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FUNCTIONS OF PHRASEOLOGICAL COMPOUNDS IN LANGUAGE
LEXICAL LAYER
Nilufar Baxadirovna Makhamadaliyeva
Lecturer, Tashkent State Technical University, Uzbekistan
In linguistics, the term " phraseology " refers to compounds (phrases) formed by the semantically strong combination of two or more independent words. These compounds have been formed in the vernacular for hundreds of years, and their separate meaning does not correspond to the meaning expressed by the phraseological compound. Phraseology was formed in the 1930s as an independent branch of linguistics, more precisely, lexicology.
Keywords: Phraseological combinations, different genres of literature, Uzbek language, general linguistics, research works, phrases, vocabulary, specific meaning, social wealth, the process of use.
В лингвистике термин «фразеология» относится к соединениям (фразам), образованным семантически сильным сочетанием двух или более независимых слов. Эти соединения образовывались в просторечии в течение сотен лет, и их отдельное значение не соответствует значению, выраженному фразеологическим соединением. Фразеология сформировалась в 30-е годы ХХ века как самостоятельный раздел языкознания, точнее, лексикология.
Ключевые слова: фразеологические сочетания, разные жанры литературы, узбекский язык, общее языкознание, исследования, фразы, лексика, специфическое значение, общественное достояние, процесс употребления.
INTRODUCTION
Phraseological compounds are common in language and can be found in various genres of literature. For example, the Uzbek phrase "falling from the armpit of a watermelon" means "to be disappointed" from a phraseological point of view, while the words "watermelon", "armpit", "falling" have a completely different meaning. The same can be said of the English words "to kick the bucket" and the Russian words "kupit kota v meshke" meaning "to kick the bucket". This was based on the research of the famous French linguist Charles Bally. About this Russian linguist and Sh. Ball works researcher R.A. Budagov did a great deal of research in his work Charles Ball and his work on general linguistics and French linguistics. Sh. Bally's ideas penetrated Russian linguistics and European linguistics in the 1940s. In the late
ABSTRACT
АННОТАЦИЯ
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1960s, these ideas began to spread widely in German linguistics and English linguistics. The research of the German linguist Weinreich and the Russian linguist I.V .Arnold plays an important role in this. According to russian linguist A.V. Kunin, phraseological units are compounds consisting of components that have partially lost their meaning. They are sometimes called "phrases". Language as a social phenomenon consists of units belonging to the vocabulary and units belonging to the grammatical structure (these are embodied on the basis of sound). A unit that belongs to a dictionary is called a lexical unit, and a unit that belongs to a grammatical structure is called a grammatical unit. There are two layers in the vocabulary: a layer of words and phrases based on them, a layer of phraseological character (compounds, phrases). Each word has a specific meaning. But this meaning is not the same in all words. In this regard, the words are divided into several groups. The semantic types of words are usually defined by linking them to word groups. The word "language" has different meanings in linguistics. Broadly speaking, language means both the social wealth that exists in memory and the process of using that wealth, as well as the text that results from this process.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
It is correct to understand the social wealth stored in the memory, the events that serve to form the text, the rules of their use, in which the language and the text are interdependent, the units of language can be distinguished as language units, the units formed in the text itself as text units.
Language as a social phenomenon consists of rules for the use of units belonging to the vocabulary and units belonging to the grammatical structure (these are embodied on the basis of sound). A unit that belongs to a dictionary is called a lexical unit, and a unit that belongs to a grammatical structure is called a grammatical unit. There are two layers in the vocabulary: a layer of words and phrases based on them, a layer of phraseological character (compounds, phrases). Each word has a specific meaning. But this meaning is not the same in all words. In this regard, the words are divided into several groups. The semantic types of words are usually defined by linking them to word groups.
The types of meanings of words are mainly as follows:
1. Nouns. This type of meaning includes verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and numbers (except for some well-known names). These name the thing, its movement and its signs.
2. Descriptive words. This type of meaning includes prepositions, modal words, and prepositions.
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3. Indicative words. This type of meaning includes a link and an auxiliary. Other words have no grammatical meaning: some (exclamation, modal word) directly express emotion, the speaker's attitude toward thought.
4. Separation by semantic types of words is seen in rhymes. The pronoun is considered to be one of the independent categories, but the word itself does not have a lexical meaning: it takes such a meaning in the context of the text in which it is used. We call these pronouns.
5. Certain types of famous horses are also unique. In particular, names given to people, animals, birds, etc., do not serve to mean anything. It only serves as a name.
