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22Планирование и организация работ в 4D BIM-проекте промышленного здания
Вафаева Христина Максудовна
инженер-исследователь, ведущий специалист, ФГАОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого», vafaeva_hm@spbstu.ru
Гаевская Злата Анатольевна
кандидат архитектуры, доцент, ФГАОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого», gaezlata@yandex.ru
Забирова Светлана Вениаминовна
главный специалист, ООО «Институт Гипроникель», ZabirovaSV@nornik.ru
Шинкарева Мария Константиновна
специалист, ФГАОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого», shinkareva_mk@spbstu.ru
Бассам А Тайех
профессор, факультет гражданского строительства, Исламского университета Газы, btayeh@iugaza.edu.ps
Цель исследования: систематизировать данные об использовании технологий 4D-планирования, рассмотреть проблемы, возникающие в процессе внедрения, определить методы их решения путем реализации на практическом примере. В пилотном проекте 4D приняли участие восемь сотрудников, которые реализовали 4D BIM проект на основе существующей информационной модели. Работа с 4D-моделью осуществлялась двумя различными способами: через отдельные файлы с последующей интеграцией в единую 4D-модель и через настроенный сервер (проект SYNCHRO Workgroup [SWP]) в виде единого файла с общим доступом. Проведен анализ возможных проблем, потенциальных барьеров на пути внедрения данной технологии и путей их решения при формировании 4D-модели. В ходе этого исследования определены необходимые требования к 3D-моделям для корректного 4D-планирования.
Ключевые слова: 4D; 3D; BIM; планирование проекта; Synchro Pro; информационное моделирование
Introduction
The building site is a changing environment, and the originally created schedule is expected to undergo several modifications during the construction process [1]. Accordingly, the effectiveness of planning and scheduling is critical to a construction establishment's existence [2]. Manual progress scheduling and reporting on project activities are time-consuming and less accurate for being subjectively evaluated; manual progress monitoring techniques are discouraged for complex projects [3]. The execution procedures of a scheduling construction project are difficult because resources, such as machinery and personnel, as well as the construction site's space constraints must be considered [4]. New technology and more productive resources may shorten project schedule [5].
The philosophy of Building Information Modelling (BIM) has proven its utility for controlling the current state of all types of buildings, becoming one of the most used methods for collecting digital data along their life cycle. These methodologies centralise the geometry (3D), temporal (4D), cost, (5D) environmental (6D) and maintenance (7D) information, easing the documentation of the maintenance in this type of building, knowing the current state of their structures and planning the maintenance [6]. BIM adoption has accelerated worldwide because it is an important enabling technology for digitalisation in the construction industry [7].
Despite the enumerated promises of broader adoption of technologies, such as BIM, research addressing the challenges and opportunities of such synergies in cost and schedule risk management remains limited [8]. BIM implementation streamlines external information flow between project stakeholders [9] and improves project data accuracy and management [10,11 ].
The main advantages of using the 4D technology are as follows:
- Determination of the spatio-temporal collisions with their visualisation in the model;
- Elaboration of the various scenarios and search for optimal construction options and their visual display;
- Elaboration of a calendar and network schedule, taking into account the construction work in time and space;
- Visualisation of the construction process.
Thus, this study is aimed at expanding knowledge in the field of 4D BIM application by implementing a pilot 4D BIM project of an industrial building.
The object of research is the process of 4D modeling of an industrial facility. The main research methods in this work are as follows: an analytical review of the literary sources and their systematisation and generalisation and the practical implementation of a 4D project. The research objectives are as follows: review of the world experience in the field of 4D BIM, formation of the main requirements for the content and attribute composition of 3D models for correct 4D planning, identification of the common schemes for building collaboration on a 4D BIM project, creating a 4D model from a finished 3D model of an object, automation with scripts to speed up calculations and identification of the potential problems in the implementation of the project and methods for their elimination.
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Overview of the world experience
Careful construction planning and efficient use of land plots are essential for building construction management. Modern complex projects combined with a growing number of project participants require more effective planning and communication [12]. Trebbe et al. [13] demonstrated the usefulness of 4D technology in aligning sequences of construction and installation work and coordinating construction operations by using 4D models.
