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PAYMENT SYSTEM «MIR» - TRENDS AND PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT V.M. Masjukova, Graduate Student
Supervisor: A.B. Bass, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation (Russia, Moscow)
DOI: 10.24411/2411-0450-2020-10314
Abstract. The article considers the content and main stages of development of the "MIR" national payment system. Various modifications ofpayment cards of the "MIR" system are characterized. The economic efficiency of using the "MIR" payment system is shown. The problems that arise during the operation of the "MIR" system are described. Measures of improving of the functioning of the "MIR" national payment system are proposed.
Keywords: national payment system, bank payment cards, payment infrastructure, "MIR" card issuers, electronic payments, payment system operator, contactless payments, withdrawals and transfers of funds.
The development of the national payment system is very important and necessary for our country. Currently, effective modern technologies are used that contribute to an increase in the volume of payment transactions, acceleration of the settlement process, and reduction of costs and costs of the transfers themselves. Modern payment systems make it possible to ensure the movement of capital across the entire planet, to carry out settlements between people located in different parts of the world within a few minutes, hours.
Globalization is increasing, and therefore the importance of the national payment system is growing. In addition, using processing payment centers located in foreign countries, those payment systems through which payments are made collect information about the volume of payments, their economic goals, and directly about the account holder. All these factors negatively affected the country's economy, and, of course, were expensive.
With all this, in Russia the question of creating a unified national payment system did not mature. About this - about the lack of its own national payment system - President Vladimir Putin said: "This is ridiculous and incomprehensible to the mind ... It is sad that we did not think about this at one time." However, he noted that when traveling outside the territory of the Russian Federation it is convenient to use Visa and MasterCard systems, but stressed that it makes no sense that
they occupy almost 90% of the domestic market.
The creation of the national payment system served as the creation of the "MIR" national payment card system (hereinafter -NSPK).
The state of the entire financial system and the stability of the country's economy as a whole depends on an efficiently functioning payment system and each of its elements. This determines the relevance of the selected topic.
Work on the implementation of the NSPK project was carried out as far back as 1990, but it moved most intensively after the implementation of the Federal Law "About the organization and provision of state and municipal services" in 2010. It presented the need to create a national payment card payment system in Russia and to prevent the processing of Russian transactions in foreign countries.
This idea was not noticed by US representatives at the Russian embassy, which follows from WikiLeaks. They realized that with this bill, Visa and MasterCard would lose market share in the Russian segment, and the US economy would lose about 4 billion US dollars. As a result, when the law was promulgated there was no ban on processing Russian transactions abroad, as senior US officials exerted pressure with the goal of such a configuration of the bill to ensure that the inter-
ests of US payment systems would not be damaged.
The definition of a payment system can be given in a narrow and broad sense. If we look locally, narrowly, then the payment system is a mechanism for transferring funds from the payer to the recipient. Broad sense implies the definition of a payment system as a set of interconnections and relationships of economic entities, the task of which is to organize settlement processes according to established rules using special mechanisms and procedures, the ultimate goal of which is to transfer funds from one business entity to another.
Bank payment cards are always tied to a bank account and operate within a specific payment system. Under this system, a card holder can carry out financial transactions: pay in cashless form for goods and services -through POS-terminals, ATMs, payment terminals, via the Internet. The payment system provides settlements between different banks. Distinguish between international and local systems.
An international payment system card can be used for payments in most countries of the world. The largest electronic payment networks in the world are owned by VISA and
Table 1. World payment systems
MasterCard. Among the international payment systems include American Express and Diners Club (the last company at one time was the first organizer of the issue of bank cards in the history of the payment market).
The most widely used cards on the Russian market are VISA and MasterCard. It should be noted that such "card" brands as American Express and Diners Club were to some extent compromised by several Russian banks exclusively issuing them either due to an aggressive lending policy (the situation with American Express, the issuer is Russian Standard Bank), or due to a failed business (situation with Diners Club, issuer -Slavyansky bank).
Local payment systems operate on the territory of one or more neighboring countries. The largest of the local systems is the Chinese Union Pay system and the Japanese JCB system. In Russia, in 2014, the development of the national payment card system Mir began (table 1).
In addition, several private local payment systems operate in Russia, the most famous of which are Zolotaya Korona, STB and Union Card / NCC.