Certain types of famous horses do not have lexical meaning and differ from related horses in this respect. We call such famous horses nouns.
From the above types of meanings of words in lexicology mainly nouns are studied. In terms of types of meaning, expressions are basically of two types:
1. Noun phrases. These make up the majority.
2. Expressive expressions. These represent attitudes, not realities.
The word refers to each unit in the vocabulary. A word can be a unit with two lexical meanings and two grammatical meanings. On this basis, it seems necessary to group them into lexical words and grammatical words. We call lexically meaningful words a lexeme, and grammatically meaningful words (a series of affixes) a morpheme, or more precisely a morpheme word. A similar definition is given to a lexeme. A lexeme is a type of morpheme that is ready for members of society, general, obligatory, consisting of a stable combination of form and content, able to incorporate grammatical morphemes in the text and dictionary that form the object, sign feature and relationship. So, a lexical unit means a lexeme, the field of study of lexemes is called lexicology (Greek lexikos - "word", logos "doctrine"). The second layer of vocabulary consists of compounds, or phrases, which are called phraseological units. They are also called "phrases" in accordance with the term "lexeme". The field of study of phrases is called phraseology. The language unit will have an expression plan and a content plan. In this case, the content plan is attached to the plan of expression at the stage of language, is formed in the memory of language, in the text, this plan of expression and the plan of content emerge together, interconnected. A lexeme meets these requirements and is considered a linguistic unit. In determining the plan of expression of lexemes, first primitive lexemes, then derivative lexemes should be interpreted. In primitive lexemes, the plan of expression is a system of phonemes that serve as their body (the system is the order in which phonemes are arranged and form a whole). One of the phenomena related to the
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expression plan of the root lexeme is their joint structure. Primary lexemes are mainly one- and two-syllable. Uzbek one-syllable primitive lexemes do not have two consonant lines at the beginning, and two consonant endings at the end are also very rare.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION:
As a unit of language, it is necessary to talk about the plan of expression and the plan of content of the phrase. A phrase is a lexical unit composed on the basis of two or more lexemes belonging to independent word categories, meaning mainly nominative, and therefore placed in line with a lexeme, referred to as a larger nominative unit than a lexeme.
For example, the meaning of the phrase watermelon fell from the armpit is close to the meaning of the lexeme upset, and in English the meaning of the phrase to be out of spirits is close to the meaning of the lexeme to be upset. According to its structure, a compound phrase is equivalent to two sentences. A link is formed by the syntactic connection of lexemes. Such a link is a unit of text, because it is formed in the text process with the requirement to express a certain concept or idea; they do not exist as a whole in the memory of the language, but are re-formed in the text on demand on the basis of patterns typical of the grammatical structure of that language.
For example, the phrase "touch the tongue" means to speak inappropriately. This meaning does not come directly from the meaning of the lexeme in the phrase. For example, the phrase "If I touch the battery, there is no current" used a free connection. In this case, the lexemes "language" and "touch" preserve the independence of meaning. The phrase "he also insulted me"is included in the phrase. Based on the above features, such a text unit is called a free link. In English, the phrase cross the finger has such a feature. Although a phrasal verb does not differ from a free conjunction in its grammatical structure, it does differ in the essence of the grammatical structure. The phrase is not always formed in the text process itself, but comes as a whole before it. Language lives in memory as a whole, and is included in the text as a whole. For example, in the form of the phrase "Nurmatjon looked at Adolatkhan" there are 4 words, but it consists of 3 lexical units: Nurmatjon, Adolathon, loked at. The first and second units are lexemes and the third is phrases. In English: Keep your fingers crossed, when I take an exam. This example is also composed of 8 word forms in appearance, but in fact consists of 6 lexical units. Keep your fingers crossed phrase and 5 lexemes involved. Such a language unit is called a fixed link, as opposed to a text unit. The meaning of the term "permanent connection" is very wide.
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Such language phenomena can be grouped into 2:
1) fixed connections with the correct meaning;
2) portable fixed connections.
These two types of fixed links differ in the nature of their meaning. For example in English: black sheep, crocodile tears, sure as death. Lexical meaning and concept are inextricably linked, but lexical meaning is a phenomenon specific to language construction, concept is a phenomenon specific to thinking, both of which are born on the basis of generalization, abstraction. But if the concept is defined in relation to man as a result of the ability to think, the generalization peculiar to the lexical meaning takes place within the framework of each language.
