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PHRASEOLOGICAL TYPES OF CONTEXTUAL LEXICAL MEANINGS EXPRESSED IN COMPOUNDS
Tadjiyeva Mokhirakhon Djaxongirovna
Lecturer at the Department of Western Languages Tashkent State University of Oriental Studies, Uzbekistan
ABSTRACT
Lexical meaning changes both qualitatively and quantitatively during the development of language. On this basis, lexical meanings can be divided into two groups: current lexical meaning and previous lexical meaning. The field that studies modern lexical meaning is called descriptive lexicology. Current lexical meanings are classified from several points of view as main meaning and derivative meaning, proper meaning and figurative meaning, nominative (nominative) meaning, and figural (figurative) meaning.
Keywords: Polysemantic units, semantic components, unambiguous, methodology, lexical unit, phraseological units, positive or negative attitude, assimilation lexeme, national colorit in phrases.
АННОТАЦИЯ
Лексическое значение изменяется как качественно, так и количественно в процессе развития языка. Исходя из этого, лексические значения можно разделить на две группы: текущее лексическое значение и предыдущее лексическое значение. Область, изучающая современное лексическое значение, называется описательной лексикологией. Текущие лексические значения классифицируются с нескольких точек зрения на основное значение и производное значение, собственное значение и переносное значение, номинативное (номинативное) значение и переносное (переносное) значение.
Ключевые слова: многозначные единицы, семантические компоненты, однозначность, методология, лексическая единица, фразеологизмы, позитивное или негативное отношение, ассимиляционная лексема, национальный колорит во фразах.
ANNOTATSIYA
Leksik ma'no til taraqqiyoti jarayonida ham sifat, ham miqdor jihatdan o 'zgaradi. Shunga asoslanib leksik ma 'nolarni ikki guruhga bo 'lish mumkin: hozirgi leksik ma 'no va oldingi leksik ma 'no. Zamonaviy leksik ma 'noni o 'rganuvchi soha tavsif leksikologiyasi deyiladi. Hozirgi leksik ma 'nolar bir necha nuqtai nazardan
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asosiy ma 'no va hosila ma 'no, xos qiymat va ko 'chma ma 'no, nominativ (nominativ) ma 'no va ko'chma (ko 'chma) ma 'noga bo 'linadi.
Tayanch so zlar: polisemantik birliklar, semantik komponentlar, ma^nolilik, metodika, leksik birlik, frazeologik birliklar, ijobiy yoki inkor munosabat, o^zlashtirish leksema, so^z birikmalarida milliy kolorit.
INTRODUCTION
The above types of lexical meaning are defined on the basis of polysemantic lexemes. In a system of lexical meanings, first the main meaning and the derivative meaning are distinguished. The meaning that is the basis for the emergence of another lexical meaning is called the main meaning. The lexical meaning that emerges with the development of the main meaning is called the derivative meaning. The primary lexical meaning in the system of lexical meanings is called the first main meaning. The product that is the basis for the development of the subsequent lexical meaning is called the development of meaning. For example, the general meaning of the open lexeme is "not closed." For example, open the door, to open the book.
1) to speak openly;
2) an open person ("polite");
3) open joint ("finished with flour"), open - minded.