Payment system Country
VISA USA
MasterCard USA
American Express USA
Diners Club USA
Union Pay China
JCB Japan
MIR Russia
RuPay India
Interac Canada
The market distribution by the number of issues between payment systems in 2017 is as follows (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Distribution of market shares by the number of card issues in 2017
Payment system UnionPay and currently remains the largest payment system in the world.
As we can see from the analytical data, Russia is currently not a leader in the field of payment systems. This path has just begun by our country. For a better understanding of this process, the term of the national payment system and its purpose should be studied.
The national payment system (hereinafter referred to as the NPS) is one of the most important mechanisms of the financial system and the monetary policy of the state. This term was introduced by the Bank for International Settlements for use in speech circulation in the 2000s.
NPS is a combination of institutional and infrastructural elements of a state's financial system, in which, through the initiation of a money transfer requirement, relationships are established between the central bank, commercial banks and issuers of digitized (electronic) money.
The definition of NPS is given in Russian law. According to Part 1 of Article 3 of Federal Law No.161-FZ "NPS - the totality of money transfer operators (including electronic money operators), bank payment agents (subagents), payment agents, federal postal organizations when they provide payment services in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, operators of payment systems, operators of payment infrastructure services (entities of the national payment system)" [1].
It should be noted that the NPS does not operate on a national scale or is tied to a certain statehood, but it is a set of mechanisms operating in the financial system of the country, including state systems, commercial settlement and payment systems.
The role of NPS is realized through three main functions.
Security function. It consists in the fact that the NPS forms conditions within the country to ensure the facts of economic life with the possibility of making payments and payments on operations within the framework of the functioning of economic entities on property turnover, non-property transactions, including production, trading, performance of work and provision of services.
Financial function. It lies in the possibility of the NPS to facilitate the implementation by the state of economic and financial functions, including in its individual aspects:
- regarding monetary policy - the formation of payment flows in the money market, money supply management;
- regarding fiscal policy - budgeting through tax payments and its further distribution between participants in the financial system;
- regarding monetary policy - contributes to the implementation of settlements in the foreign exchange market and the management of exchange rates;
- regarding investment policy - contributes to the implementation of state investment projects through a payment management system.
Payment function. The NPS allows a participant in an economic turnover to make payments that go beyond the scope of an economic and economic turnover, for example, for charitable assistance, transfers of penalties, etc.
NPS is implemented through the actions of entities that initiate payment and settlement transactions, as well as entities that organize infrastructure conditions for the implementation of these operations.
As for the Russian NPS, one should pay attention to the fact that the Bank of Russia sets as its key objective the provision of a stable platform of payment services based on high technologies, reliable infrastructure that meets all modern requirements of manufac-turability, security and the ability to quickly respond to ongoing economic changes.
In addition, the Bank of Russia sets the goal of increasing the confidence of Russians in the payment services of the national system, implementing a set of measures for this:
- continuous monitoring of the activities of subjects of the NPS;
- assessment of the speed of response to changes;
- integration of international norms and standards in the field of Russian jurisdiction;
- research and application of Russian and world experience;
- applying the course to international partnership.
Thus, the concept of a national payment system and the place of bank cards in it is considered.
In 2011, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted a number of decisions that contributed to the creation of a multi-purpose electronic card, including a ban on the participation of the international payment systems Visa and MasterCard in it. For this card, PJSC Sberbank created the PRO100 payment system. It was assumed that within a few years cards would be issued to all citizens of the Russian Federation, therefore, "PROIOO" would become a national system of payment cards.
However, during the execution of the project, a lot of technical and organizational tasks had to be settled; besides, I had to deal with the skepticism of correspondents and
representatives of other banks, the low participation of managers of many subjects of the Russian Federation and the belligerent mood of certain groups of Russians.
Because of this, the timing of issuing cards to the Russians was postponed several times, and then the mandatory issuance of multipurpose electronic cards was delayed. Despite all this, all the necessary infrastructure was created and the acceptance of PRO100 payment system cards was authorized in 250,000 financial organizations (about 40% of the acquiring network of banks in Russian retail chains) and in 68000 self-service tools (about 2/3 of all ATMs in the Russian Federation).