Accordingly, the lexical meaning is usually specific to each language. The same concept is attached to two different lexemes in two languages - different lexemes. The meanings of the same concept are grouped into different lexical systems in each language, and their position varies accordingly. If we look at the issue more broadly, we can be sure that the relationship between word and concept is quite complex. On the one hand, each word has a specific meaning, but it is not correct to expect that each word has a conceptual meaning, because the conceptual meaning is a characteristic of nouns. On the other hand, a word (lexeme) can serve as an expression of two or more concepts: each meaning of a polysemous lexeme represents a separate concept. For example, the meaning of the eye lexeme "member of vision" is one concept, "needle thread hole" is the second concept, and "gemstone in the ring" is another concept. Equality between lexical meaning and concept occurs in term lexemes. The term lexeme differs from the nonterminous lexeme in that its meaning is clearly defined, limited, and defined. The term usually means the same concept every time. Each term has a specific field. But there are also cases when a single lexeme serves as a term for several fields at the same time. Sometimes two different concepts within the same field are understood with the same lexeme. While the plural notermin is considered a natural, even necessary, condition in a lexeme, the term is said to be an illegitimate, confusing, difficult condition.
Because usually a lexeme is used each time with only one lexical meaning. In the plural, however, one meaning does not exclude the other. Accordingly, different content is encountered in the same text. A term (term) is a lexeme whose use is clearly defined by a lexical content that refers to a concept in two fields. The set of terms of a profession or field is called the terminology of that profession or field.
According to their structure, terms are grouped into 2, which are called simple and compound: equivalent to one lexeme - simple, composed of two or more lexemes
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- compound. Lexical meaning is interpreted as an ideal phenomenon. In modern linguistics, there are ways to materialize this ideal phenomenon. One such way is the study of lexical meaning by breaking it down into semantic parts, which is called the method of fragmentary analysis (semantic analysis). An event that differs in this way is called a sema. The method of semantic analysis is initially used to combine lexical units into different semantic groups (thematic, lexical-semantic group). For example, the thematic group "names of a person's life and activity" is distinguished from lexemes belonging to the category of horses. Such lexemes are grouped into this thematic group on the basis of the semantics of person, activity, life. From this thematic group, in turn, are divided into several smaller thematic groups. If lexical meaning is taken as a basis in such grouping, they are called lexical-semantic group. While thematic groups are usually defined by noun lexemes, lexical-semantic groups are also defined by lexemes of other categories.
The method of semantic analysis used in the definition of thematic (lexical -semantic) groups is then applied to the analysis of the structure of lexical meaning. For example, by the method of semantic analysis, the following semantics can be distinguished in the lexical meaning of the lexeme "brother": 1) I 2) male 3) relative 4) . The definition of lexical meaning is based on ideographic semantics.
The main phenomenon in the content plan of a lexeme is the lexical meaning. Methodological assessment is based on this lexical meaning, but surrounds the meaning. Methodological evaluation can vary according to the lexical meanings of a lexeme. In general, as the methodological value increases, the connection (context) of the lexeme with other lexemes becomes more and more special. For example, in English, the lexemes skinny, lean, slim, thin, and slender are the same in meaning and differ in stylistic expression.
When a methodological assessment expresses a lexeme of originally neutral value due to its transfer from one area of use to another, it is called contextual expression. For example: Thin lexeme is used for human and lean lexeme is used for animal, but if lean lexeme is used in transference from animal to human, it has a negative methodological value. A situational representation of a methodological assessment can be shown as a type of contextual expression. In such an expression, each time a specific text situation is implied. For example, if the professor lexeme is used on a person with such a title, then the methodological assessment is neutral. if this lexeme is said as a mockery of an imitator, a false aspirant, this lexeme will have a negative methodological value: Our professor is going to make a speech. The methodical (emotionally expressive) assessment, which complements the lexical
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meaning, is also considered as a semantic part belonging to the content plan of the lexeme and is called methodical sema.
Lexical meaning usually serves to name a reality. It can also be expressed figuratively. Lexical use, on the other hand, serves mainly to create imagery. Lexical usage is not the name of a reality (such a function is usually performed by a lexical meaning), but a specific expression of a pre-named reality (lexical use is similar in this respect to figural lexical meaning, but different in other respects). Lexical use may not always be appropriate. Only a lexical application that does not contradict the semantic content of a lexeme, a semantic relationship between that lexeme and other lexemes in the language, will be positive. A lexical application that meets such a requirement will continue the existing possibility in the lexical meaning of that lexeme, which may gradually become a lexical meaning. In a phrase, two or more lexemes, without losing their lexical semantic independence, are subordinated to a common center of meaning. For example, the English phrase "dog days" means "very hot day". This meaning is not a simple sum of the meanings of "dog" and "day" that lexemes dog, days, but a generalized portable meaning based on a specific image.
