hour. Welded glass mass poured out in special forms in the form of flat cakes and burned in muffled furnaces at temperature 5600S within 8 hours. Well burned has flown down subjected to polishing and polishing by a set of grinding powders for reception of a plane-parallel surface and a transparency. The thickness of investigated samples made 1,5 the Prepared samples see investigated on a number of optical properties.
Table
Optical characteristics of models
№ Properties of samples Constituency
the hardware 1 2 3
1 The general light passing T, % 87,5 64,5 84,8 84,2
2 Passing in visible area of a spectrum (400-700 nanometers) tare, % for T540 89,0 68,0 81,4 85,0
The note: * - The hardware - industrial semi-white tare glass; 1 - structure on the basis of not enriched sand; 2 - structure on the basis of the enriched sand a method mechanical rub; 3 - structure on the basis of the enriched sand a method flotation-rub.
Thus, not enriched quartz feldspar sand of the Yangiarik deposit can be used without enrichment in manufacture of green empties. After enrichment mechanical attire and flotation reception of semi-white glass is possible.
References
1.Fedorova V. A., Belova N. A., Raw materials and quality of products// Glass and ceramics - 1987-№7-pp. 9-10
2. Kuzovlev A. K., Ibadullaev S. I., Kobelco B. A., Kalinin, B. I., Con- economic efficiency of complex enrichment of quartz-feldspar Cirminiello Sands deposits// Glass and ceramics-1975-No. 12- pp.-28-30.
3. Kuzovlev A. K., Ibadullaev S. I., etc. the Enrichment of quartz fields of Uzbekistan for the production of crystal glass// Glass and ceramics-1975-No.4 pp. 12 -15.
4. Karimov M. Y. and others. Service information to the report on the theme: Geological and economic evaluation of deposits of quartz sand for STEKOL-Noah, foundry, ceramic and abrasive industries of Uzbekistan and the neighboring republics - Tashkent: Mangeons-1966 p. 186
5. Eminov, A. M. a Study on the use of integrated quartz-feldspar raw materials deposits Carminiello in the industry the production of household porcelain. Author.Diss.candidate. those.of Sciences-Tashkent Mashpiim.Beruni - 1979 p.18
6. Zakirov, M. Z., Gafurdjanov S. G. Quartz and quartz-feldspar Sands of Uzbekistan. - Tashkent, Izd-vo Fan 1983. p. 94
7. Ismatov, A. A., Yunusov, M. Y., Maksudov D. I. Feldspar Central Asia for the production of porcelain. M. Legprombytizdat, 1988 p. 136.
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ФАКТОРОВ ВЛИЯЮЩИХ НА НАДЕЖНОСТЬ БЕТОННЫХ ГРАВИТАЦИОННЫХ ПЛОТИН НА СКАЛЬНОМ ОСНОВАНИИ
Балабай Е.А.
научный сотрудник кафедры гидротехнического строительства, Харьковский Национальный Университет Строительства и Архитектуры
INVESTIGATION OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE RELIABILITY OF CONCRETE GRAVITY DAM ON ROCK FOUNDATION
Balabai O.O., assistant of the gidrotechnical technology, Kharkov National University of Construction and Architecture
АННОТАЦИЯ
Целью работы является исследование факторов влияющих на надежность бетонных гравитационных плотин на скальном основании. Обьективная оценка надёжности бетонных гравитационных плотин может быть получена вероятностными методами современной теории надёжности. Предложена методика, позволяющая исследовать факторы влияющие на надежность бе-тонных гравитационных плотин на скальном основании.
ABSTRACT
The aim is investigation of factors affecting the reliability of concrete gravity dam on rock foundation. Is objectively assessment of the reliability of concrete gravity dams can be obtained by probabilistic methods of the modern theory of reliability. The method, which allows investigate the factors affecting the reliability of concrete gravity dam on rock foundation.
Ключевые слова: бетонная плотина, надежность, скальное основание, риск возникновения аварии.
Key words: concrete dam, reliability, rock bed, the risk of an accident.
Постановка проблемы. Сейчас в Украине только появляются нормы проектирования, регламентирующие выполнение вероятностной оценки гидротехнических сооружений, но большинство действующих норм базируются на основе детерминистического по форме подхода, основанного на методе предельных состояний [1].
Анализ последних исследований и публикаций. Ряд аварий бетонных гравитационных плотин на скальных основаниях подтолкнули рассмотреть проблему надежности
таких плотин.
По данным приведенным в технической литературе [2-5] вследствие нарушений в основании произошло 38% всех разрушений бетонных гравитационных плотин, 10% аварий произошло вследствие увеличения водопроницаемости пород.
В результате неоднородности деформаций при совместной работе сооружения и основания от гидростатических нагрузок произошло 22% аварий бетонных плотин