In the same 2011, the Federal Law "About the National Payment System" was adopted, which represents the national payment system as a set of money transfer operators, identifies the main concepts, regulates the algorithm for the implementation of payment services, also indicates the requirements for the organization of payment systems and their functioning, describes the procedure for supervision and observation in the national payment system. This time, this law, among other things, did not provide for the development of a national system of payment cards and a ban on the processing of Russian payment transactions abroad.
After two years, the Bank of Russia compiled a register of payment system operators, which summarized all payment systems operating in the Russian Federation. Among them were noted socially important payment systems: Contact, Visa, Zolotaya Korona, MasterCard, VTB payment system, Sberbank payment system.
There were several ways to create a payment system. The head of VTB Bank (PJSC) proposed to carry out work in two stages. First, for two months, directly interconnect the settlement systems of Russian banks, then within six months to create an operational and clearing center in Russia. The head of Sberbank PJSC proposed to develop the existing PRO100 payment system in this topic. At the same time, German Gref said that he would cease to control the operator of this payment system and all interested banks could enter into its authorized capital. Also, experts mentioned the "Golden Crown" and
even the option of creating a new payment system.
As a result, the NSPK became such a payment system, and a competition was announced to select the NSPK name and logo. On July 23, 2014, the National Payment Card System JSC was registered, in which 100% of the shares belong to the Bank of Russia [2].
On May 23, 2015, the competition on the website www.narodnayakarta.ru ended, and it became known that the name "MIR" was chosen for the NSPK. In July of the same year, a logo was developed (Fig. 2). It is a stylized inscription "MIR", executed in green on a white background (the upper part of the letter "P" is highlighted in blue).
Figure 2. Logo of NSPK "MIR"
On December 15, 2015, the Bank of Russia and JSC NSPK announced the launch of cards for the "MIR" payment system. The first to issue these cards were Moscow Industrial Bank, MDM Bank, SMP Bank, RNKB Bank, PJSC Gazprombank. Mass production of cards began in the second half of 2016.
All legal and organizational principles of the national payment system are established by the Federal Law of June 11, 2011 No.161-FZ "On the National Payment System". The law regulates the procedure for the provision of payment services, including the transfer of funds, the use of electronic means of payment, the activities of entities of the national payment system, and also defines the requirements for the organization and functioning of the national payment system, the procedure for supervision and control in the national payment system.
The legislation of the Russian Federation on the national payment system is based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation, international treaties of the Russian Federation and consists of the Federal Law "About the National Payment System" and other federal laws. The Government of the Russian Federation and the federal executive bodies, within the framework of their powers, at the moments stipulated by the Federal Law "About the National Payment System" and other federal laws, may adopt regulatory legal acts in order to regulate relations.
The national payment system is an association of the following entities:
- all money transfer operators (including also electronic money transfer operators);
- bank payment agents (subagents);
- payment agents;
- organizations of the federal postal service when they provide payment services in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;
- payment system operators;
- operators of payment infrastructure services (entities of the national payment system).
The money transfer operator sells money transfer services in accordance with the contract within the framework of the applicable forms of cashless payments in accordance with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation. Banking payment agents and banking payment subagents can transfer funds in accordance with an agreement concluded with money transfer operators and bank payment agents. Federal postal service organizations provide postal money transfer services in accordance with the requirements of Federal Law of 17.07.1999 №176-FZ «On Postal Service».
The purpose of organizing a national payment card system is to ensure the continuity, effectiveness and accessibility of the provision of money transfer services. The official sign of the NSPK service is the graphic designation of the ruble, approved by the Central
Bank of the Russian Federation in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
As noted in the Explanatory Note to the bill, issues governing payment systems and monitoring them have become significant for the Bank of Russia. Russian law, which was in effect until recently, did not define a payment system, did not establish requirements for its organization and functioning, it did not allow highlighting significant payment systems in accordance with international standards, did not take into account the specifics of regulation of cross-border payment systems, and also did not provide the Bank of Russia with powers to monitor payment systems. In addition, there were no mechanisms to control and supervise this activity.
Let us analyze more specifically the set of operators specified in the previous paragraph, which are included in the payment system.
The operators of the services are the payment clearing center, settlement center and operational center.
