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OZONE IN XON-KHELTY1ATIC LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM PATHOLOGIES A. Alexandre, J. Baezii NocL V. Sbeel Kumar
International Scientific Committee of Ozone Therapy, Madrid, Spain
Статья опубликована с разрешения Международного научного комитета но проблемам озонотерапии (The Scientific International Committee of Ozone T/i erapy — ISC03, u n it1, aeprom o. org/enA 5 с oS.php)
В обзоре, включающем анализ достижений озонотерапии за последние два десятилетня, рассмотрено современнее состояние и применимость метода е ревматологии. неврологии. нейрохирургии и ортопедии. Рассмотрены возможности использования медицинского озона при теидопатнях, остеоаргритах нт. д. Отдельное внимание уделено озонотерапии неврологической патологии (в частности, туннельным синдромам), заболевании позвоночника. Обседаются способы введения озона и оптимальные его дозы. Кратко рассмотрены противопоказания к озонотерапии для контингента пациентов с неревматичекои патологией опорно-двигательного аппарата.
Ключевые слова: озон, озонотерапия. заболевания позвоночника, тендопатии. остеоартрит. туннельные синдромы
Although bone and joint diseases were not one of the first indications of ozone therapy, after Dr Verga's [1] and Dr Riva Sansevenno's papers [2], several following publications [3-7] encouraged doctors to use ozone for treating these kind of pathologies. Unfortunately, the first publication on this pathology [3]. more than 30 years before Dr Verga's one. remained unnoticed.
Results have been so positive that nowadays the majority of papers about ozone therapy are related to these problems and the highest level of evidence on ozone therapy effectiveness is also related to them. According to the systematic review and metaanalysis of Magalhaes et al [9], for low back pain:
- paravertebral ozone therapy has a level of evidence II-1 (Evidence obtained from systematic review of randomized trials or several randomized clinical trials) with grade of recommendation ЕВ (strong recommendation, with moderate quality evidence), and
- intradiscal ozone therapy has a level of evidence II-3 (evidence obtained from multiple time series or dramatic results in uncontrolled trials) with grade of recommendation 1С: (strong recommendation, low-quality evidence)
In this document, the authors will show the rationale of using ozone ш these diseases and what we can expect from it. based on publications and their own experience in the past two decades.
Experimental approach
The development of ozone therapy has been based on empirical science, so basic investigation to determine the best dose and protocols of administration was performed after clinical use shoived the optimal dosmg in a non-controlled environment. The first work about this [10] was carried out in mice pads using a standard inflammatory model
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with capsaicin, that proved 20 ug-'mL to be the best anti-inflammatory dose for soft tissue pathology used as local injections.
This optimal concentration has been confirmed by Dr Iliakis's publications [11] as being, not only effective but also safe [12] for the tissues. Late works by Prof. Yu Bin [13] prove that one week injection of ozone at 20 |ig/mL was tlie most antiinflammatory closing compared with 10, 30 and 40 |Ag/mL in rabbit model.
We need more animal investigation and more controlled studies in human to narrow the wide therapeutic approach of ozone therapy in musculoskeletal pathologies, but we have a rationale start point in the above publications, that also support the most widely used protocols for treating these diseases. Regarding disc-radicular conflict (CDR), the experimental investigation m animals lias been more deeply developed, using models with rabbit [14, 15]. dog [16—18], lamb [1?] and pig [20. 21]. Even some publications [22-24] show histological changes after ozone administration in humans with unsuccessful result submitted to surgery. These studies have provided confirmation of empirical use of ozone for disc diseases and have improved do sine and safetv [25. 26].
Many other clinical controlled and non-controlled studies have been published in the last 15 years showing us the way to treat spme diseases, but only latest papers [9, 27. 23] prove with high evidence level the effectiveness and safely7 of ozone injections to treat CDR.
We will try-' to summarize this information and offer an evidence based guideline for these groups of pathologies. The reader must notice that except for disc herniation, the studies on other indications have a low level of evidence, so the use of ozone should be done on a compassionate basis, when standard well documented treatments have failed, are not applicable to the patient or the patients resign to them. We advice to use official informed consent from the scientific associations are they are usually lex-artis based and formally reviewed by a lawyer.
