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УДК 811 DOI: 10.24411/1991-5497-2019-10299
Zalavina T.Yu., Cand. of Sciences (Philology), Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University (Magnitogorsk, Russia), E-mail: tania_mgn@rambler.ru Dyorina N.V., Cand. of Sciences (Philology), Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University (Magnitogorsk, Russia), E-mail: nataljapidckaluck@yandex.ru Gasanenko E.A., senior teacher, Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University (Magnitogorsk, Russia), E-mail: elenagasanenko@yandex.ru Rabina E.I., Cand. of Sciences (Pedagogy), senior teacher, Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University (Magnitogorsk, Russia), E-mail: farfalino@mail.ru
PECULIARITIES VERBALIZED PHRASEOLOGICAL CONCEPT OF BLAME IN LANGUAGE AND SPEECH (THE FRENCH LANGUAGE). The article is devoted to the meaning study of French phraseological units verbalizing the concept of blame in communicative and pragmatic aspects. The relevance of the work is determined by the fact that the study of phraseological units allows considering their ability to reflect the worldview of native speakers and to trace how representatives of foreign linguistic cultures place on the scale of assessments certain personality traits and behaviors. The purpose of the article is to identify the pragmatic and psychological components of the functioning of phraseological units explicating the concept of blame in language and speech. The main task of the research is to characterize these units and their areas of implementation. The novelty is in the authors' appeal to an analytical interpretation of the main intentional states that reflect the pragmatic functioning of verbal phraseological units of the concept of blame. The authors focus on the active nature of the concept under consideration, which explains the choice for its verbalization of verbal phraseological units as conceptual scenarios that objectify the semes of action, movement and process. The article traces the verbal phraseological units' ability to translate the communicative orientation of phraseological meaning, the components of which are aimed at identifying the communicative intentions of the author or his intentions most effectively. The given work has been designed for a wide range of researchers interested in the problems of pragmalinguistics, theory of reference, theory of speech acts, phraseological semantics, and linguocultural studies.
Key words: concept, blame, phraseological meaning, intentional states.
Т.Ю. Залаеина, канд. филол. наук, доц., Магнитогорский государственный технический университет имени Г.И. Носова, г. Магнитогорск, E-mail: tania_mgn@rambler.ru
Н.В. Дёрина, канд. филол. наук, доц., Магнитогорский государственный технический университет имени Г.И. Носова, г. Магнитогорск, E-mail: nataljapidckaluck@yandex.ru
Е.А. Гасаненко, ст. преп., Магнитогорский государственный технический университет имени Г.И. Носова, г. Магнитогорск, E-mail: elenagasanenko@yandex.ru
Е.И. Рабина, канд. пед. наук, ст. преп., Магнитогорский государственный технический университет имени Г.И. Носова, г. Магнитогорск, E-mail: farfalino@mail.ru
ОСОБЕННОСТИ ВЕРБАЛИЗАЦИИ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО КОНЦЕПТА ПОРИЦАНИЕ В ЯЗЫКЕ И РЕЧИ (ФРАНЦУЗСКИЙ ЯЗЫК)
Статья посвящена изучению значения французских фразеологизмов, вербализующих концепт порицание, в коммуникативно-прагматическом аспекте. Актуальность работы обусловливается тем фактом, что изучение фразеологизмов позволяет рассмотреть их способность отражения мировосприятия носителей языка и проследить, каким образом представители иноязычных лингвокультур размещают на шкале оценок и определенные качества личности, и модели поведения. Цель статьи заключается в выявлении прагматических и психологических составляющих функционирования фразеологических единиц, эксплицирующих концепт порицание в языке и речи. Основная задача - дать характеристику этим единицам и сферам их реализации. Новым является обращение авторов к аналитической интерпретации основных интенциональных состояний, отражающих прагматическое функционирование глагольных фразеологизмов концепта порицание. Основное внимание акцентируется на активном характере рассматриваемого концепта, что объясняет выбор для его вербализации глагольных фразеологизмов как концептов-сценариев, объективирующих семы действия, движения и процесса. Прослеживается способность глагольных фразеологизмов наиболее результативно воплощать коммуникативную направленность фразеологического значения, компоненты которого направлены на идентификацию коммуникативных интенций автора или его намерений. Предназначается для широкого круга исследователей, интересующихся проблемами прагмалингвистики, теории референции, теории речевых актов, фразеологической семантики, лингвокультурологии.