In some cases, the first main meaning of a lexeme actually turns out to be a derivative meaning. The previous meaning of such a lexeme is forgotten and the etymological meaning becomes two old meanings. Lexical meanings are further grouped into both literal and figurative meanings. The general lexical meaning of a lexeme is usually the correct meaning. Derivative meaning is usually portable. The image that is based on the transfer of meaning can be extinguished and forgotten. however, such a meaning is still considered a portable meaning. For example, leg of the table. Lexical meaning is also distinguished as (nominative) meaning and figural (figurative) meaning. For example, key - (key of the lock - nominative meaning (open) key of the knowledge figural meaning. Nominative meaning is a lexical meaning that serves as the name of something character or action. Nominative meaning is directly related to reality. Figural meaning serves to create figurative The figural meaning is sometimes the same as the nominative meaning. There is no lexeme (nominative meaning) that means the same meaning, and the explanation found can also be the figural meaning of a lexeme because there is a direct connection with reality in the definition of nominative meaning, this meaning must be the name of reality the meaning is also forgotten. As a result, the lexical meaning of this lexeme is the same context dagina is explained.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
Nominative lexemes that have lost their meaning mainly correspond to obsolete lexemes, lexemes that have lost their connection in terms of construction: sunmok (to submit - to submit). An etymological lexical meaning is a lexical meaning that is reconstructed based on the history of language, the history of the material wealth of a society, as well as the original morphemic structure of the lexeme. This can also be called reversible meaning. To speak of etymological lexical meaning, a particular lexical meaning must have developed and lost its previous lexical meaning, and there must be an opportunity to restore this lost lexical meaning on the basis of the history of language, on the basis of the history of society. Such a lexeme is partially primitive, often artificial. Restoration of etymological lexical meaning is much easier in artificial lexemes than in primitive lexemes. This is because the morpheme with the lexeme in the artificial lexeme shows more or less the etymological meaning. Lexical context. Each lexical meaning of a polysemantic lexeme is manifested in the process of connecting with lexemes belonging to a particular semantic circle. Such lexemes, which serve as a necessary condition for the manifestation of lexical meaning, are called lexical context. For example: cut - n.
1. Act of cutting, stroke with a sword, result of such a stroke, a deep cut in the leg, cuts on the fase after shaving.
2. Reduction in size, amount, length etc.
A cut in prices (salaries a cut in production; verb: to cut the meat); Cut lexeme is related to stroke, deep qualities, in prices, in production, meat lexemes. Apparently, each lexical meaning has its own lexical context. Such a lexical context consists of some lexemes in some senses and fewer lexemes in some lexical senses. On this basis there will be a broad lexical context and a narrow lexical context. At the heart of any syntactic connection lies a semantic connection. Both the syntactic connection and the semantic connection take place at the same time according to the individual lexical meanings of the polysemantic lexeme. Semantics of lexical meanings that enter into a syntactic relationship should not contain contradictory semantics. The common (same) sema in the context of semantically connected lexical meanings ensures that these lexical meanings become semantic connections and close lexical contexts for each other. Sema. A lexeme is the name of a language unit, a lexical unit. The content plan of a lexeme is called a semema. The main phenomenon in the content plan of a lexeme is the lexical meaning; at the same time the methodological evaluation semaphore, the categorical semaphore, is also taken into account.
Hence, the concepts of lexical meaning are not equal to semema. Moreover, in a polysemous lexeme, each lexical meaning has its own lexical context, and each lexical meaning may also be different in its grammatical nature. It should also be noted that each lexical meaning can be distinguished by its methodological semantics as a specific feature, it is possible to enter into a synonymous relationship, an antonymic relationship, a new lexeme is formed from each lexical meaning. If a lexeme is unambiguous, the above character properties are equivalent to a lexeme, and such a lexeme is considered to be equivalent to a language unit (lexical unit). If a lexeme has multiple meanings, these character properties will be available separately for each lexical meaning. In this case, each lexical meaning is considered as a language unit (lexical unit). In fact, such a unit is called a semema. The development of lexical meaning is also characteristic of phrases. In modern Uzbek phrases, lexical meaning has developed mainly as a result of metaphorical copying. For example, the phrase "to touch the heart" means "to fail." English phrases, on the other hand, developed as a result of metaphor, metonymy, hyperbole, analogy, and periphrasis. For example, a long duck, in a nutshell (metaphor), maiden speech (epithet), black frost (periphrase).
Examples: Kitty was not crying now. She was dry-aged, calm and though his voise was laud it was steady. "Do you want me to go?" "Is it Hobson's choice?" (no choice at all because there is only one thing to take or do).
As a result of the development of a phrase-specific meaning, the amount of phraseological meaning changes. The birth of a second phraseological meaning on the basis of one phraseological meaning leads to two different phenomena - polysemy and homonymy. There is very little ononymy born with the development of phraseological meaning.