Basic advices
Many doctors believe that strict aseptic measures are not necessary as ozone is a strong antiseptic. This is absolutely false [29]. as ozone is quickly tampered by antioxidants substances in the plasma and interstitial water. Moreover, many bacterias have antioxidant defenses against oxidant molecules. For this reason, strict aseptic measures should be used for preparing ozone injections.
Optimal dosmg is not always optimal for all patients. Our advice is to start with slightly lower dosmg and rises to the optunal after one-two injections [30]. Higher doses are more painful than lower ones. Some patients can benefit from a slight higher dose. Please inject slowly, to avoid pain if possible. Protocols are not absolutely rigid. They can be adapted to each patients needs, but we recommend not to change the frequency of injections until some improvement lias been reached.
As ozone is a gas. we advice to use the thinnest needle possible (27G / 30G). to diminish the injection pam. Local anesthetics can be used, although topic anesthesia or even cryotherapy can be useful to avoid the pain produced by the injection. The ozone itself produce some degree of pain due to the radicals produced by the first chemical reactions. Some authors believe this pain is useful as it induces plasticity in the Central Nervous System, needed to control pam [29]. Others disagree, as clinical results are also
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good using local anesthesia in the point of injection prior to ozone injection [31]. There are no publications up to now proving any of the controversial ideas. We even don't know if ozone can degrade theses substances m vivo (or irt vitro). Syringes should be ozone-proof: standard low-pressure syringes are siliconized, so they can be used for a single injection, as repeated use in the same patient can degrade silicone and produce plastic particles.
Glass syringes are optimal, but they are unpractical, as they need a re-sterihzation. Latex gloves can be used if there is low chance to produce ozone leak during the injection. Otherwise, vinyl gloves are better, as they are ozone-proof. Local infection close to the point of injection is a formal contraindication. Use of anti-platelets or anticoagulants is a formal contraindication when we inject into a cavity or a virtual space and 1KR. is equal or above 3. In these patients, the use of low-molecular-weight heparins is advised "32]. General ozone therapy contraindication apply in all cases. This is not an infiltration manual, so technical description will be focused on ozone therapy related details of the injection procedure.
Tend inopiitli its a ad e n thesis t is
Due to its anti-inflammatory effects and the Lick of significant side effects, ozone can be used instead of steroids for local injections where we usually use them. It has been tried with success in shoulder tendmopatines [33-35]. tennis-elbow [36], D'Quervam's tendinitis [37". trochanteric hip bursitis[35]. and others. Global good esults for these pathologies are 80% [33-37]. Calcifications are not a contraindication [38].
L7se the thinnest and more suitable needle for the injection. Start with 15 ug-'mL and rise to 20 in the second or third injection if possible. Remain at 20 ug-mL or even 25 if the pain of mjection is low. Amount of ozone depends on the target to treat. Small tendons can be injected peritendon \vith 2-3 niL. Shoulder tendons can be injected with
5-10 mL depending on the tendons affected.
Trochanteric bursae can be injected with even 15 mL in big patients. In these patients, injecting along the ilio-tibial band may be useful if painful; look for painful pomts along the band and inject 2-3 mL per point. Careful examination of the patient should be performed to determine the pomts of injection before each session, as painful pomts may change, as usually more than one anatomical structure are involved in the process.
The protocol should be adapted to patients evolution. Injections should be performed on a weekly basis up to a number of 3-5. If there is no improvement after this time, treatment should be stopped. Total number can be higher, as injections can be done weekly meanwhile there is a clinical improvement. You will usually not need more than
6-3 injections to achieve a significant pam reduction [35]. There is no need to go further, as the patient keep on improving during a month or more after the last injection. Some doctors inject twice a week but there is no benefit for the patient, as the treatment is not shortened in time and final number of injections is bigger "39].
Other treatments combined with ozone have shown to be usefi.il. as physiotherapy [40]. hyaluronic acid injections [37] or shock waves [38]. We usually don't overlap other treatments, to clearly know which is the effect of ozone. Heat m the point of injection should be avoided at least for 48h as CT controls of paravertebral muscle injections
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show presence of gas up to this period [41] and deep heat can produce gas volume to increase and produce pain.