Ключевые слова: концепт, порицание, фразеологическое значение, интенциональные состояния.
The researchers' attention in the field of semantics is focused on the question of subjective and objective correlation aspects in the meaning of phraseological units. The development of this problem is engaged in cognitive science, pragmalinguistics, the theory of reference, the theory of speech acts.
Due to the fact that phraseological units reflect the worldview of native speakers and their study allows us to trace how nowadays representatives of a particular linguistic culture place certain qualities of personality and behaviors on the scale of assessments. The main task is to characterize these constructions and the spheres of their implementation. The authors' appeal to the concept of blame and analytical interpretation of the main intentional states reflect the pragmatic functioning of the procedural phraseological units of this concept.
Pragmatic and psychological aspects of phraseological units meanings are determined by the functions performed in language and speech. As a result of reflection of reality by the subject, the semantics of phraseological units is formed, which has a complex character and reflects the relationship between the features of objects and their evaluation [1]. Semantic aspects of meaning which express the relation between subject of speech and its object are included in the connotative aspect of meaning, reflecting their communicative purpose.
The purpose of the article is to identify the pragmatic and psychological components of the phraseological phrase functioning explicating the concept of blame in language and speech.
Verbal phraseological units have the ability to implement effectively the communicative orientation of the phraseological meaning, which is expressed in the multifunctional implementation of the pragmatic potential as a whole. Pragmatically charged phraseological units represent the aggregate aspect of meaning, including the evaluation of the designated, figurative representation, the relation of the subject, stylistic differentiation, that is, any connotations in terms of the content of phraseological units [2; 3; 4]. Their exploration can bring you to the culture of the studied language [5; 6; 7].
The connotative component in the phraseological meaning reveals the leading character, since it reflects the accumulated socio-historical experience of the cognizing subject and his sensory evaluations on the basis of the leading value orientations. The specificity of the phraseological connotation is that it intertwines two interrelated lines of emotive-evaluative reflection of the nominated denotative situation - socially significant values and personal evaluations and emotions [8].
The emotional-evaluative state of the subject is a reaction to certain properties of the reflected denotative situation and is a specific form of reflection that requires special linguistic forms of its objectification. This function is performed in the language by verbal phraseological units as communicative and expressive signs of indirect nomination, the sense-forming factors of which are the sensual image and social evaluation of the reflected fragment of reality [9].
Verbal phraseological units as signs of secondary nominations arise in connection with the need to express a content that has no correspondence in objective reality and sometimes more important than the objective. These are expression, emotions, estimates, and a complex range of relations to the world of object phenomena, to the subject of speech.
The object qualification explains the presence of evaluation in most idioms. In the process of implementing the speaker's value judgment, both the semantics of the language expression and its individual life values are combined [10].
In phraseological units, the dichotomy good/bad represents the evaluation of a descriptive denotes or object, since the object evaluation focuses on the system that is perceived by the subject as the norm. A. Yu. Maslova notes that the intentional basis of the assessment is the obvious signs of the described objects and the peculiarities of the subject's reflection of the surrounding world [11].
The leading role in the verbalization of individual representations belongs to the phraseological units in general including verbal ones. Their pragmatic potential lies in the intention of the speaker, his interpretation of certain events, phenomena, facts.
One of the varieties of negative evaluation is the expression of censure, which is understood as a communicative act of condemnation, disapproval, reprimand [12;13]. The research reveals semantic features present in the structure of French verbal phraseological units containing the concept of blame: categorical sema 'action' or 'process', general semantic feature 'negative evaluation of the object' and integrative sema 'process of expressing negative evaluation'. [14].
The extra linguistic presuppositions of the concept of blame contain certain associative connections that go back to the results of the received everyday experience, that is, they have a motivational-figurative basis.