Most phrases are monosemantic in nature. For example, "a labor of Hercules" means "extremely hard work". Polysemantic phrases are also quite numerous, most of which have two and three meanings. For example, the English phrase "Clean State" means:
1. Abandoning bad habits and starting a new
2. Getting rid of old debts and starting all over again.
Phraseological polysemy means that the phrase itself has two or more lexical meanings. The meanings understood from the free conjunction and phrasema, which are similar in form, are combined into one point and cannot be considered polysemy. Because these are different phenomena: a free link is a unit of text, a phrase is a unit of language. The phenomenon of the equivalence of the form of a phrasema with a
free bond is called homonymy. For example, there is the English phrase - turn the tables.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
When a phrase has more than one lexical meaning, the lexemes have the same main meaning and derivative meaning: for example, the English phrase the call to shots means to be in control or to give orders. The first is the main meaning, the second is the meaning derived from it. In a lexeme, the main lexical meaning is usually the correct meaning. In a phrase, the main phraseological meaning is a figurative meaning. because the main meaning of the phrase, like the meaning of the product, is embodied in the form of a superfluous figurative meaning, based on a certain image. So the nature of the phrasema excludes the correct meaning. Phraseological meanings, as in lexical meanings, are nomoen in a specific context. Just as in lexemes, if a phrase is unambiguous, it is a linguistic unit (equivalent to a phraseological unit). If a phrase is polysemantic, each of its phrases will have its own linguistic unit (equivalent to a separate phraseological unit), because, as in lexemes, each phrase has its own lexical content (collection of ideographic semantics), with its own methodical (emotional expressive) semantics. will be. In addition, each phraseosema may have a specific lexical context, a grammatical nature. Each phraseosema can independently form a synonymous, antonymous relationship with another lexical unit (phraseological, lexical unit). It is difficult to combine lexical units into a single system as a whole. However, lexical units are grouped differently based on different criteria, integrated into systems. The largest semantic grouping of lexical units is the grouping of thematic groups. Linguistic grouping in the literal sense refers to lexical-semantic groups that are separated within a thematic group. Unlike thematic groups, lexical-semantic grouping is based on a meaning that represents a lexical unit, i.e., it is based on an intralinguistic factor. Second, lexical-semantic grouping is done not only by the noun category, but also by lexemes of other categories. For example, adjective lexemes are grouped into lexical-semantic groups, such as adjectives denoting color and adjectives denoting taste. Combining language units as synonyms, antonyms - semantic systematization is the final grouping in lexical semantic grouping and is called a semantic microsystem. The grouping of language units based on the same meaning is called synonymy.
Synonymy is born from the interrelationship of the meanings of two or more linguistic units. The number of participating units in such an approach cannot be limited. Second, these language units form a regular system within themselves. Given these features, the units of language that form a synonymous relationship are called
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synonymous with one another. Synonyms are collectively referred to as synonyms. Synonymy exists in both lexical units and grammatical units. In each lexeme the meaning is the same. Lexical units that form the following relationship are not considered mutually synonymous:
1. A lexeme (semema) meaning "category, gender" and a lexeme (semema) meaning "species". For example, the house lexeme cannot be synonymous with lexemes such as room, shelter, because the house lexeme means "gender, category" and the rest means "species".
2. If the lexemes (sememas) denoting the concept of type have different meanings, for example, bag, case, container, sack, pouch all have a certain general meaning, but the bag is different, the suitcase is different, the backpack is different. If synonyms differ in terms of mutual methodological evaluation, they are called methodological synonyms.
Each line of synonyms is usually:
a) methodological assessment semen neutral lexical unit and;
b) the methodological assessment semaphore contains a lexical unit that is not eliminated. For example: to laugh, guffaw, giggle, titter, chuckle The Laugh lexeme is neutral in the line of synonyms, while the stylistic assessment in the rest is exaggerated. There are two types of stylistic evaluation in synonyms: 1. positive: as in smile, to grin, to simper lexemes 2. negative: to laugh, like chuckle. In the selective use of lexemes, attention is paid not only to the semantic features of synonyms, but also to the methodological evaluation semaphore. Because the methodological assessment reflects the speaker's attitude to the event that this lexeme (semema) means. Synonyms are called text synonyms if they differ in terms of the sign of the mutual text product.