Puri and Turkan [14] proposed a methodology for monitoring bridge construction projects based on semi-automatic comparison of construction progress data (3D point clouds) with a 4D project design model to determine the status of the project. Improved monitoring of construction progress and efficient preparation of schedule data are two major areas of improvement in 4D model development [15].
In today's environment, construction companies will benefit if they can effectively use 4D technology to increase their productivity [16]. Given the large volumes of projects that companies are undertaking, improving efficiency with 4D planning technology can result in savings in resources and increase in profitability and can help in coping with the challenge of managing numerous complex projects and processes under severe time and resource constraints.
Zhou et al. [17-19] explored the feasibility of building site safety management by using a 4d model with integration of construction monitoring data, demonstrated on a real project prototype how hazardous activities/conditions can be detected prior to construction and integrated a 4D model with a development risk scheme.
The results of other research in the field of 4D BIM [20] also indicate the degree of importance and applicability of 4D modeling in relation to aspects analysed based on the professional vision of the construction industry. Zanen et al. [21] proposed a method based on combining a 4D model with visualisation of the effect of road construction on the population. The implementation of this method in the project showed the usefulness of this method.
Kim et al. [22] developed a fully automated method for measuring the progress of construction by using 4D in combination with 3D data obtained by using remote sensing technology. The method proposed by the authors consists of three stages: reconciliation of ready-made data with the planned model, comparison of ready-made data with information in BIM and checking the status 'as built'. The accuracy of the proposed construction progress measurement method has been validated using 3D data obtained from a real construction site, thus demonstrating that construction progress can be effectively measured. The results of the proposed methodology for measuring the progress of the construction of a facility can be used as an input to visualise the construction progress and update the schedule.
Han et al. [23] presented a construction sequence methodology along with a classification mechanism that helps progress monitoring systems use partial or incomplete information as it is collected and 4D BIM at low LOD levels and less detailed WBS. Most research in 4D is focused on constructability analysis and modeling for control. However, the visualisation of building information is not enough to conduct advanced research in this area, despite that visualisation facilitates decision making [24].
De Soto et al. [25] developed a systematic approach to multi-criteria planning optimisation, which not only facilitates the optimisation of construction schedules using modern heuristic algorithms but also provides visualisation of construction progress by using 4D models. The proposed method not only minimises the time and cost of project construction when using appropriate resource allocation using heuristic algorithms but also considers the consequences for the sequence of construction work and planning of various project tasks.
Rolfsen et al. [26] explored 4D BIM as a planning visualisation method, compared it with other pre-existing forms of visualisation, such as line charts, and concluded that 4D was recognised as a powerful visualisation tool, whilst at the same time perceived as difficult to use. The fact that the interaction of practitioners with this digital planning method requires complex IT skills is an obstacle to its practical application. Thus, even in complex construction projects where BlM models are widely available, 4D BIM is seen as nothing more than an additional planning tool.
Despite the preconceptions about the difficulties of using 4D technologies, a number of research have confirmed the effectiveness and usefulness of 4D tools. Kropp et al. [27] simulated three different scenarios using 4D to determine the most appropriate formwork planning and compared the results with real situations identified during site visits. The chosen scenario demonstrated that 4D modeling reduced the cycle time by 18.75%. In addition, modeling contributed to the reduction of transport waste that was previously identified. Specifically, the authors demonstrated the use of 4D modeling to manage activities that do not add value and reduce transport waste.
The main objectives of research in the field of 4D BIM are presented in Table 1.