The idea of multiple features of the image of an object or situation forms the basis of the intentional component of the information of the studied phraseological units (examples in French): donner un savon à qqn. ( 'to express severe disapproval of'; 'to offer soap'); donner de la férule à qqn. ('to criticize someone'; 'to give him with a ruler'); donner une peigne à qqn. ('to criticize someone'; 'to give it a hairbrush'); laver la tête à qqn. ('to make a serious remark to anyone'; 'to wash my hair'); mettre/réduire qqn. en poussière/en poudre ('to criticize'; 'to grind to powder'); mettre qqn. en pièces ('to criticize someone'; 'to divide into parts'); jeter la pierre à qqn. ('to reproach someone'; 'to throw a stone') [15].
The situations presented by the studied phraseological units are considered as typical situations of disapproval, criticism, reprimand, ridicule, reproach. They objectify the "concepts-scenarios" of the process of censure, objectifying in terms of their content the negative characteristics of the situation, the semantic signs of movement and action.
Rational evaluation expresses the attitude of the subject to the objective world and contains a judgment about life values. Simultaneously with the rational assessment related to the denotative component of the value, the emotive assessment is realized. The stimulus creates a motive for the speaker / listener to experience a particular phenomenon or situation. Processed by consciousness, this experience causes an emotional reaction to the object of display. Emotional evaluation is a part of the pragmatic aspect of phraseological units and it expresses the emotions of the speaker. The content aspects of emotions exhibit events that are particularly important to the subject. They directly depend on personal characteristics: the orientation of the motivational sphere, worldviews, value orientations. Emotions perform specific functions in the regulation of relationships between people. Emotional reactions actualize feelings-relationships.
Emotionally colored phraseological units of the concept of blame represent intentional States of contempt, disapproval, condemnation in the subject in accordance with the situation of censure. The phraseological meaning contains components that help to identify the communicative intentions of the author, his intention, intention and wider the inner world [16].
French dictionary Larousse gives the following interpretation of the concept of contempt/ mépris: Mépris - sentiment par lequel on juge quelqu'un ou sa condiute moralement condamnable, indignes d'estime, d'attention (Contempt is the feeling experienced to condemn the morally wrong behavior of someone, behavior unworthy of respect, attention) [17].
Contempt contains an emotional-evaluative attitude caused by the violation of the ethical and moral norms of the speaking subject by the object. Contempt as a feeling arises in situations where the actions of the object of evaluation contradict the life values of the subject. Behavioral reactions to conscious purposeful actions and actions of a person form the basis of ethical contempt, which is a type of intentional state of contempt. The object of the state of ethical contempt is the person evaluated from the standpoint of morality. If the behavior of a person is contrary to the norms and requirements imposed by the subject, it does not deserve respect from the latter.
Superimposed on the idea of reality image leads to an emotional outburst. The image underlying the meaning of the verbal phraseology faire des gorges chaudes ('to laugh at smb.') includes a demonstration of the emotion contempt [15]. The feeling of contempt of the speaking subject using this phraseology is caused by the unseemly behavior, actions of the object.
The connotative sign, which is not included in the proper meaning of phraseology, is actualized at the time of pronouncing the verbal phraseology under the influence of the semantic content of the reference names. The illocutionary intention of emotive evaluation forms a feeling of contempt in the subject of evaluation:
1) Le soir le duc du Maine fit chez lui une gorge chaude fort plaisante de l'aventure de Fagon avec Le Brun... [15].
fin the evenings the Duke laughed at Madame Fagon's adventures.. J (translation in the author's edition. - T. Z., N.D., E. G., E. R.)
2) Puisque j'étais menteur, j'allais le manifester et jeter ma duplicité à la figure de tous ces imbiciles avant même qu'ils la découvrissent [15].
(Though I am a liar, I make no secret of it, and I will throw my hypocrisy in the face of all these fools before they can see it.) (Translation in the author's edition. -T. Z., N.D., E. G., E. R.)
The situations in question embedded in the phraseological units faire une gorge chaude ('eating meat', 'shot on the hunt beast'; 'to laugh at smb.') and jeter qqch. à la figure de qqn. ('to throw in the face'; 'to reproach smb.') demonstrate the subject's intentions in communicative and pragmatic terms for the qualifications of the addressee's actions, explicating the negative attitude of the addressee's actions in situations of ridicule and reproach, in relation to the addressee of emotional states of contempt, discontent [15].
