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20PHARMACOLOGY IN GREECE AFTER HIPPOCRATES
Guzalya Mashrapovna Maxmatkulova
219 group student of the Medical Treatment faculty Samarknad State Medical Institute
ABSTRACT
The most important part of pharmacology - information about medicinal plants -is contained in the writings of Galen. Galen followed the teachings of Hippocrates about humeral pathology, but made significant changes to this concept. In practice, the main thing can be considered Galen's ideas on the methods of preparing medicines. Unlike Hippocrates, Galen did not consider it necessary to preserve the primordial and indivisible "life force" from unchanging plants - he argued that they have both useful and useless, or even harmful components; different methods can be used to separate the former from the latter. The doctor must recognize these beginnings, use grinding, rubbing, infusion, boiling in wine, vinegar, water. Galenic and neogalenic drugs are still widely used drugs..
Keywords: Hippocrates, Galen, Oath of the Doctor.
INTRODUCTION
Hippocrates knew the system of organs of movement - bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, as evidenced by his proposed methods of treating fractures, open and closed, sprains, dislocations. This is evidenced by the "Hippocratic bench" —the machine he used for traction and other orthopedic procedures. Hippocrates' instructions for caring for wounds, bandaging, etc. are also very rational.
The writings of Hippocrates testify to his rich experience and observation. Hippocrates' observantness is illustrated by his apt comparisons. Thus, he compared the small bubbling rales in the lungs with boiling vinegar, pleuritic rubbing noise with the crunching of a leather belt. Hippocrates listened to the chest with his ear - a technique that for a long time did not find sufficient development after it.
METHODOLOGY
Many "Aphorisms" of Hippocrates testify not only to great observation and experience, but also to a number of guesses that approached the correct understanding of the essence and causes of some suffering. Along with this, in "Aphorisms" and other works there are also judgments reflecting the general low level of anatomical, physiological and medical concepts of the ancient world.
In the teachings of Hippocrates, attention was paid to the patient's body, and the external environment, living conditions, environment. Hippocrates demanded to take
into account, first of all, the "nature" of the patient, his "physis" and in every possible way stimulate the "natural abilities" of the organism. He was wary of forcibly interfering in the "natural" course of pathological processes, urging, first of all, "not to harm."
Hippocrates insisted on systematic and comprehensive observation of patients. For this, he recommended that the doctor observe the patient as often as possible, at different times of the day, during sleep and wakefulness, in a variety of states. In accordance with the naive dialectical views of the Greek philosophers, Hippocrates looked at illness as a changing phenomenon. The disease has a beginning, middle and end, three stages: a) dampness, b) boiling and c) eruption (crisis). Hippocrates' observation allowed him to accurately describe certain diseases and symptoms; he described the face of a seriously ill patient (fades Hippocratica), thickening of the terminal phalanges of the fingers ("fingers of Hippocrates"), "splash noise" (succus-sio Hippocrati). Hippocrates focused on diseases of internal organs, general therapy, obstetrics and other diseases of adults, surgery.
Along with the diseases of adults, Hippocrates was also involved in pediatrics. Hippocrates' statements give an idea of the level of pediatric knowledge of the ancient world. Along with the 'Lingering prejudices and unscientific remnants, they contain valuable information. Hippocrates gave a description of the mumps. He paid special attention to diseases of newborns and infants. The pediatric statements of Hippocrates had a great influence on the subsequent work of ancient doctors (Soranus of Ephesus, Oribazia), European doctors of the Middle Ages (Salerno school), representatives of medicine of the peoples of the East (Ar-Razi, Ibn-Sina, etc.) and doctors of the Renaissance.
Recognizing that the causes of diseases are always natural, Hippocrates saw the basis for curing a patient in the doctor's use of the natural properties of the body. The task of the doctor, taking into account the characteristics of the patient's body, is to help the forces of nature. The Hippocratic therapy reflected much of previous medical experience. The basis of Hippocrates' therapy is the belief in the healing properties of nature. "Nature is the doctor of diseases," therefore the doctor must adhere to the path outlined by nature.
DISCUSSION
Hippocrates devoted a significant place in therapy to diet, which he understood broadly in the sense of not only nutritional, but also general hygienic regime. He did not neglect medication either. In this area, Hippocrates made extensive use of the experience of traditional medicine. The "Hippocratic Collection" lists more than 250 herbal and 50 animal remedies used as medicines: diaphoretic, laxatives, emetics,
diuretics, etc. Metal salts were used in external remedies. Hippocrates prescribed cupping and bloodletting. He recommended to be careful, to take into account the reaction of the body, not to rush, not to quickly replace one medicine with another.Along with rational therapy, Hippocrates also had elements of magic. He attached importance to numbers, believing that acute diseases end on the 7th day, and chronic ones - on the 21st day, and that diseases more often occur in odd years and numbers.