Table 1
No. Purpose of use Brief description References
1 Monitoring of the construction process With the help of image processing, point clouds and 4D models [14,15,28,29 ]
2 Safety control Integration with construction monitoring [17-19]
3 Impact of construction on the population Visualisation of the impact [21]
4 Determining the progress of construction Integration with remote sensing technology [22]
5 Visualisation of the risk level A method for visualizing information about risks through communication with a 4D model. The system can graphically analyse the degree of risks of construction projects [24]
7 Evaluation and visualisation of the reliability of the plan for the deployment of construction equipment (cranes) Development of a 4D-based scoring system that automatically calculates utilisation factor transitions for crane deployment planning in NPP construction [30]
8 Multi-criteria optimisation of construction schedules Determination of optimal schedules by using an algorithm that considers one or more goals (for example, duration of work, costs and resources) integrated with the 4D model [25]
9 Monitoring the safety of building structures Implementation of the 4D technology in a time-dependent structural safety analysis. [31]
10 Planning of reuse and recycling of construction waste Visual identification and planning of on-site reuse opportunities for concrete waste. [32]
11 Evacuation Risk Analysis Emergency scenarios at the construction site were simulated using 4D, the probability of a fire emergency was determined by using the fire risk quantification module, and on-site evacuation was simulated by using the SFM simulation engine. [33]
12 Environmental management, planning Using 4D BIM to improve communication and information flow in all environmental planning and management tasks with the power of 4D [34,35]
13 Supply chain management The integration of 4D and GIS has been used to solve supply chain management problems in construction, namely, supplier selection, quantification of material supplies and allocation of data consolidation centers using information from 4D BIM and GIS. [36]
14 Logistics 4D BIM for planning and control of logistics operations on construction sites. [37]
Research on world experience allowed us to get acquainted with the experience of other researchers in the field of 4D BIM, systematise the information received in this direction and consider the accumulated knowledge in the project being implemented.
Methodology
In this study, an industrial building construction project was selected. The project was purposefully chosen for several specific reasons. Firstly, this project already had a ready-made 3D model of the building and a construction organisation project that was developed in 2D. Another reason for choosing this project was that the construction schedule for this project had already been developed as part of the construction management project, and it will be optimised using 4D BIM technologies.
The research methodology mainly consists of four stages: (i) preparation and verification of a 3D model for a 4D BIM project, determination of requirements for a 3D BIM model, (ii) setting up collaboration on a 4D BIM project, (iii) partial automation of calculations in a 4D BIM model using scripts and (iv) analysis of potential barriers when implementing 4D BIM technologies and methods to overcome them.
At the first stage, the necessary requirements for a 3D BIM model for correct 4D planning were determined. The second stage included setting up the necessary software for collaboration in a 4D BIM project for eight employees and determining the general concept (scheme) of work. At the third stage, the automation of some calculations in the 4D model with scripts was carried out, and the algorithm of actions in the 4D BIM project for the automation of calculations was described. At the fourth stage, some barriers and obstacles in the implementation of 4D BIM and the methods for overcoming them were discussed.
3D Model requirements for 4D planning
Certain requirements must be met when creating 3D models for correct 4D modeling and planning. The basic requirements for an information model of a building and/or structure can be summarised as follows:
- Single scale and metric system. Modeling of all objects should be carried out in accordance with their true dimensions on a scale of 1:1 in a single metric system of measurements.
- Uniform rules for rounding volumes of materials. For example, if the volume of materials is measured in m3, then a single rounding rule should be followed to calculate the volumes of all materials where m3 is used. Specifically, if you decide to stick to rounding, for example, to three decimal places, then you should round off the remaining m3 to three digits;
- Consistent coordinate system for all simulated objects. All BIM models must have consistent coordinate systems, and situational objects of information models (linear, point, etc.) coordinate and must have altitude bindings;
- Compliance of the information model with the detailing of the work schedule. The BIM model should be able to logically link 3D elements to the work schedule or be even more detailed than the work schedule, but not lower;
- Relevance of versions of information models. The elements of the BIM model should reflect the current version of the project documentation, considering all changes;
- Uniform rules for naming files;
- Logical division of the BIM model by sections, stages, buildings and structures, types of construction, etc. All construction objects, engineering networks and elements that are part of the original documentation must be present as part of the consolidated BIM model.
Correct filling of the necessary attributes of the elements of the information model is important because the occupancy of attributes affects the calculation of the amount of work and materials and the duration of the work. The attribute occupancy of the elements should ensure the calculation of the volume of work and construction materials.