- Operations Center - an organization that provides the ability to transfer capital through the use of electronic means of payment for customers and participants in the payment system;
- a payment clearing center is an organization that is called upon to execute orders of the participants of the payment system regarding the transfer and other actions provided for by the Law;
- a settlement center is an organization that is called upon to execute orders of participants in the payment system by crediting and debiting funds in their bank accounts, as well as send confirmations related to the execution of these orders.
To begin with, the Law on operators related to the transfer of funds was divided with
the operators associated with electronic money.
The operator associated with the transfer of funds is represented in the form of the Bank of Russia, as well as in the form of credit organizations that are able to carry out banking operations for the transfer of funds.
A person who is not an electronic money operator does not have to become obligated for electronic money, as well as transfer it. Moreover, it does not have the right to be-
come obligated for monetary obligations that are used to fulfill monetary obligations between other persons or to conduct other transactions involving the termination of obligations between other persons, on the basis of orders transmitted electronically to the obligated person.
The operator must notify the Bank of Russia of the commencement of activities for the transfer of electronic funds no later than 10 business days from the date of the first increase in the balance of electronic funds.
The operator needs to maintain the continuity of the transfer of funds. He has the right to conclude agreements with other organizations, under the terms of which these organizations have the right to provide the operator of electronic money operating services and (or) payment clearing services.
A payment system operator that is not a credit institution is obliged to attract a credit institution as a settlement center, which for at least one year transfers funds to bank accounts opened with this credit institution.
An organization intending to become a payment system operator must send a registration application to the Bank of Russia. If a credit institution intends to become a payment system operator, the following documents must be attached to the registration application:
- decision of the governing body of the credit organization on the organization of the payment system;
- a business plan for the development of the payment system for the next two calendar years, indicating the goals and planned results of the organization of the payment system, including an analysis of market and infrastructure factors;
- payment system rules;
- a list of payment infrastructure services operators that will be involved in the provision of payment infrastructure services in the payment system.
If a non-credit organization decides to become a payment system operator, it must follow these requirements:
1) own net assets in an amount equal to or more than 10 million rubles;
2) individuals holding the positions of the sole executive body and chief accountant of
such an organization must have a higher economic, higher legal education or a higher education in the field of information and communication technologies, and in the presence of other higher professional education - at least two years experience in managing a department or other division of a credit organization or payment system operator;
3) individuals holding the positions of the sole executive body and chief accountant of such an organization should not have a criminal record for crimes in the economic sphere, as well as the facts of termination of the employment contract with them on the initiative of the employer on the basis provided for by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation (Article 81), during the two years preceding the day of filing a registration application with the Bank of Russia.
For a long time, Russian card payment systems remained in unequal conditions compared to international payment systems. In many countries, there was simply no alternative. But in the period 2016-2018. as part of the development of the NSPK, measures have already been taken to replenish the NSPK assortment with relevant payment products and services, their development and promotion on the Russian territory, as well as beyond its borders.
According to the Bank of Russia, according to the results of the first half of 2016, 36 payment system operators worked on the Russian market. The leaders are MasterCard and Visa. At the beginning of the year, the first system accounted for 49.4% of all cards issued in the country, and the second system accounted for 44.7%. The remaining 5.9% was divided among themselves by such systems as American American Express, Chinese Union Pay, Russian Golden Crown and others.
The market share of the "MIR" system at the moment was not significant. According to statistics provided by the Bank of Russia, as of the first half of 2016, 249 million cards were in circulation (the growth dynamics since January 1, 2016 was 5 million cards). This meant that the share of the "MIR" system was less than 1%, since according to the NSPK cards with the "MIR" system there were 1.6 million units.
Today, there are about 280 million active cards in the country, of which 59.4 million are cards of the "MIR" payment system, and this is already 18.6% of the market, as the Bank of Russia noted, the target for 2019 is set. increase this figure to 21%.
The national "MIR" card is accepted throughout the country. It contributes to the performance of all standard operations: cash withdrawals, payment of purchases in retail chains, making contactless and mobile payments.
Part 4 of Art. 14.8 of the Administrative Offenses Code of the Russian Federation established administrative responsibility measures for failure to fulfill the obligation to ensure the possibility of paying for goods (work, services) through cash or using national payment instruments within the national payment card system of the choice of the consumer, if such an opportunity is mandatory [3].