As in the lexeme, the content plan of the phrasema is divided into two events:
1. Lexical meaning, more precisely phraseological meaning;
2. Methodological assessment. Phraseological meaning.
Two semantic types of phrases differ from the meaning of the phrase as a whole, based on the relationship between the meanings of the lexemes in it:
1. Phraseological integrity;
2. Phraseological confusion.
Phraseological integrity is a phrase that is interpreted on the basis of the specific meanings of the lexemes in its structure, which is embodied as a general denominator of these lexical meanings. For example, close one eyes s eyes to something. A phrase that is not interpreted on the basis of the lexemes specific to the lexemes in its structure, and does not take into account the lexical meanings specific to these lexemes, is called a phraseological confusion. The fact that the meaning inherent in phraseological confusion differs from the meaning of the lexemes in the composition is even contradictory.
For example: A methodological assessment of a phrasal verb is called a stylistic sema, just like a lexeme. Just as a lexeme is defined based on a content plan, so a phrasal verb is defined based on a content plan. Based on the category semantics, phrases are included in the categories of adjectives, verbs, and forms. Linguistic units mean more than one or two. The phenomenon of understanding a meaning is called
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monosemia, a unit of language with such a feature is called a monosematic unit. The phenomenon of multiple meanings is called polysemy, a linguistic unit with such a feature is called a polysemantic unit. All language units are grouped into monosemantic (unambiguous) and polysemantic (plural). Of these, polysemantic language units require special attention.
CONCLUSION
Each lexeme is monosemantic in its creation: an object, a character, emerges as the name of a relationship. It then serves as a name for other events, thereby changing its meaning and evolving. As a result, various fog shifts occur in the sense of a lexeme, a monosemantic lexeme becomes a polysemantic lexeme.
The ambiguity of a lexeme is evident in the context. The more colorful the context, the more the meanings of the lexeme. In this case, the decisive factor is not the simple number of lexemes associated with this lexeme, but the presence of lexemes of different semantic orientation. Lexical polysemia is a multifaceted and complex phenomenon. The semantic development of almost every lexeme requires a separate interpretation. Therefore, it is very difficult to identify and systematize lexical meanings. General ideas about the ambiguity of a lexeme, about its development, usually only serve to give an idea of the development of lexical meaning. Lexical meaning usually develops by moving the name of an object, sign, action to another object, sign, action. The nature and position of such a transfer is determined by the semantic laws of each language. Transfers are mainly: metaphorical transfer, functional transfer, metonymy approach, synecdoche approach. The transfer also occurs in a mixed form (metaphorical - functional, metaphorical -metonymy, metonymy - synecdoche). When something, a name, the name of an action is copied to another on the basis of mutual external similarity (such as shape, color), it is called metaphorical copying. For example, while the way lexeme originally meant way, on the basis of formal similarity, this lexeme also began to mean "method".
The main features of metaphorical movement:
1. the name of one thing is copied on the basis of a formal resemblance to another. For example, the mouth, the mouth of a man, the mouth of a bottle;
2. The name of a character specific to one thing (sometimes an action) is copied to the character in another: a straight line is a correct sentence. It is also possible to quote the name of one object as a sign to another object: gold (the name of a precious ore) - like gold leaves. Gold - golden leaves. In this case, the name of the object means a symbol.
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3. The name of an action specific to one thing is transferred to the action of something else. For example, sinking (sinking of a building), (sinking of a person in old age). Ingliz tilida to be broken - Windows is broken. He is broken. The transfer of the name of something from one to another on the basis of similarity in the task they perform is called functional transfer. Functional transfer is also based on similarity. In this respect he is very close to moving through metaphor. The difference is that while metaphorical transfer is based on material similarity between objects in terms of appearance, functional transfer implies functional similarity. For example, birds wing, plane's wing - a member of the bird's body that serves to fly is called a wing. The part that performs a similar function is also called the "wing" in relation to the aircraft. Formal similarity is also often involved in functional transfer. Therefore, these transfers can be assessed as functional-metaphorical transfers. For one thing, the name of a character movement is called metonymy, not based on similarity to something else, but on the basis of interdependence.
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