Immediately before starting work on the formation of the 4D model, the BIM model should be checked for the presence of incorrect gaps and intersections, collisions, abutments and supports of building elements, unjustified by the design decision. The information model should also be checked for duplication of elements; if they are detected, these inconsistencies should be eliminated before the start of 4D planning work.
Monitoring the fulfilment of the requirements for 3D models will allow you to create a correct 4D model without additional costs for adjusting the 3D model during the project.
Basic schemes for building collaboration on a 4D project
This section describes the common schemes for building work on a 4D project by using SYNCHRO PRO software.
Figure 1 shows a diagram of the work of several participants on a 4D project. The peculiarity of this method is that users work each in their own separate working file, and 4D models are combined in manual mode at certain intervals to display changes in the project made by each participant. This process of combining the model is repeated until the project is completed. This method is extremely inconvenient from the point of view of displaying changes and labour costs on the project.
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Working file n
Working file 2
; Working file 1 ■
The process of combining 4D
models/file synchron ization
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Requirements for a 3D model
Working file n
Working file 2
Working file 1
The process of combining 4D models/file
synchron ization
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A repetitive process of combining the model as needed until the final result
Combined Intermediate 4D model
Combined final 4D model
Fig. 1 Collaboration scheme in 4D project in separate files
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Figure 2 shows the scheme of collaboration through the SWP. The main difference from the scheme shown in Figure 1 is that the 4D project is stored on the server, and access to it and work on the project take place directly through the configured server. This method is more convenient because any changes made by the performers in the project are immediately displayed. The 4D model need not be manually merged.
User 2
User 1
User 3
SYNCHRO Workgroup Project
User n
faster and better, but cancelling unnecessary transactions entails risks (Table 3).
Table 2
4D model
Fig. 2 4D project collaboration scheme through SWP
The SWOT (S — strengths, W — weaknesses, O — opportunities and T — threats) analysis of the method of work in separate files is summarised in Table 2, and that through the SWP server is presented in Table 3.
The scheme of working in separate files (Figure 1) with intermediate and final associations of the 4D model is convenient for a single performer (i.e. when one performer is working on the model and is extremely impractical when working with several performers). When working through SWP, the work goes much
S — strengths W — weaknesses
Additional configuration and administration of the server are not necessary. Changes in the project cannot be immediately seen.
An additional license for SWP is not necessary. Additional work is needed in the form of combining 4D models from all performers
O — opportunities T — threats
Each participant works in his own file and can undo his changes in the project without affecting the actions of other performers. Additional space-time collisions may occur due to the untimely display of changes in the project.
Potential savings in terms of purchasing licenses and ease of configuration. It is convenient when working with a single performer (i.e. when the performer of the 4D model is one employee), which is useful for small projects. When combining 4D models into one model, information loss is possible, which may cause new collisions and incompleteness of up-to-date information in the model.
Table 3 SWOT analysis of the collaboration scheme in a 4D project through the SWP
S — strengths W — weaknesses
Instant synchronisation of actions of all performers in one model Additional configuration (obtaining an additional SWP license) and server administration are required.
Simultaneous work of all performers in a single file stored on the server. The risks of information loss are minimised. An individual performer's action in the project independent of other actions in the project cannot be cancelled. Cancellation of an action occurs by cancellation of a transaction up to a
S — strengths W — weaknesses
certain moment of action (i.e. if three people work in a project, and each of them performed an action in the project in the sequence: action of performer 1, action of performer 2 and action of performer 3, and the action of performer 1 must be cancelled, then when the transaction is cancelled before the action of performer 1, the actions of executors 3 and 2 are cancelled (all subsequent actions after the transaction are cancelled).
O — opportunities T — threats
The ability to display changes in a timely manner is a useful functionality when working on large projects with several performers Incorrect rollbacks of transactions in the project can result in loss of information in the project. The project must be carefully monitored and administered to minimise this threat.
Timely finding of space-time collisions Server and network problems
Fig. 3 4D industrial building model (SWP)
A scheme of work must be chosen before starting work, taking into consideration the advantages of each option. In the future, the time and labour costs must be considered when changing the scheme of joint work during the project.