Participants of the "MIR" payment system (who joined the Rules of the "MIR" payment system): Rosgosstrakh Bank, JSC VTB Bank (PJSC), JSC Alfa Bank, JSC Sberbank of Russia, Rosgosstrakh, JSC Raiffeisenbank, MDM Bank and others. In addition, the number of participants is growing rapidly, and the "MIR" cards themselves are gaining popularity with each passing month.
Table 2. The largest issuers of "MIR" cards [4]
Number Issuing bank Volume of issue as of 01.10.2018, pcs.
1 JSC Sberbank of Russia 26 500 000
2 JSC VTB Bank 8 700 000
3 JSC Post Bank 3 830 000
4 PJSC RNCB 1 970 000
5 JSC Gazprombank 1 414 000
6 JSC Russian Agricultural Bank 1 120 000
The economic problems of Russian citizens and the problems of accessibility of payment services throughout the country were caused by the absence of a payment card proper. In turn, the activity of foreign card payment systems monopolized the entire "card" market, in addition, led to the lack of competition in this market segment, as well as to the high significance of the willful political decisions of the leadership of the states of the ownership of these payment systems.
The introduction of the "MIR" payment system should bring great economic benefits.
Revenues of foreign payment systems from transactions that occur on the territory of the Russian Federation are equal to billions of rubles. So, according to the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the totality of operations (payment of goods and cash withdrawals) that were performed by holders of bank cards issued by Russian banks from January 1 to October 1, 2013 amounted to 7.1 trillion. rub. Of this amount, about 85-90% of operations were accounted for by Visa and MasterCard.
Their commission in the Russian Federation, which is paid by the bank, is 1.4-1.5% of each operation. In general, MasterCard receives about 2% of its profit in Russia, and Visa - about 3-4%, which amounted to approximately $160 million and $ 350-470 million, respectively. Save business in Russia in the conditions of amended legislation Visa and MasterCard will cost several times more than to leave the domestic market, sacrificing profit.
It is palpable that the overwhelming majority of payments made with cards of other payment systems are intra-Russian transactions, which is a loss not only of a significant strategic segment of the domestic market, but also of significant profit.
The payment system operator is obliged to ensure the acceptance of national payment instruments by all organizations, individual entrepreneurs, with whom credit organizations that are participants in the payment system have concluded agreements on the settlement of transactions using payment cards or national payment. Consequently, civil servants, military personnel, and other catego-
ries of public sector employees have been transferred to service at the NSPU since 2016.
The national payment instrument will be all budget funds from which payments will be made. A Russian bank card promises to be as convenient as possible. All Russian outlets equipped with terminals are required to accept it - this will positively affect its widespread distribution.
Bank cards around the world are one of the most common non-cash payment tools. Often, consumers do not even carry physical cards with them, because thanks to modern technologies and the function of contactless payment via smartphones, their presence is not necessary in most situations.
According to users, electronic money on bank cards is the most resistant to security. However, it should be noted that both international and Russian experts are similar in opinion that a bank card is not a means of storing money. Even its use with the necessary precautions does not guarantee the safety of the funds on it.
It is proposed to define a bank card as an instrument subject to ownership by the issuing bank, with which the client manages the funds held by the issuer in accordance with the law and the terms of the contract.
An interesting and relevant question is the classification criteria for bank cards, which allows to identify differences from the use of cards of one kind or another. Currently, banks offer the following types of cards, the payment system of which is "MIR" NSPK:
- Debit;
- Credit;
- Social;
- Cobaging.
A settlement (debit) card should be understood as an electronic means of payment used for transactions by its holder within the limits of the spending limit - the amount of the client's funds in his bank account. The provision of funds by the bank to customers for settlements on the transaction, which are carried out using a debit card, is carried out by crediting the specified funds to a bank account.
The "MIR" debit card is issued by the client independently or through the employer (for participants in the salary project). For self-registration, you must contact one of the
partner banks of the "MIR" payment system. Tariffs for service and registration conditions depend on the bank and the selected type of card. You can replenish the debit card balance through ATMs, branches of the issuing bank, as well as by transferring from card to card (transfer fee depends on the bank). To view the balance and manage the balance, you can use the online services of the issuing bank. The debit card options are listed below in table 3.