Osteoarthritis
Ozone injections have also widely used to treat knee osteoarthritis [6. 7, 42-54". There are few references to other locations, as hip [39, 53-56], shoulder or ankle. Severe osteoarthritis has been shown not to be a contraindication; theses patients improve almost the same as low grade osteoarthritis but the time free of symptoms is significantly shorter [53]. Based on a rationale approach, severe deformities and misalignment can be considered as contraindications, unless no other option of treatment is available for the patient.
General dosing of the previous chapter apply for these patients. Amount of ozone per injection depends on the size of the joint and their compliance, using 10-15 niL for knee or shoulder, 5-3 for hip or ankle. Approach is well described in infiltration manuals [32]. Careful exploration before each injection should be carried out. as in many cases the intrarticular disease has periarticular pathology, in form of enthesistis. bursitis or tendinitis. If this periarticular pomt are not treated with ozone or other complementary treatments, full success will not happen.
For pen articular injections, please follow the instructions in the proper chapter. Injections should be done on a weekly basis to avoid overdose, as referred in the previous chapter [44]. Following this advices, good results range from 74% [35] to 60% [53]. Other treatments can be used together or after ozone injections. For periarticular injections wre should respect the 48h window period. Intrarticular injections of hyaluronic acid [35] and rich-platelet plasma [57. 53] are being used together with ozone with encouraging results.
Nerve entrap ments
There are a few publications "34. 35, 59] about the use of ozone injections in peripheral nerve entrapments as carpal tunnel or cubital tunnel syndrome. Although the basic physiopathology is the same of the pathologies in the previous chapters, neural tissue is more sensible to ozone, so lower doses must be used to reach a good result [60].
For carpal tunnel syndrome, the injection should be performed carefully permeurally with concentration of 5-7 |ig/mL and amounts of 3-5 mL. This dosing is. on a weekly basis, enough to get good results in near S0% of the patients. Papers on this topic are so scarce that we cannot asses which kind or severity is a contraindication. We advise to treat patients without severe motor deficit and non-progressive symptoms, but this a rationale advised not based in any evidence.
Spine pathology
Tins pathology has been left to the end on purpose, as all the concepts shown in the previous chapters are true for spine diseases susceptible for ozone treatment and should be carefully evaluated and applied [61].
General indications for ozone treatment are:
- Disc herniation or disc-radicular conflict (CDR) as we prefer to define
- Degenerative disc disease (DDD)
- Grade I symptomatic spondylolisthesis
- Spondylopathy
- Facet joint disease
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- Facet joint osteoarthritis
- Lumbar spinal stenosis
The reader must have a deep knowledge on these pathologies and should know how to solve the possible complications of the use of ozone on them to guaranty the quality of the treatment and reach the highest level of success. Otherwise, he will not understand many points in this chapter, as explaining in detail the physiopathology of these pathologies is not the aim of this text.
We have to remember what has been explained m previous sections of this text. It is usually needed to treat satellite points of pain, specially in cervical pathology, where there are very common in the form of mio-fascial syndromes. In these cases, we can inject ozone m the pomts of pain in small amount (2-3 mL) at 10-15 ug/mL or treat with others pain techniques.
Regarding techniques and procedures, there are two mam ways of treatment for these pathologies.
The first one is the paravertebral approach. It was first described by Dr Verga [1] as a protocol used by him and his team named "Discosan" por treating lumbar disc herniation. The problem found after some years was the number of sessions of infiltrations was well above 15, so the length of the treatment [3 months] made some patients abandon the treatment To avoid this, Dr Scuccimarra [62], member of Dr Verga's team, developed the ""deep paravertebral injections", actually pen facet joint injections. This technique shortened considerably the number of sessions reducing them to 10 and up to a maximum of 15. Both techniques are basically para-spinal injections.
The classical paravertebral approach is done locating the upper part of the spinous process of the superior vertebrae involved in the CDR. and injecting 2.5 cm to the left and right of the spinous process with a 0.3 x 40 mm needle an amount of 5-10 mL per point depending on the size of the patient. Some authors [S3] have proved that using lower ozone concentration (10 ugmL) can be as useful as standard concentration (20 pg/mL). Our advice is to use a 0.4 x 40 mm needle or thinner if available.
