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ESSENTIAL OIL-BEARING AND MEDICINAL PLANTS
UDK 633.812:633.812.9:633.812.1
PERSPECTIVE SOURCES OF ESSENTIAL OILS FOR MEDICINE AND
PERFUME-COSMETICS
Tatjana Vitaljevna Platonova, Aleksey Pavlovich Merkurjev, Elmira Dzhyparovna Ametova, Aleksandr Vladimirovich Skyba, Margarita Borisovna Merkusheva, Nikolay Sergeyevich Babanov
The State budgetary establishment of the Republic of Crimea "Research Institute of Agriculture of the Crimea", the city of Simferopol 295453, the Republic of Crimea, the city of Simferopol [email protected]
Introduction
Recent decades people demonstrate a heightened interest to essential oils used as medioprophylactic remedies [2]. Such scientific branches as aromatherapy and aromacorrection of the human psychophysical state require not only natural oils of principal essential oil-bearing cultures, like Lavender [5], but oils of rare hardy aromatic plants as well.
Satureja hortensis makes it possible to increase raw material base of essential oil-bearing plants, used for production of expectorant and antimicrobial medicine to treat bronchopulmonary pathology [8]. Guidance of aromatherapy emphasizes anesthetic, antiseptic and wound healing effect of Satureja hortensis essential oil [2]. Typical for this oil burning taste and specific flavor confirms carvacrol content in there. Aqueous-alcoholic extraction of Satureja hortensis from the grass inhibits Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginoza growth [8]. Calamintha nepeta is widespread in many countries as diuretic, gastric and enhancing potency medicine.
The objective of this research is to mark out highly-productive forms, potential sources of essential oil and raw material to comply demands of domestic medicine and perfume-cosmetic industry.
Objects and methods of the research
Selective patterns of Lavandula angustifolia L., Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi and Satureja hortensis L. were being instigated in 2008-2011 at experimental base of SBE RC RIAC of the Crimea, situated within piedmont zone of the Crimea (vil. Krymskaya Roza in Belogorsky region). This location belongs to the IV agroclimatic district, that is upper piedmont, warm, not humid enough climate, goes to northern subdistrict with moderate mild winter [6]. Soils are piedmont carbonate chernozems on eluvium and deluvium of carbonate rocks. Experimental zone is characterized by moderately continental climate: + 10oC period lasts 5,5-6 months, average annual air temperature is 9,80C according to data of weather station in Belogorsk. Average annual amount of precipitations makes 450-500 mm. Hydrothermal index is 0,92 on average what confirms moderately arid character of agroclimatical conditions during vegetation [4].
Records and observations were carried out according to notes "Selection of essential oil-bearing cultures" [7]. Mass fraction of essential oil in flower-herbaceous material was done being guided by methodological recommendations "Biochemical methods for analysis of essential oil- bearing plants and essential oils" [1]. Component composition of essential oil
was determined applying chromatograph Agilent Technologies 6890 mass-spectrometer sensor 5973. chromatographic column - capillary HP-5 (30 m long); inside diameter - 0,32 m. Carrier gas is helium, stream velocity - 1,5 ml/m. Temperature of input trial heater is 250oC. Thermostat temperature is set in range from 50 till 320 0C with velocity of 40C per minute. Mathematical data treatment is carried out according to "Method of the field experience" by B.A. Dospekhov [3].
Results and discussion
Fifteen selective clones of C.nepeta were investigated and as a result it was found out that essential oil content in the raw material ranged from 0,417 till 0,625%, in the bonedry material - 0,822-1,568%; crop capacity - 236-555 g/plant; essential oil yield - 1,3 -2,9g/plant. As to crop capacity of verdurous masses average sum total with 95% probability ranged 308'432g/plant, while essential oil content in the raw material was 0,520'0,580%, in the bonedry material - 1,186'1,418 (table 1).
5 clones (№№ 3-a, 4-II, 3-b, 68, 3-6) with crop capacity of raw material ranged from 447-555g/plant were marked in terms of this research. These indices were found 3,4-28,5% more than average total sum. At the same time 4 clones (№№ 38-5, 11-5, 68, 11) with mass fraction of essential oil in the raw material ranged from 0,588-0,625% were marked out, as their parameters occurred 1,4-7,8% more than average total sum. As to essential oil yield 3 clones (№№ 3-b, 68, 3-6) significantly exceeded average total sum (2,0±0,3 g/plant) - 17,426,1% more. A complex of economically valuable characters clone №68 (see table 1) was emphasized as its raw material and essential oil are capable to increase raw material base for production of domestic medicines and cosmetic products.