A credit card is a bank card intended for its holder to carry out operations at the expense of funds that are presented by the issuing bank to the client within the limit established by the loan agreement.
The bank provides funds for settlements on transactions made using credit cards by crediting the specified funds to a bank account, as well as without using a client's bank account, if this is provided for by a loan agreement when providing funds.
The "MIR" credit card is issued by the client independently in the branch of the partner bank. The terms of issue, the availability of a grace period, the terms and procedure for repaying the loan, as well as the interest rate, are determined by the issuing bank. The "MIR" credit card capabilities are listed below in table 3.
A social card is a multifunctional registered plastic card that is issued to a citizen who is a recipient of social assistance. An example of such a card is the Muscovite Social Card issued to privileged categories of the population of the city of Moscow.
The "MIR" social card is designed for students, retirees, and public sector employees.
- The "MIR" pension card is issued on the basis of classic products for calculating pensions and social benefits. By decision of the Government of the Russian Federation, all citizens receiving pensions or other benefits through banking organizations will be transferred to the «MIR» payment system from other payment systems from 2020.
- "MIR" campus cards for schoolchildren and students can simplify access to electronic resources of an educational institution, receive student allowances and other payments. Contactless cards can be used as passes to the
premises with the appropriate system of turnstiles and access control.
The possibilities of the "MIR" social card are shown below in table 3.
Cobaging card is a joint card of two payment systems. Banks can issue a card with both a chip and a magnetic stripe. It is arranged in such a way that it is an ordinary plastic card, however, you can use it in the infrastructures of both payment systems.
In Russia, a card with two payment systems is no different from the internal "MIR" card. Abroad, all operations are carried out through an affiliate payment system. Access to the account is provided automatically; the holder does not need to take additional steps to activate the "MIR" cobaging card in another country.
It is enough to know that the account has the necessary amount of cash. Upon returning to the territory of the "MIR" national payment system, the card service will return to normal mode.
The first agreement on cobaging cards between payment systems NSPK "MIR" and JCB was drawn up in 2016. The first issuer of "MIR"-JCB cards was Gazprombank JSC (later Sberbank PJSC). These cards are accepted in Russia at retail outlets and ATMs that serve "MIR" cards, and outside of Russia - at retail outlets and ATMs that serve JCB cards in 190 countries. It is advantageous to pay with a card in the Asian region, New Zealand, Australia, the USA and the countries of the European Union.
The "MIR" - Maestro co-branded card is issued by many partner banks. Outside of Russia, they are serviced by one of the most developed transnational MasterCard systems. They operate in more than 180 countries and have an extensive support network. Most banks worldwide work with the payment system. The map is convenient for trips to the USA, Europe and neighboring countries.
The "MIR"-UnionPay co-branded card is issued by Rosselkhozbank JSC. UnionPay payment system was developed in China and gained distribution in more than 150 countries. At the moment, it is actively developing and competing with market leaders.
The classic card of the "MIR" national payment system is valid in the countries of
the near abroad, such as the Republic of Armenia, Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey. When traveling to these countries, there is no need to draw up a co-branded card.
It is not necessary to open an additional account in foreign currency when using these cards. The required amount will be converted
from the moment of payment at the exchange rate with which the partner payment system works. The most favorable conditions for the country where the card will be used are specified by the issuing bank. Tariffs for services and additional features are determined by the bank. Opportunities cobaging cards are presented below in table 3.
Table 3. Possibilities of "MIR"- carc s of various categories [5"
Debit card Credit card Social card Cobaging card
Storage of funds, payment for goods and services, transfer and cash withdrawal Payment of goods and services on credit Free release and maintenance Payment via POS-terminals supporting the selected payment system
Contactless payment Grace period Withdraw without commission Use ATMs serving the selected type of card
Charge on balance Low percentage Fare Transfer funds to another account, make online payments
bonus program No Income Inquiries Receive payments without visiting the post office
Receive increased interest on the account balance (depends on the conditions of the bank)
Use bonus programs and discounts (depending on the bank and trade organization)
Also, "MIR" cards issued by banks are classified by type:
- "MIR" debit
- "MIR" classic
- "MIR" premium
The type of card the client can choose the one that best suits him, to any category of card.
You can pay with the "MIR" debit card in stores, pay for purchases on the Internet, and receive money at an ATM.
