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3
Umarova M.M. assistant
department of pharmaceutical sciences
ASMI
PHASES OF PHARMACOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
Annotation: This article discusses about the main stages of development of pharmacology and changes in socio-economic formations.
Keywords: Pharmacology, Empirical, Hippocrates, Handbook of Epraxia.
We all know that from the earliest days of human creation to the present day, many different medicines have been used by humans to restore their health and repair various injuries and traumas. The main stages of pharmacological development are associated with changes in socio-economic formations. In this regard, several main stages of the development of pharmacology are distinguished: empirical, empirical-mystical, religious-scholastic and scientific.
1. Empirical. During the primitive communal system, plants were mainly used as medicines. One person imitated animals or accidentally observed the effects of certain plant movements. This period is usually called empirical (Empeiria (Greek) - experiment). This "accidental" man found the healing properties of emetic root, quinine bark, and more. In this way, at a certain period or social stage, humanity has restored its health with the help of medicines made from plants and roots.
2. Empirical-mystical. In the system of slavery, healing became the privilege of the priests who began to give divine power to medicine. Healing was performed by monks, shamans, priests. The use of medicinal plants has been accompanied by various spells, rituals and more.
3. Religious education. The feudal system, characterized by a general decline in science and culture, halted progress in the field of drugs. Medicine fell into the hands of monks who promoted scholasticism - the religious-idealist philosophy of the Middle Ages. The movement of drugs was related to a certain position of the moon, constellations, planets. Astrology has become an integral part of medicine. Alchemy has also gained popularity.
The development of medicine and pharmacology was first summarized in writing in Greece, Egypt, China, India.The Greek period. The greatest representative of this time was Hippocrates. He stressed that the disease is not the result of evil spirits, but dietary disorders, unfavorable climate and other causes. According to him, the human body is made up of four basic fluids -blood, yellow bile, black bile and mucus. Rejecting the abnormal causes of the disease, he argued that the disease is a mismatch between the juices in the human body. Hippocrates is the founder of medicine, which ruled for 2,000 years. Hippocrates 'humoral theory developed ideas about the naturalness and
materiality of disease and encouraged the search for natural methods of treatment in nature. Hippocrates described about 200 medicinal plants. The first physician to make a worthy contribution to the development of pharmacology was Aulus Cornelius Celsus. He laid the foundations of pharmacology in the modern sense.
Roman period. The formation of the Roman Empire marked the beginning of the Roman era. Today, Hippocrates 'theory of humor continues to dominate and evolve. Dioscarid Anatsebey described more than 600 medicinal plants. Claudius Galen, a well-known representative of ancient Roman medicine, was the first to experiment with animals. Extraction with oil, vinegar, wine, etc. is recommended. to obtain various active substances from plants (similar extracts from plants are still called galenic preparations). Galen recommended the use of drugs that adversely affect the patient's condition: for constipation - laxatives. Prescription drugs were introduced during the Galen era. Eastern medicine and pharmacology became famous all over the world in the 11th century, and this period was called the Arabs.
The Arab period. It is associated with the name of the famous Tajik scholar Ibn Sina. In Europe it is known as Avicenza. This scientist's "Law of the Art of Medicine" is very popular and has been a guide for physicians for many centuries. He made great contributions to the development of medicine and pharmacology, but did not change the basic principles of the ancient theory of Hippocrates.
The life of the Swiss physician and chemist Paracelsus (Philippe Aureol Theofast Bombast von Hohenheim) dates back to the Arab period, when he rejected scholastic theories in medicine and sought to study the truth empirically. He stressed that chemicals, not juices, are the basis of the human body and that medicines should be taken from the world of chemistry. Paracelsus considered this disease to be a disturbance of the chemical balance in the body and suggested the use of chemical means to restore it. He was the first to use sulfur to treat scabies.
Scientific period. Pharmacology as a science began to develop under the capitalist system in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. This was primarily demonstrated when experimental methods began to be used to analyze the effects of drugs. The extraction of alkaloids from a number of plants was of fundamental importance. The production of synthetic drugs has entered a new phase in pharmacology. The development of pharmacology has led to an intensification of the struggle between materialist and idealistic worldviews in the field of drugs with the successful development of chemistry and natural science in general.
For a long time in ancient Russia, the main specialists in drugs were travelers and doctors. The monks were active in the study of medicinal plants. The first manuscripts of medical science (herbalists) appeared. For example, the herbal medicine "Izbornik Svetoslava" (1073 g), "Epraxia brochure" (12th
century) and others. Before Petetr, there were "green shops" in Russia through which medicines were delivered to the population.
References:
1. Meditsina xamshiralari o'quv qo'llanmasi Ramazanova R. A. Taxriri ostida,Toshkent "O'qituvchi", 1985.
2. Grajdan mudofaasi P. G. Kubovskiyning umumiy taxriri ostida. Toshkent "O'qituvchi",1992.
3. O'qituvchilarning meditsina-sanitariya tayyorgarligi. V. N. Zavyanov, M.I. Gogolev, V.S. Mordvinov, B.A. Gayko, V.A. Shkuratov, V.I. Ushakova, Toshkent "O'qituvchi", 1991.