4D industrial building project and partial automation of calculations
Description of the process. The implementation of the 4D project is considered using the example of a 3D model of an industrial building. Figures 3 and 4 depict a 4D model of a demonstration project of an industrial building. The figures show that the 4D model contains loaded 3D models by design sections (in Figures 3 and 4 on the left, for example: Industrial building_demo-NVK.dgn.i.bim) and a Gantt chart with a list of works and dates of work.
This 4D project used information models in the bim format. The original format of the 3D models is dgn. Then, the sources in the dgn format were converted to i.dgn and bim formats and imported into SYNCHRO PRO. The Gantt chart was directly formed in SYNCHRO PRO software.
Initially, the scheme of work presented in Figure 1 was chosen. Eight employees worked in the demonstration project. Eight files were created in the engineering data management system (each performer has his own working file) with uploaded 3D models. The tasks for the project were proportionally distributed for each performer to ensure that several performers would not repeat the same work in the project. At the end of each week, the files of all performers were manually merged (synchronised) into one, and new working files were formed for each employee with weekly changes.
During the manual merging (synchronisation) of working files, some pieces of information were lost. This method turned out to be laborious because additional checks were required after the files were merged, and the process itself took a substantial amount of time.
Therefore, the scheme shown in Figure 2 was switched (i.e. switching to work through the SWP). Amongst the difficulties that arose when switching to work through SWP, licensing should be noted: a license must be obtained from the developer for a separate 4D project (a license is issued for each project), which took some time.
Fig. 4 4D industrial building model (SWP)
The next barrier was the incompatibility of the SYNCHRO PRO version installed by the performers with the SWP version (the versions must be the same). SYNCHRO PRO software was reinstalled to all performers on a compatible version with SWP, and the project was uploaded to the server (the general last build of the project, assembled according to the scheme of work in separate files). The project was previously transferred to a compatible version with SWP (in manual mode).
Automation of work volume calculations. Scripts were written in SYNCHRO PRO to minimise errors when calculating the amount of work. These scripts facilitate and speed up work when calculating volumes from data presented in a 3D model. Before writing and running the scripts, the necessary User fields were created in the 4D model. In this project, these fields were user fields with names and values shown in Figure 4.
User Fields ■*■ 1
P
Task
TASK ID UF [string]
Bfl [string][calculated]
Unit of measurement fstringl
□ Number of machines [float]
□ Number of employees [float]
CD The rate of labor costs of machinists [float] □ The rate of labor costs of workers [float]
□ Labor costs of machinists [float]
I~1 Labor costs of workers
[float]
G3 Planned volume [float][calculated]
Fig. 5 User fields in the 4D model
The user field number of employees is intended for putting down the number of workers for a specific job in the schedule of construction and installation work. The configured user field the rate of labour costs of machinists is necessary to determine the labour costs of machinists (in this project it was determined by the corresponding work in the reference book of the state element
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estimate of construction works). The user field the labour cost rate of workers is intended for rationing labour costs of workers according to the reference book of the state elementary estimated standards for construction work rate of labour costs of workers. Labour costs of machinists is a user field designed for the labour input of machinists calculated by scripts for a specific job, whilst Labour costs of workers is for the labour costs of workers calculated by scripts.
Scripts for calculating the amount of work are prescribed based on the 'locations' of the necessary data/attributes in the model. Examples of scripts for calculating the number of work/materials are shown in Figures 6 and 7. The script in Figure 6 counts the geometric volume for all 3D resources assigned to work and divides by 100 (unit of measurement 100m3).
TASK (SELECTED AND NUM_CHILDREN==0)ASSIGN_UF("Planned volume", FLOAT, 3D_CALCULATE_VOLUME ( 3D ) MOO)
Fig. 6 Script for calculating the volumes of materials
An example of a script (script) for calculating volumes along the length of the pipeline is shown in Figure 7, where the attributes in the Length model are summed up for the resources assigned to work (in meters).
TASK (SELECTED AMD NUM_CHILDREN==0) ASSIGNJ IF ("punned volume", FLOAT, SUM (RESOURCE. UFV (" Length")))
Fig. 7 Script for calculating the volume of materials by length
The general algorithm of work (sequence of actions) of performers in the 4D model is schematically shown in Figure 8.