Hippocrates used the method of treating the "opposite to the opposite": "Overflow heals emptying, emptying - overflow ... work heals rest and, conversely, rest - work. In a word, the opposite is a remedy for the opposite, for medicine is an addition and a subtraction: the taking away of all that is superfluous, and the addition of what is missing. And whoever does it best is the best doctor "... Such a view in the subsequent historical development of medicine played a positive role, serving the materialistic oppositions of the idealist concept, in particular vitalism and homeopathy.Hippocrates paid a lot of attention to the issues of surgery: to stop bleeding, it was recommended to give the limbs an elevated position, apply cold, compression, hemostatic, cauterization, when injured, rest was recommended, in case of dislocations and fractures - motionless bandages. In a number of cases, Hippocrates energetically intervened in the course of the disease: "In severe diseases, even the strongest medicines are needed."Hippocrates attached great importance to the prognosis, prediction, foresight by the doctor of the further course of the disease. Hippocrates dedicated a special essay "Prognostics" to this question. "It seems to me," wrote Hippocrates, "that the best thing for a doctor is to take care of the ability of foresight." The "Prognostics" reflected the vast medical experience accumulated by Greek doctors and systematized by Hippocrates.
In the famous "Oath of the Doctor", Hippocrates defined the relationship between the doctor and the patient, as well as those around him and the doctors among themselves. The "Oath" did not represent the original work of Hippocrates or his contemporaries: the professional obligations of doctors were very similar in content in earlier sources of Egypt and India, other countries, including Russia. In a slightly modified form, this obligation has been preserved to this day in many countries as an oath or solemn obligation of doctors graduating from medical schools.The rules of behavior of the doctor in relation to the patient, indicated by Hippocrates, reflected all the contradictory position of the doctor in the conditions of the slaveholding, as well as the exploitative system in general. He condemned doctors who begin visits by demanding and setting fees.Hippocrates tried to find unity in everything (The diversity of life, but he looked for the answer to these questions in the guesses of natural philosophy, mainly in the doctor and philosopher Empedocles, in his doctrine of the four elements as the material basis of the world. In accordance with this, Hippocrates
purely speculatively adopted the doctrine of four liquids that underlie the life of the human body (blood, mucus, yellow and black bile) and four properties (cold and warmth, dryness and moisture) .Various mixing and ratio of these liquids and properties determined health and illness, temperament and constitution.Galen called Hippocrates the true founder of the theory of elements. If Empedocles believed that there are four basic matters in all bodies, then still the theory of the elements of Hippocrates differs from the assumptions of Empedocles in that Hippocrates allowed the formation of bodies through the mixing of these basic matters. Empedocles deeply believed in their immutability, believing that bodies can only mix mechanically. In addition, Hippocrates believed that the cause of bodily phenomena was not so much basic matters as their peculiarities and qualities.Hippocrates determined the direction of development of medicine for many centuries. For a long time, representatives of medicine in their activities did not leave the heritage of Hippocrates, and the main ideas of Hippocrates were observation at the patient's bedside, symptomatology of individual diseases, the role of the external environment in the etiology of diseases, medical topographic descriptions, hygiene and dietary methods of treatment, cleansed of idealistic husks and scholastic processing of subsequent centuries, have retained their significance to the present day.The teachings of Hippocrates played a historically positive role. The basic principles of the teachings of Hippocrates warned doctors against one-sided, metaphysical hobbies and mistakes, of which there were so many in the further centuries-old development of medicine.
RESULT
Development of Greek medicine after Hippocrates. Medicine in Alexandria. In ancient Greek medicine, after Hippocrates, the struggle between materialism and idealism continued. The ideology of the reactionary slave-owning aristocracy of ancient Greece and its idealistic philosophy were headed by the philosopher Plato (428-374 BC). Plato rejected the real world as a source of knowledge. Subjects of the real world, according to Plato's teachings, are imperfect and transient, they are only shadows of the world of ideas. Only ideas that have existed from time immemorial, constituting supersensible prototypes of things, have real being. The material world is not real; it only reflects the true world of ethereal, immaterial ideas.
In his work "Timaeus" Plato touched upon issues related to medicine. "Timaeus" especially fully reflected the idealistic view of Plato. All processes occurring in a healthy and diseased organism were interpreted by Plato idealistically and mystically.Hippocrates determined the direction of development of medicine for many centuries. After Hippocrates, ancient Greek medicine and pharmacy in general acquired different features.The final period in the history of Ancient Greece is called the
Hellenistic period (IV - I centuries BC). The conquests of Alexander the Great to Egypt, Mesopotamia, Syria, and Arabia opened up new ways for the spread of Hellenic culture. Trade expanded, crafts developed, the Greeks massively moved to the conquered lands and created new political, economic and cultural centers. Hellenism was characterized by a combination of the cultures of the conquered Eastern countries with the Hellenic culture.
The largest of the Hellenistic centers was Alexandria, the capital of Hellenistic Egypt, which lay at the crossroads of important trade routes between the African Mediterranean coast, southern Europe and the countries of the East. In Alexandria, two famous libraries were created, numbering over 600 thousand. The famous Museion, or Temple of the Muses, was created here, which was both an academy and a kind of university. At the Museion there was an observatory, a menagerie, an anatomical museum, a botanical garden. Prominent scientists from different countries were invited here. They enjoyed great honor, prosperity and the opportunity to fully express themselves: Aristarchus of Samos, Euclid, Heron of Alexandria, geographer Eratosthenes, Archimedes of Syracuse. CONCLUSION
Ancient Greek pharmacy, using the achievements of the pharmacy of Egypt, India, Mesopotamia and other countries of the Ancient East, developed an empirical technique for preparing medicines. She had a tremendous influence on the development of pharmaceutical science in Ancient Rome, Byzantium, in the Arab Caliphates and in Russia.
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