Text synonyms occur in the following relationships:
1) General text lexeme (lexeme that can be understood in all forms of text) Among the text lexemes: light - general text lexeme, bean, ray - artistic text lexeme.
2) Between the general text lexeme and the colloquial text lexeme: to begin bring about, get off, Child - kid.
3) Between the general text lexeme and the official text lexeme: food - provision, money - cash notes.
4) Between the lexeme of the spoken text and the lexeme of the artistic text: kid-infant, jail-penitentiary. The above series of synonyms is followed in three ways: 1) in terms of meaning; 2) in terms of methodological assessment; 3) in terms of textual adaptation. Based on these descriptions, a representative of the synonym series is
determined. The main representative in the synonym series is called dominant. Dominant is usually a lexical content in a series of synonyms that is common to all synonyms, a methodologically neutral, universal text. For example, to laugh, giggle, tittler, chuckle are synonymous with the dominant laugh lexeme.
Defining a dominant is of great importance in compiling a dictionary of synonyms. Because the meaning of a series of synonyms is defined on the basis of this dominant, then the characteristics of each synonym in this series of synonyms, such as the specific semantic edge, the method of methodological assessment, the sign of textual adaptation, are described. The grouping of phrases based on the same meaning is called phraseological synonymy. For example, the phrases lose one's temper, lose one's cool, blow one's slack, fly off the handle, see red, hot under the collar have the same lexical meaning, that is, the concept of sudden outburst. For example: The children mother s mother was tired of asking them to pick up their toys. Finally she lost her temper and yelled at them. Phraseological synonymy is also evaluated in three ways:
A) in terms of meaning;
B) in terms of methodological assessment;
C) in terms of textual adaptation.
Phraseological units do not have absolute synonyms (phraseological doublets). Phraseological synonyms are often semantic synonyms (ideographic synonyms). Phraseological synonyms also have a methodological value. Original phraseological units are created for the same purpose in naming a reality in order to clearly express a positive or negative attitude in order to evaluate it sharply. For example, in both of the synonyms file the bill and hit the spot, the methodological value is very strong. Lexical-phraseological synonymy differs sharply from a lexeme in which a phrase is synonymous in terms of its meaning as well as its methodological value. Expressing something with a phrasal verb is usually more effective than expressing it with a lexeme. Synonymous relationship: A) a language is among its own lexemes. This is a basic condition related to the development of each language. For example, To speak to, to talk to eki to tell, to say, etc. are synonymous lines of the English language consisting of its own material;
b) there is a difference between own lexeme and assimilated lexeme. For example, pass the Rubicon - passer le Roubicon (English-French); c) assimilation also occurs between lexemes. Phraseological synonyms usually belong to the same language. A blask sheep, Big Ben, rob Peter, to pay Paul, an aunt like Sally. Because the national color is strong in phrases, the assimilation of phrases (especially assimilation that
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leads to synonymy) is very rare. The phrase through the nose can be shown as an assimilation that leads to synonymy. This phrase is synonymous with the Uzbek phrase "take it out of your nose". Hence, a synonym is a) with one entering into a certain semantic relation of its own lexical units in the same language; b) arises as a result of the formation of two interrelated semantic relations with lexical units. The lexemes and phrases in the synonym series also differ in their position in language. 1) will be among the common units: such as answer, respound, reply;
2) between a common language unit and a dialectal unit. To eat, to cram, rich man -money bags;
3) occurs between dialectal units. Smash, [hit], sleeper, fast track are "success" meaning luck, success. Hence, the synonym from the general point of view of the synonym and the verb from the literary point of view of the literary text itself are different. Dialectal lexical units are one of the rich sources of literary text synonymy. At the same time, it seems necessary to emphasize the synonymous relationship that occurs due to ephemerality.