Fig 1. Classical paravertebral injections
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Fig 2. Deep paravertebral injections
Local, topic anesthesia or cryotherapy can be used to reduce the pain of the needle. Injection should be done slowly. Using local anesthesia in the muscle can reduce the effect of ozone injection. The "deep paravertebral injection" uses a similar procedure, but the distance from the middle line is narrower (1,5 cm for cervical and dorsal injection and 2 cm for lumbar injection) and it is necessary using longer needles (0.4 or 0.5 x 90 mm spinal needle) to be able to locate the postenor joints with the ftp of the needle an inject periarticularly. The amount of ozone used is the same.
It is also possible to inject over the laminae, close to the foramen, instead of around the facet joints, but risk of accidental dura or radicular puncture is greater (although without permanent side effects): this can be done for nerve root de-inflammation. Dr. Verga [64" modified lus technique for cervical and dorsal disc herniation, narrowing the distance from the spinous process to 1.5 cm left and right, using shorter needles (25 or 30 mm) and decreasing the ozone volume per point to 3-7 niL. Dorsal approach uses the same technique as for cervical paravertebral injections.The second approach is the intradiscal - intra foramina 1 one [65]. The idea [66] was taken from the chemonucleolysis with chemopapain, so the injection procedure has been inherited from it. Ozone has proved to induce dehydration in nucleus pulposus matenal [22. 23". so the intradiscal injection can help to alleviate the root compression [67]. Moreover the ozone well proved anti-inflammatory effect can help to diminish disc, root, ganglia and periradicular tissue inflammation [67V
To obtain this combination of mechanical and biochemical effects, ozone should be injected intradiscal and intraforanimal in all cases, injecting around the affected root [63]. Although in many cases we can see in the fluoroscope not only the gas discography but a gas leakage to epidural and periradicular space, this gas is oxygen with some molecules of ozone [or none] as the majority react immediately around the injection pomt: this is why we recommend to use both procedures when you want to get both mechanical and biochemical effect. The technique is well described in many manuals so we will center on teclinical details related to ozone therapy.
We, as always, advice to use thin needles, as the 22 G x 11"' Chiba needle for both procedures in lumbar disc. For cervical disc, 25G x 3*4'" is a good choice for intradiscal injection: for intra foramina 1 injection we advice to use pen tip needle - same size - to avoid accidental root, medulla or vertebral artery puncture. Imaging guidance is mandatory: CT or fluoroscope. Local anesthesia is mandatory for lumbar disc, as in
Биорадикалы и Антиоксиданты 2015 Том 2. №1
some cases we need to change the needle position and we avoid pam in this situation. Sedation is optional, as some authors don't use it, but the authors advice using a light sedation to make this procedure more comfortable for the patient and the doctor.
After reviewing many publications, not only the animal investigation papers, but the clinical reviews, intradiscal concentration can range from 25 pg niL [23. 69. 70] to 40 pg/mL [71-74]: greater concentrations produce better results [72, 75. 76]. Some authors from China [76] even use 50 or 60 ug mL. but all animals models have shown annulus disruption secondary to concentrations of 50 pg/mL or more [20], so we advice not using concentrations over 40 ugniL.
Ozone volume for mtradiscal cervical injection [24, 77] should be 1-2 mL and for lumbar disc. 5-7 mL [65]. Intra foramina 1 approach for requires 5 mL volume for cemcal mjection and 15 mL for lumbar injection [65, 69. 70. 78-80]. Dorsal approach, as in cervical paravertebral technique, is quite less frequent. In thin patients, the cemcal needle can be used: for bigger patients, the lumbar C'hiba needle is a good choice. Ozone volumes are for mtradiscal are 2-3 mL and for intraforammal. 7-10 mL.
Fig 3. Intradiscal injection
Fig 4. Intraforammal injection
For lumbar radiculopathy, Dr Mattozzi [SI] proposed caudal epidural ozone injections with standard pen tip needle and introducer, usually 27G x 3V2", with 20 mL of ozone at 20 ug mL each two weeks up to 4-5 times. There are a few publications on this [82], but authors' personal experience is promising and it is under heavy investigation.
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a) Disc-radicular conflict.