Scenario «003_ Rationing according to the labour costs of workers» assigns a rate of the number of workers, changes the type of work duration and sets fixed and control resources.
TASK(SELECTED AND NUM_CHILDREN==0) SET_PROPERTY(PROPERTY("Duration Type"),3)
TASK(SELECTED AND NUM_CHIlDREN==0).ASSIGNMENT SET PROPERTY(DRIVING, FALSE)
TASK (SELECTED AND NUM CHILDREN==0) .ASSIGNMENT (RESOURCE, PROPERTY ("Name") ==" Labor cost rate of workers ")
SET_PROPERTY(DRIVING, TRUE)
TASK (SELECTED AND NUM_CHILDREN==0) .ASSIGNMENT (RESOURCE. PROPERTY ("Name") ==" Labor cost rate of workers") SET_PROPERTY(FIXED_UHITS, FALSE)
TASK (SELECTED AND NUM CHILDREN==0) .ASSIGNMENT (RESOURCE. PROPERTY ("Name ")==" Labor cost rate of workers") SET_PROPERTY (PLANNED_UNITS, TASK. UFV (" Number of employees"))
TASK (SELECTED AND NUM_CHILDREN==0) .ASSIGNMENT (RESOURCE. PROPERTY ("Name") ==" Labor cost rate of workers")
SET_PROPERTY(FIXED_UNITS, TRUE)
Fig. 10 Scenario n003_Rationing according to the labour costs of workersn
Script «004_ Assigning the number of resources from user fields» automatically transfers the values from the user fields Planned volume, Labour costs of workers and Labour costs of machinists to the planned values of the corresponding resources. Additionally, the duration of work is calculated based on the labour costs of workers, their number and the established work calendar.
TASK(SELECTED AND NUM_CHILDREN==0).ASSIGNMENT(RESOURCE.PROPERTY("Type")!=ENUM:LOCATION) SET_PROPERTY(FIXED_UNITS, TRUE)
TASK(SELECTED AND NUM_CHILDREN==0).ASSIGNMENT(RESOURCE.PROPERTY("Name")=="m" OS RESOURCE.PROPERTY("Name")=="Tonne" OR RESOURCE.PROPERTY("Name")=="m2" OR RESOURCE, PROPERTY ("Name") =="m3" OR RESOURCE. PROPERTY ("Name") ==" twits") SET_PROPERTY (PLANNEDJJORK, TASK. UFV (" Planned volume") I
TASK (SELECTED AND NUM_CHILDR£N==0) .ASSIGNMENT (RESOURCE. PROPERTY("Name")=="Laborcostiate ofworkers") SET_PR0PERTY (PLANNED_WORK, TASK. UFV ("Labor cost rate ofworkers"))
TASK (SELECTED AND NUM_CHILDREN==Q) .ASSIGNMENT(RESOURCE.PROPERTY("Name")=="LaborcostSofmachinistS ") SET_PR0PERTY (PLANNEDJJORK, TASK. UFV (" Labor costs of machinists" I)
Fig. 11 Scenario 004_Assigning the number of resources from user fieldsn
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3D objects related to a certain set/ discipline (more often a file) are filtered/ included
Standards are selected (state element estimates for construction work, etc.) to determine the unit of measurement, the
labor requirements of workers and machinists. This standard is included in the values of the code " the rate of labor costs of machinists " and "the labor cost rate of workers"
With the help of 3D, the composition of the works and the division into captures are analyzed. On the Gantt chart, a job (set of jobs) is added to the corresponding grouping level
With the help of scripts, the planned volume of work is calculated automatically
The 3D resources corresponding to the work are assigned to the work of the graph with the selected visual profile
In the list of Physical volume i there should be a resource similar to the name of the unit of measurement field
The time norm per unit of physical volume is indicated in the required normalization fields.
The scenario "Calculation of labor cc <sts and
machine ho urs according to the nor m" is
executed.