The phenomenon of replacing an impressive lexeme and phrase with a lexical unit that does not have such a feature is called ephemeism. For example, deafness is hard of hearing, birth is blindness, death is death. Synonymy and polysemia are inextricably linked. Because synonymy is based on lexical meaning in lexemes, phraseological meaning in phrases. To speak of a synonym for a lexeme directly with a lexeme, a frazema with a phrasal verb, a phrasal verb with a lexeme, the lexical units that form a synonymous relationship must be unambiguous. In polysemantic lexemes, each semema enters into a synonymous relationship with another lexeme (if it is monosemantic) and two semema (if it is polysemantic). For example, the main lexeme is chief in one sememan, the principle in the second sememe, the sheer lexeme in the third sememe, and so on. For example, the phrase to be in a bad humor is synonymous with the phrase to be down in the mouth, and the phrase to be in a low spirits is synonymous with the phrase to be in a low spirits.
In terms of lexical meaning types, a synonymous relationship can occur between primary (correct) meanings and between primary (correct) meaning and derivative (portable) meanings and between derivative (portable) meanings. This is also quite the case: great, "big", like enormous. On the basis of lexical use, as well as on the basis of phraseological application, synonymy is not formed, because they are considered as a unit of text, not as a unit of language. Synonymy, on the other hand, is born out of the relationship between the original language units, hence the term uzual synonymy. The synonymous relationship between lexical meaning and
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lexical usage, phraseological meaning, and phraseological usage can be called contextual synonymy.
Contextual synonymy has colorful appearances. Such a synonymous relationship occurs every time in the text itself, it loses its character outside of the exact text. Therefore, contextual synonymy is widely used: in one place it is called a writer, in the second place it is used as a playwright, and in the third place as an author. Synonymy is one of the phenomena that shows the richness of the language, the level of development. Due to the synonymy, subtle meanings are expressed, and colorful stylistic assessments are expressed. By selectively using one of the synonyms, one side of the reality is highlighted. In fact, for synonymy to occur, lexical units must have a certain equality, not only homogeneity, but also some distinctive features. Each time a lexeme selectively uses two phrases, it is necessary to take into account some of these features. In expressing one's opinion, one must be able to choose a single lexeme or phrase from a series of synonyms in expressing one's attitude. Synonyms are also used to compose text fluently, as well as to facilitate pronunciation. Just as relying on semantic components (semantics) in the separation of semantics of polysemantic units leads to positive results, the original synonyms are defined by vague expressions such as "same meaning", the same meaning, different meanings. Relying on the method of semantic analysis in determining synonyms allows a more accurate description of this phenomenon. The first condition for calling two or more lexical units synonymous is that the basis of lexical meaning is equal, the second condition is that such linguistic units are mutually distinct from each other. In terms of semantic analysis, we note that to be synonymous, these language units consist of the same ideographic semantic assembly. In this collection of ideographic semas, the position of a sema, its bulging or dimming, has a certain edge. These differences are taken into account only when talking about ideographic synonyms. If it is not the ideographic sema but the methodological sema that differs, the methodological synonyms are mentioned. Given the above, synonyms can be defined as: synonymous units of language with equal set of ideographic semantics, but one or two different aspects (including the position of an ideographic semantics, semantic edge, methodological semantics, textual characterization).
CONCLUSION
The phraseological structure of the language has a wide meaning and stylistic features. Phraseology is often seen as a branch of lexicology. Because phraseology is the equivalent of words in a language, lexicology is the study of the words that make
up the vocabulary of a language and their equivalents. Sometimes phraseology is incorporated into vocabulary or stylistics. With phraseology, words should not be viewed as completely equivalent. Phraseologisms as well as the structure and meanings of words have many distinguishing features, and their morphological and syntactic functions also vary. Depending on the content, the words are formed in the form of a single compound both semantic types of phraseology (phraseological integrity and phraseological confusion) are explained by the semantic connection of their components, the stability of morphological and syntactic integration of lexical composition in many places. Phrases and components of sentences, on the other hand, have more freedom in semantic connection.
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