3) C'est une chose si peu importante que la réputation d'une femme, dit Saint-Clair d'un ton sec et méprisant. Il est bien permis de la mettre en pièces pour faire un peu d'esprit... [15].
(Reputation is not very important to a woman, " St. Clair said contemptuously. -It is possible to criticize for the sake of entertainment...) (translation in the author's edition. - T. Z., N.D., E. G., E. R.).
The considered situation included in the phraseological unit mettre qqn. en pièces ('to crumble on pieces'; 'to criticize smb.') shows his subject's intentions in the communicative and pragmatic plan necessary for qualifications of the addresse's acts, his behavior, expressions in relation to them of a negative assessment in the form of discontent, contempt [15].
The French dictionary Larousse gives the following interpretation of the condemnation concept/ condamnation: Condamnation is the action de condamner quelqu'un, quelque chose. Condamnation d'un voleur (Condemnation is the action of blaming someone. Condemnation of the thief) [17] (translation in the author's edition. - T. Z., N.D., E. G., E. R.).
The actions of the person whose way of life and conduct is contrary to the laws are condemned. Signification of phraseological unit tirer à boulets rouges sur qqn. 'to criticize smb.', 'to shoot fiery core' includes the scenario of the battle, when the enemy is in the attack until its complete destruction [15].
Semantic volume of the verbal phraseological unit passer/donner une salade à qqn. ('to ask a scolding', 'to scold smb.'; 'to put on someone's head helmet') is associated with the etymology of the word salade. Salade (from Italian 'celata') is knight's kind of a helmet. According to medieval military tradition, such a helmet was put on the heads of the soldiers to be punished and struck with halberds. The emotional reaction provoked by the internal form of phraseology underlies the emotive-evaluative attitude of condemnation [15]:
1 ) Galaade. - Votre pouvoir est négatif... Vampire et sacrilège, vous ne quittez un lieu qu'après l'avoir réduit en poudre [15].
(Any power, including yours, is dangerous... Being a bloodsucker and an impious man, you grind to powder what prevents you from going forward.) (translation in the author's edition. - T. Z., N.D., E. G., E. R.).
2) L'Anarchiste. - ... Nous ferons sauter ce monarque avec les derniers perfectionnement. Tout de même je voudrais voir l'effigie de mon client avant de le réduire en poussière [15].
(... Let's undermine this monarch, wipe him out in the modern way. Show me his picture.) (translation in the author's edition. - T. Z., N.D., E. G., E. R.).
The considered situations included in the verbal phraseological unit réduire qqn. en poudre /en poussière (to grind into dust/powder; to criticize smb.) demonstrate such pragmatic intentions of the speaking subject in the process of negative characterization of the addressee's actions as discontent in the situation of criticism.
The French dictionary Larousse gives the following interpretation of disapprov-al/ désapprobation: Désapprobation-action de désapprouver; réprobation; blâmer quelqu'un, condemner (Disapproval is the act of disapproval; to blame someone, to condemn) [17].
In the process of communication the speaking subject does not approve of immoral statements, unacceptable behavior of the addressee. A figurative-associative complex associated with the words poux, pilule, which symbolize a certain flaw, flaw (lice) and bitter medicine - pill dédorer la pilule à qqn. ('to criticize smb.'; 'to erase the gilded coating from the pill') is at the heart of the emotive phraseological units chercher des poux à la tête de qqn ('to find fault with smb.', 'reproach smb.'; 'to find a louse in the hair'). The emotional reaction provoked by the internal form of phraseological units underlies the emotive-evaluative attitude of disapproval [15]:
1) Lucien bouillait. - Notre temps est compté. Nous avons une mission à remplir. Vous n'allez pas nous chercher des poux dans la tête?... [15].
(Lucien was indignant. "Our time is up. We have a mission to complete. Will you not reproach us for trifles?...) (translation in the author's edition. - T. Z., N.D., E. G., E. R.).