The script «003_Rationing according to the
labor costs of workers» is executed. ^^
In the Numberof Employees field, the planned number of workers for this work is indicated (it can be initially indicated for the typical composition of teams, in future, it can be adjusted based o several teams)
The work is interconnected within the framework of the chosen discipline First of all, technological dependencies are established - due to the technology of work execution, and second of all, flow dependencies are established - due to the sequence of work performed by captures.
Fig. 8 Algorithm for working in a 4D model
Automation of work duration calculation. Examples of scripts written according to scenarios 002, 003 and 004 specified in the algorithm are shown in Figures 9,10 and 11, respectively.
When executing script «001_ Calculation of labour costs and machine hours according to the norm», the calculation is performed; labour costs of workers = planned physical volume of • the norm of labour costs of workers and machinists' labour costs = planned physical volume • the rate of machinists' labour costs.
Script «002_ Assign resources from user fields» automatically assigns resources.
TASK (SELECTED AND NUM_CHILDREN--0 AND UFV ("Unit of measurement ")! ="") ASSIGN OBJECT(VAR RESOURCE (NAME--$0. UFV < "Unit of measurement")) ) TASK (SELECTED AND NUMCHILDREN--0 AND UFV (" Labor cost rate ofworkers") !="") ASSIGN OBJECT (VAR RESOURCE (NAME «"Labor cost rate ofworkers") ) TASK (SELECTED AND NUM_CHILDREN==0 AND UFV ("Labor costs of machinists ") !-"") ( . ■ I-:K::<>!I|.:<:k c; " I ::lvr o>»t>.>!" iv.^hir>s" ) )
Fig. 9 Scenario «002_Assign resources from user fields»
The duration of the work is automatically calculated as a result of the work of four scripts (four scenarios) (Figure 12).
Fig. 12 Automatic calculation of the duration of work
Thus, this approach allows you to automatically calculate the volume of materials (if the necessary attributes are available in the model) and the duration of work, which in turn saves time working on a 4D project and minimises errors in calculations.
Discussion
One of the common schemes of interaction in a 4D BIM project in SYNCHRO PRO software is the scheme of working in separate files with intermediate and final joins of a 4D model. In this case, the participants of the 4D BIM project work with a preliminary distribution of project work (to avoid duplication of work) into separate files, and all working files are combined into one at certain intervals. According to this principle, work on the project continues until the completion of all tasks in the project and until the final unification of the 4D BIM project. This scheme of work is convenient when working with one performer, where the models do not need to be combined. When working with a large number of employees (performers), such a scheme of work is more time-consuming and riskier in terms of possible loss of information when combining a 4D BIM model, which can result in new collisions and incompleteness of the corresponding information in the model.
A more convenient way to work for several employees is the collaboration scheme through the SWP. Amongst the main disadvantages of working according to this scheme, additional licensing can be noted: you need to obtain a license from the developer for a separate 4D project (a license is issued for each project), which takes some time, and difficulties with cancelling actions (transactions) in the project: you cannot cancel only one
The script 002_Assign resour fields" is executed
from
The script «004_Assigning the number. resources from user fields» is executed
specific erroneous action of the performer because actions of the participants committed after the cancelled action are cancelled, which requires additional administration and analytics in the project.
In summary, the scheme of working in separate files with intermediate and final merging of the model is suitable in the case of working on a project by one performer (i.e. working without SWP turned out to be laborious and inconvenient in terms of displaying changes in a 4D model). This condition arose because the information was partially lost when the 4D model was merged (synchronized), and your actions that were already in the updated file must be repeated.
When switching to the scheme of working with SWP, additional time was required to obtain a license for the project and set up on the server. Difficulties also arose when working with SWP when some participants accidentally deleted some elements of the model and related work, resulting in the need for additional analysis of transactions in the project and undoing actions before deletion. Hence, performers whose actions were forcibly undone had to redo their undone actions one more time.
During the automated calculation of the number of works/materials, not all elements of the 3D model have the necessary attributes for calculation. In this case, the volume was calculated manually and entered in the appropriate field.
Therefore, the SYNCHRO PRO version without configuring the SWP server is quite suitable for one performer of the 4D BIM model (i.e. for work where several employees are not required). If the scheme of work based on working with individual files, and subsequent merging of files has already been implemented, then careful quality control of the 4D model is necessary because information loss is possible. When working with the 4D model via SWP, the project and the server on which SWP is installed must be administered. If transactions are rolled back, then additional analytics are also needed to understand which and whose actions will be cancelled.