Table 1
Crop capacity characteristics of Calammtha nepeta, 2008-2011
Clone Crop capacity of Mass fraction of essential oil in the raw Essential oil
verdurous masses, material, % yield, g/plant
g/plant raw Bonedry
1 2 3 4 5
67-st 281 0,417 0,822 1,3
3-a 502 0,479 1,023 2,3
4-II 447 0,533 1,208 2,3
65 383 0,550 1,222 2,1
11-1 239 0,550 1,276 1,3
3-b 555 0,517 1,404 2,7
4 412 0,567 1,459 2,3
38-5 256 0,621 1,568 1,6
66 424 0,538 1,318 2,3
11-5 236 0,600 1,477 1,4
11-2 296 0,571 1,412 1,7
68 491 0,588 1,484 2,9
3-6 494 0,550 1,120 2,7
38 296 0,550 1,180 1,7
11 245 0,625 1,558 1,5
370±62 0,550±0,030 1,302±0,116 2,0±0,3
(308'432) (0,520'0,580) (1,186'1,418) (1,7'2,3)
Rate of Lavandula officinalis hybrids gave an opportunity to get economically valuable forms necessary for industry. Crop capacity of study clones was in terms of standard values. Mass fraction of essential oil of all study samples significantly exceeded values of Stepnaya cultivar. As to essential oil yield clone № 417-3 was 47% more than a control sample, while others had an advantage at this parameter (table 2). Bush shape character of all
clones significantly exceeded standard and were rated as 7-9 points. Sample № 417-3 (9 points) was found as the most winter resistant, № 372-1 (47,29%) was marked out as a clone with the highest content of linalyl acetate. Clone № 417-3 was a leader according to economically valuable characters.
Table 2
Characteristics of Lavandula officinalis selective samples, 2008-2010
Sample № Infloresc ence producti vity, g/bush Mass fraction of essential oil in raw inflorescen ces, % Essential oil yield Linalyl acetate content in essential oil, % Autumn regrowth, point Bush shape, point Winter resistan ce, point
g/bush ± stand ard
Steppest 228 1,310 2,96 0 34,14 9 5 7
410-1 201 2,010 3,95 +33 30,00 7 9 7
393-19 199 1,970 3,88 +31 35,13 7 7 7
417-3 221 2,050 4,34 +47 37,62 7 7 9
372-1 199 1,930 3,79 +28 47,29 7 7 7
HCP05 64,5 0,270 1,36
In terms of this research 34 essential oil components of S. Hortensis selective sample were marked out while studying its qualitative composition (fig., table 3), main of them are: carvacrol (42,7%), y-terpinene (26,5%), a-terpinene (6,9%), p-cymene (6,9%). Content of these components makes it possible to recommend essential oil of this sample for production of phytopreparations with expectorant, wound healing, bactericidal and fungicidal effects.
Fig. Chromatogram of Satureja hortensis essential oil
Table 3
Component composition of Satureja hortensis essential oil
№ Emergence time, min Identified components Mass fraction, %
1 2 3 4
1 5.106 a-tuyen 2,119
2 5.264 a-pinene 2,432
3 5.526 camphene 0,252
4 6.189 P-pinene 1,406
5 6.649 P-myrcene 3,697
6 6.933 a-phellandrene 0,691
7 7.127 carene 0,126
8 7.388 a-terpinene 6,922
9 7.515 p-cymene 6,874
10 7.623 P-phellandrene 0,464
11 7.663 limonene 0,523
12 8.814 y-terpinene 26,466
13 8.850 trans-sabinene hydrate 0,181
14 9.265 1 -methyl-4-(1 -methylethyl) benzoate 0,014
15 9.386 a-terpinolele 0,209
16 9.544 cys-sabinenehydrate 0,051
17 9.684 linalool 0,036
18 11.565 corneol 0,086
19 11.971 cerpen-4-ol 0,415
20 14.091 carvacrol methyl ether 0,139
21 14.938 cyclohex-2-en-1-on 0,075
22 15.304 p-ment1(7)-en-2-on 0,032
23 15.705 m-thymol 0,098
24 15.917 p-thymol 0,150
25 16.824 carvacrol 42,690
26 19.913 P-caryophyllene 1,611
27 20.486 aromadendrene 0,284
28 20.860 a-humulene 0,086
29 21.068 allo-aromadendrene 0,043
30 22.128 lyeden 0,230
31 22.637 P-bisabolene 1,235
32 23.553 a- bisabolene 0,100
33 24.221 spathulenol 0,037
34 24.297 Caryophyllenoxide 0,085
Conclusions
As a result of this investigation there are promising sources of essential oil marked out for medicine, perfume and cosmetic industry. At the same time clone of Calamintha nepeta (crop capacity of 491 g/plant and mass fraction in the raw material 0,588%) and sample of Satureja hortensis (contains in essential oil 42,7% of carvacrol and 26,5% of y-terpinene) are both appreciated in special cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry. Clone of Lavandula officinalis with hybrid origin - № 417-3 - with inflorescence crop capacity of 221 g/bush, mass fraction of essential oil 2,050% and linalyl acetate concentration 37,62%, essential oil yield 4,34 g/plant is promising material for high perfume industry.