The "MIR" classic card is used to pay for goods and services, withdraw cash from ATMs, transfer money from card to card anywhere in the country where bank cards are served.
Holders of the "MIR" premium card have access to a more advanced service, a special limit has been set for operations, free SMS information and personal support for banks.
Classic contactless cards "MIR" are issued for employees of budgetary organizations, commercial organizations using salary projects can choose both classic cards and premium cards. The limit on cash withdrawals,
transfers to other accounts is determined by the issuing bank.
In addition to crediting salaries, the following functionality is provided:
- Organization of a pass system (if the company has the appropriate infrastructure);
- Storage of electronic signatures;
- Storage of personal information.
Classic and premium "MIR" cards are
equipped with a chip for contactless payment and other operations. For example, in Nizhny Novgorod, a project has been launched for tourists and visitors to the city based on the "MIR" multifunctional card. Cards are issued by Gazprombank JSC, issued immediately upon circulation. On them you can:
- Use the metro, city transport 1.3 or 5 days and the cable car twice a day for no extra charge;
- Visit more than 30 city museums for free;
- Get discounts and bonuses at partner restaurants, hotels, cafes.
In addition, in more than 40 cities of Russia you can pay for travel in public transport.
Today, the national payment system of Russia is at a difficult stage of formation. Deep socio-economic transformations, during which the country begins to develop a market economy, as well as new technological opportunities that have changed the mechanisms for making payments, have influenced its development.
At the same time, all the solutions that come as the problems are identified can lead to the effective development of the "MIR" NSPK. This will increase the quality of life of the population, not only financially, but also socially.
In addition, one cannot but take into account the fact that cashless payments are the most profitable, however, to implement them you need certain technical, cultural and educational levels of development. The use of electronic money requires a special regulation and state control.
Of course, in the future, the national payment system will confidently develop, especially with such state support, and, possibly, in the near future, it will become an international payment system.
Every month, every year, the "MIR" national card increases its share in the Russian
tributes to the development of the national payment system, receiving pleasant rewards [6].
Despite the fact that this market is growing rapidly, there are a number of problems that impede its development. Problems can be divided into 2 groups:
1. problems associated with the state of Russian infrastructure;
2. problems caused by the implementation of economic sanctions by the United States, the European Union, as well as several other countries.
To solve the above problems associated with the development of the payment system in the country, the following measures can be proposed:
- improving the legal regulation of the payment system of Russia;
- tightening control over electronic payment systems;
- development of remote payment services;
- completion of a unified settlement system;
- rejection of the idea of centralization of settlements;
- creating an alternative to SWIFT for the entire banking system.
market. Each citizen, having this card, con-
References
1. "Payment Instruments". Access mode: https://theoryandpractice.ru/pdf/minfin_payments.pdf.//Circulation time 02.02.2020 /.
2. Bank of Russia Regulation "On the Issue of Payment Cards and on Transactions Conducted with their Use" dated December 24, 2004 №266-P (latest revision).
3. Savinskaya N.A. The national payment system of Russia: problems and development prospects. - SPb.: SPbGUEF, 2017. - P. 131.
4. Official site of NSPK JSC. - https://www.nspk.ru//Circulation time 03.02.2020/.
5. https: //www.plusworld.ru/daily/platezhnyj -biznes/unionpay-ostaetsya-krupnejshej -platezhnoj-sistemoj-v-mire//Circulation time 04.02.2020/.
ПЛАТЕЖНАЯ СИСТЕМА «МИР» - ТЕНДЕНЦИИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ В.М. Масюкова, студент
Научный руководитель: А.Б. Басс, канд. экон. наук, доцент Финансовый университет при Правительстве РФ (Россия, г. Москва)
Аннотация. В статье рассмотрено содержание и основные этапы развития платежной системы «МИР». Охарактеризованы различные модификации платежных карт системы «МИР». Показана экономическая эффективность использования платежной системы «МИР». Охарактеризованы проблемы, возникающие при функционировании системы «МИР». Предложены меры по совершенствованию функционирования национальной платежной системы «МИР».
Ключевые слова: национальная платежная система, банковские платежные карты, платежная инфраструктура, эмитенты карт «Мир», электронные платежи, оператор платежной системы, бесконтактные платежи, снятие и перевод денежных средств.