In these patients, the problem is centered on the CDR problem. The indication for treatment is the same as for surgery[63]. so in case of severe neurological symptoms we prefer to start with intradiscal-intraforaminal approach [44. 65, S3-S6V unless there is a contraindication [annulus calcification or spondylosis]. A couple of days after, we proceed with paravertebral injections, twice a week up to six or eight. Depending on the spine pain, or the presence of facet joint pain, the technique can be classical or '"deep". For strong neurological symptoms, deep periforaminal injections can be used.
In patients with more spine pam than radicular pam. paravertebral technique can be used twice a week. If after 4-5 session there is no improvement, intradiscal-intraforaminal technique should be used. Otherwise, paravertebral can be kept on up to 10-12 sessions. No further should we go if there is no improvement. In these cases, we should recheck the patient.
b) Degenerative disc disease (DDD)
It is difficult to reach this diagnose, because patients with DDD usually have spondylosis or facet joint problems. Isolated DDD can only be diagnosed by discomanometry. Use of ozone in this pathology is not well documented. Author's opinion is using mtraforanimal approach, repeated if needs 2 or 3 times each 2 wreeks. Deep paravertebral injections twice a week up to 10-12 session is an option. However, there is no bibliography to support this as DDD is not a frequent diagnose.
In case of concomitant pathology, these should be treated as indicated in the next chapters.
c) Grade I symptomatic spondylolisthesis
The only papers about this are the ones from Dr. Bonetti [S7. 8S]. He used CT guided injection into pars articularis of 2-3 ml of ozone at 20 ng.'mL. one or two times. Results are maintained at least for one year.
d) Spondylopathy
Treating degenerative spine is a growing indication of spinal ozone therapy [S9-92]. There are few publications about this, but the number is increasing. Cervical and lumbar spondylosis are frequently related ivith facet jonit osteoarthritis; dorsal spondylosis is usually isolated because ribs protection factor.
As commented before, concomitant pathology should be also treated. These patients usually only suffer from spine pam, so we use classic paravertebral injections together with perifacet joint niiections in case of facet problem, usually present for cervical and lumbar spine. Ten sessions, twice a iveek and then go on with 2-5 more sessions, once a week. It is usually a long treatment so is better to tell the patient before starting to avoid treatment abandon.
Some authors prefer to use CT-guided facet joint injections instead of deep paravertebral ones. It depends on availability and cost. Technical details are the same as for spondylolisthesis. In case of radicular pam others diagnoses should be considered, as facet joint cyst or lumbar spinal stenosis.
e) Facet joint disease
There is no reference published about tins. Mechanical factors should be corrected first. Afterwards, in case of persistent pain and failure of other conservative treatments, classical paraveterbral or deep perifacet joint injections procedure can be used, twice a
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week up to LG-12 sessions. CT-guidance injections are an option, as treatment can be shortened theoretically, but witli an increase in cost.
f) Facet joint osteoarthritis
Few references are found in bibliography about tins indication, usually related with spondylopathy.
As in the former chapter, the choices are classical paravebral. deep perifacet joint or CT-guided facet joint injections. The first one is the least ethiological treatment and the last one is the optimal, if cost is not a problem. We don't have enough evidence to advice one over the rest.
g) Lumbar spinal stenosis
Only a couple of papers have been published on this topic [90. 93]. Approach can be done through intra foramina 1 + perifacet joint CT- guidance injections or through deep paravertebral injections. Hie first choice is more expensive, technical demanding but short in time. The second is more simple but more time consuming and takes more time to finish the treatment. Results published are similar for both techniques.
Epidural ozone injection through sacrum hole together \vith perifacet jomt injection without direct imaging guidance is under evaluation and preliminary reports are promising.
Conclusion remarks
Non-rheumatic locomotor system pathologies are nowadays the more scientifically supported indication for ozone therapy.
It is a safe and effective treatment that is resisting any comparison published. Moreover, the cost of the treatment is cheap so it is likely that a cost-effective study could prove that it is one of the best treatments for these pathologies, even better that systemic drugs treatments.
Side effects are small and always related to defective technique, so it is mandatory to be well trained to perform these approaches.
More clinical trials are needed to achieve higher level of evidence in non-spine indications.
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