References
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2. Voitkevich S.A. Efirniye masla dlya parfumerii i aromaterapii. - M.: Pishchevaya promyshlennost, 1999. - S. 259.
3. Dospekhov B.A. Metodika polevogo opyta (s osnovami statisticheskoy obrabotki rezultatov issledovany). - M.: Agropromizdat, 1985. - 351 s.
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8. Tanskaya Yu.V. Farmakognosticheskoye izucheniye chabera sadovogo (Satureja hortensis L.), introdutsirovannogo v Stavropolskom kraye: Avtoref.diss.. .kand.farm.nauk: 15.00.02 / Pyatigorskaya gosudarstvennaya farmatsevticheskaya akademiya Federalnogo agenstva po zdravoohraneniyu i sotsialnomu razvitiyu. - Pyatigorsk, 2009. - 27 s.
The article was received at editors 26.10.2015
Platonova T.V., Merkuryev A.P., Ametova E.D., Skyba A.V., Merkusheva M.B., Babanov N.S. Perspective sources of essential oils for medicine and perfume-cosmetic industry // Bull. of the State Nikit. Botan. Gard. - 2015. - № 117. - P. 43 - 47.
Selective patterns of Calammtha nepeta, Lavandula angustifolia and Satureja hortensis were investigated to breed high-productive forms. The article presents data of essential oil and linalyl acetate content, crop capacity, winter resistance of lavender clones. There are also characteristics of Calammtha nepeta clones according to economic attributes and Satureja hortensis by component composition of its essential oil. Perspective sources of essential oils for medicine and perfume-cosmetic industry were marked out as well.
Key words: Calammtha nepeta, Lavandula angustifolia, Satureja hortensis, essential oil.
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF PLANTS
UDK 582.471:581.321.1(477.75)
REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES FORMATION IN TORREYA GRANDIS FORTUNE EX LINDL. UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF SOUTH COAST OF THE
CRIMEA
Anna Igorevna Ruguzova
Nikita Botanical Gardens - National Scientific Centre 298648, the Republic of Crimea, Yalta, urb.vil. Nikita [email protected]
Introduction
One of the most important issues of botanical gardens is to extend species and form assortment of plants, used in ornamental gardening. Recent decades plants that possess not only ornamental characteristics but food and medicinal value are especially investigated.
Coniferous plants are widespread in the field of ornamental gardening due to their evergreen needles keeping all year round, prolonged life-span, diversity of forms and phytoncides that have health giving qualities. Moreover seeds of some coniferous cultivars as follows possess high nutritive value: among well-known pines (Pinus sibirica Du Tour, Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc., Pinus pumila Regel, Pinus mugo Turra, Pinus pinea L., Pinus coulteri D.Don and etc.) there is Torreya grandis Fortune ex Lindl. (family Taxaceae) as well, which inhibits in eastern regions of China and is cultivated in Europe and America as an ornamental plant. In China Torreya is an important industrial culture as its seeds besides high nutrition value and interesting taste contain vitamins, mineral elements, proteins and indispensable fatty acids. In addition different plant parts have antihelminthic, antiinflammatory, antifungal and antibacterial effects as well as antitumoral action [6]. Biochemical analysis of Torreya oil extracted out of seeds revealed that it includes 18 components and principal are: linoleic (42,02%) and oleic (32,14%) acids. In the course of Torreya study it was found out this oil possesses antioxidant activity and capacity to output