Before generating a 4D model, a thorough check of 3D models is necessary during the loading of 3D models. The attributes required to calculate the amount of work and materials must be present in the 3D model, and no collisions must occur. During the implementation of the project, the necessary requirements for 3D models for correct 4D planning were determined. Monitoring the fulfilment of the requirements for 3D models will allow forming the correct 4D model without additional costs for adjusting the 3D model. The main requirements for an information model for correct 4D planning are as follows: a single scale and metric system, a consistent coordinate system for all simulated objects; unified rules for rounding the volumes of materials and correct filling in the necessary attributes of the elements of the information model; compliance of the information model with the details of the work schedule to logically link 3D elements to the work schedule (or be even more detailed than the work schedule); elements of the BIM model should reflect the current version of the project documentation, taking into account all changes; logical division of the BIM model into sections, stages, buildings and structures, types of construction, etc., absence of collisions in the BIM model and duplication of elements.
The general algorithm of working in a 4D BIM project (how exactly a 4D BIM project based on 3D BIM is formulated) can be summarised as follows: initially, 3D models are loaded into the SYNCHRO PRO software, and 3D objects belonging to a certain set / discipline are filtered (included). Next, the composition of the work and the division into captures are analysed using 3D. In the Gantt chart, a job or set of jobs is added to the corresponding grouping level. An appropriate visual profile is created to animate the sequence. The corresponding 3D resources are assigned to work on the graph with the selected visual profile, and then, using
scripts, the physical amount of work is calculated automatically. Then standards are selected (state elemental estimates for construction work, etc.) to determine the unit of measurement, labour requirements for workers and mechanisms, and automated scripts are executed to calculate the duration of work. Work is interconnected within the chosen discipline. Firstly, technological dependencies are established — due to the technology of work execution. Secondly, streaming dependencies are established — due to the sequence of work performed by the grippers.
All the problems that arose during the implementation of the 4D BIM project can be attributed to the interaction schemes in the 4D BIM project because they are largely derived from the accepted scheme of work.
Conclusions
During this study, a review of the world experience in the field of 4D BIM was conducted. The common goals of using 4D in research were identified, such as: monitoring the construction process, safety control, multi-criteria optimisation of schedules, planning for reuse and recycling of waste and logistics. The identified common goals of using 4D BIM will help in adapting and applying the implemented 4D project in further work.
The common schemes for constructing work on a 4D project using the SYNCHRO PRO software are described. The pros and cons are demonstrated in the SWOT analysis of each collaboration scheme in a 4D project.
A practical example of the implementation of a 4D BIM project of an industrial building was carried out.
Partial automation of calculations by scripts in a 4D BIM project has been performed. Scripts for automated calculation of the volume of work from 3D elements and four scenarios (scripts) for automatic calculation of the duration of work according to the selected standard are demonstrated.
The difficulties and barriers encountered in the implementation of the 4D project and the methods of overcoming them are analysed.
Planning and organisation of work in the 4d bim project of an industrial building Vafaeva K.M., Gaevskaya Z.A., Zabirova S.V., Shinkareva M.K., Bassam A Tayeh
Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Gipronickel Institute LLC,
Islamic University of Gaza JEL classification: L61, L74, R53
This research aimed to systematise data on the use of 4D planning technologies, consider problems that arise during the implementation and identify methods for solving them by implementing an experiment through a practical example. The pilot 4D project involved eight employees who implemented the 4D BIM project from an existing 3D BIM model. Work on the 4D model is carried out in two different ways: through separate files with subsequent integration into a single 4D model and through a configured server (SYNCHRO Workgroup Project [SWP]) in a single file with a shared access. The analysis of the possible problems, the ways to solve them in the formation of a 4D model and the potential barriers to the introduction of this technology is carried out. During this research, the necessary requirements for 3D models for a proper 4D planning are determined.
Keywords: 4D; 3D; BIM; project planning; Synchro Pro References
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