CC BY
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come out from June to August after 65 - 71 days of incubation. The hemipenis of males is com-pletely different comparative to the other agamid li-zards in Sri Lanka. This species specially feed on earth worms, spiders, centipedes and other insects. These lizards' natural predators are Gray Hornbill, Blue Magpie, Shikra and other raptors, Cat snakes, Green Pitviper, Loris, Toque Monkeys and domestic cats. When a danger appears this lizard slowly climbs to the tree while moving around the stem. At night they sleep on the trees about 2.5 m to 4.5 m above ground level
on branches diameter about 40 mm to 58 mm. Calotes calotes, Calotes liolepis, Calotes liocephalus, Cera-tophora aspera, Otocryptis nigristigma and Otocryp-tis wiegmanni are recorded as other sympatric agamid lizards. The current habitat destruction shows a great warning to this species. The villagers inhabit in the forested areas believe several myths of this lizard. Therefore education awareness programs are needed to conserve this relict species.
Key words: Sri Lanka, Lyriocephalus scuta-tus, ecology.
PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF PHRYNOCEPHALUS VLANGALII COMPLEX ON THE UPPER REACHES OF THE YELLOW RIVER INFERRED FROM mtDNA ND4-tRNAleu SEQUENCES
Li Liu, Xianguang Guo, Yuezhao Wang
Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China E-mail: [email protected]
A fragment of mtDNA ND4-tRNALeu from 189 samples in 26 populations was used to infer the phylogeographic structure of Phrynocephalus vlan-galii complex on the upper reaches of the Yellow River. 703bp ND4-tRNALeu sequences defined 39 hap-
lotypes. Both the Bayesian tree and MP tree comprised two Clades (A and B). Clade A included populations in Zoige Wetland (A1), populations in the west of Kuku-noor Lake (A2) and P. theobaldi; Clade B included populations in the south of Kuku-noor
a b
Male (a) and female (b) of Phrynocephalus putjatai from Haiyan and Tianzhu respectively
a b
Males of Phrynocephalus vlangalii from Suganhu (a) and Xiaman (b) respectively
COBPEMEHHAS rEPnETOnoraa 2010 T. 10, BHD. 3/4
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Lake (B1) and those in the north of Kuku-noor Lake (B2). AMOVA showed that these five groups were distinctly different (P < 0.01), with 88.63% of the total genetic diversity being attributable to variation among groups. There might be recent population expansion in A1 and A2, which corresponded to the dry climate of the last interglacial period. The expansion times were estimated at about 0.189 - 0.105 Ma and 0.102 - 0.057 Ma, respectively. Molecular clock estimation indicated that Clade A and Clade B diverged at ca. 4.29 - 2.38 Ma, which fell within the timeframe of the A phase of Qingzang Movement.
The divergence between B1 and B2 at ca. 1.73 -0.96 Ma may be caused by the geological event in Huangshui valley. In early Pleistocene, populations in B1 may have strong gene flow because of geographic linkage, following with a few extinct haplo-types related to the uplift of Tibetan Plateau and the change of Yellow River route. The divergence triggered by A'nyemaqen Mountains between A1 and A2 was estimated at ca. 0.66 - 0.37 Ma, which may occurred at ca. 0.7 Ma glaciations.
Key words: Phrynocephalus vlangalii complex, mtDNA ND4, phylogeography.
WEST AFRICAN AGAMAS: SYSTEMATICS, GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION,
ECOLOGY AND PHYLOGENY O. Mediannikov 1, S. Trape 2, Y. Mane 3, and J.-F. Trape 4
1 Unite des Rickettsies, UMR URMITE, Faculté de Medecine 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France E-mail: [email protected] 2 UMR ECOLAG, University Montpellier 2 cc 093, place Eugene Bataillon, 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France E-mail: [email protected] 3 Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), UMR URMITE, B.P.
1386, Dakar, Senegal E-mail: [email protected] 4 Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD) B.P. 1386, Dakar, Senegal E-mail: [email protected]
Few published data are available on West African Agamid lizards. From 2003 to 2009, we have collected 1,020 specimens from 11 countries (Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Guinea, Liberia, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Niger, Nigeria) and investigated their systematics, geographic distribution, ecology and phylogeny. For molecular studies, we have used two separate portions of mitogenome, coding for 16S rRNA and for cytochrome B. DNA from 100 mg of homogenized muscular tissue conserved in ethanol, was extracted using the QIAGEN BioRobot MDx Workstation with customized extraction protocol and stored at 4°C until use in PCR amplifications. Primers were manufactured by Eurogentec, Seraing, Belgium. Polymerase chain reactions were performed in automated DNA thermal cyclers. PCR products were visualized by electrophoresis on a 1.5% agarose gel, stained with ethidium bromide and examined using an ultraviolet transilluminator. The PCR products were purified using a QIAquick Spin PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Sequencing of amplicons was performed
using the BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit with ABI automated sequencer. Obtained sequences were assembled, edited by BioEdit Sequence alignment editor v. 7.0.9.0 and compared with those available in GenBank by NCBI BLAST. Sequences of both mitochondrial genes from studied lizards were concatenated and aligned with CLUSTAL W program, and a neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree was constructed with Geneious 4.7.6 software.
Fourteen different species were recognized in the genus Agama in West Africa, excluding the easternmost part of Nigeria near the Cameroon border which was not included in our study: Agama africana, A. agama, A. boueti, A. boulengeri, A. cas-troviejoi, A. cristata, A. doriae benueensis, A. gra-cilimembris, A. insularis, A. paragama, A. sanka-ranica, A. weidholzi, and two undescribed species. According to biogeographic areas, four species were Sahelian, seven species were Sudanian, two species were Guinean, and one species was ubiquitous.
Key words: agama, systematics, geographic distribution, ecology and phylogeny, West Africa.
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