The French verbal idiom chercher des poux à/dans la tête de qqn. ('to find a louse in the hair') in a situation of communicative-pragmatic orientation produces such speaking subject's intentions in the process of negative qualification of the addressee's actions as disapproval, discontent in the situation of reproach [15].
So, the use of phraseological units in speech helps the speaker to express his emotional state more clearly. The pragmatic potential of phraseological units is enhanced by the pragmatic orientation of the whole communicative situation. The conno-tative aspect of the meaning of the studied verbal phraseological units containing the concept of blame dominates in the situation of communicative and pragmatic orientation, determining the semantics of phraseological units. It is dominant due to phraseological evaluation, expressing the negative intentions of the subject to the object.
The evaluation criteria by which this property is judged are included in the motivational and information layer of the value, which produces the appearance of a negatively colored emotional reaction to the designated situation. The subject's intention to negatively characterize the object's actions and behavior lies within the framework of the censure situation realized by the speech act. Intentional states of verbal phraseological units reflect the emotive component of phraseology with the meaning of blame. The emotive component is represented by differentiated axiological relations, demonstrating feelings of disapproval, condemnation, contempt. It should be noted that in the
speech act the use of verbal phraseological signs of the presented concept is justified by the communicative attitudes of the subject aimed at characterizing the object's actions and behavior at expressing a negative assessment of its actions and behavior,
Библиографический список
at demonstrating emotional intentional states of emotional expression of disapproval, condemnation, contempt, as well as achieving a certain pragmatic effect as a result of influence on the blame object.
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Статья поступила в редакцию 18.11.19
УДК 811.521 DOI: 10.24411/1991-5497-2019-10300
Everstova N.N., student, North-Eastern Federal University n.a. M.K. Ammosov (Yakutsk, Russia), E-mail: evernata@mail.ru
Stepanova Z.B., senior teacher, North-Eastern Federal University n.a. M.K. Ammosov (Yakutsk, Russia), E-mail: zbstepanova@mail.ru
THE CATEGORY OF EVALUATION IN THE JAPANESE NEWSPAPER DISCOURSE: A STYLISTIC-SYNTACTIC ASPECT. This article discusses in detail one of the specific stylistic features of Japanese newspaper discourse - the category of assessment. Assessment is one of the aspects of human cognitive activity. Evaluation is the language implementation of the logical category of evaluation. The material for the study of the stylistic-syntactic means of expressing appraisal was the author's articles 2012, 2018, 2019 on Russian-Japanese relations from the newspapers Asahi and Nikkei. In the analyzed examples, as a stylistic-syntactic means of expressing the category of evaluations, the most frequent use of stable grammatical constructions and quotations, the most rare - expressive punctuation marks.
Keywords: the category of evaluation, assessment, Japanese language, stylistic means, syntactic means, newspaper discourse.
Н.Н. Эеерстоеа. студент, Институт зарубежной филологии и регионоведения, Северо-Восточный федеральный университет
имени М.К. Аммосова, г. Якутск, E-mail: evernata@mail.ru
З.Б. Степанова, ст. преп., Институт зарубежной филологии и регионоведения, Северо-Восточный федеральный университет
имени М.К. Аммосова, г. Якутск, E-mail: zbstepanova@mail.ru
КАТЕГОРИЯ ОЦЕНОЧНОСТИ В ЯПОНСКОМ ГАЗЕТНОМ ДИСКУРСЕ: СТИЛИСТИКО-СИНТАКСИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ
В данной статье подробно рассматривается одна из специфических стилевых черт японского газетного дискурса - категория оценочности. Оценка является одной из сторон познавательной деятельности человека. Оценочность - это языковая реализация логической категории оценки. Материалом для исследования стилистико-синтаксических средств выражения оценочности послужили авторские статьи 2012, 2018, 2019 годов о российско-японских отношениях из газет «Асахи» и «Nikkei». В проанализированных примерах в качестве стилистико-синтаксического средства выражения категории оце-ночности наиболее часто встречается употребление устойчивых грамматических конструкций и цитирования, наиболее редко - экспрессивных знаков препинания.
Ключевые слова: категория оценочности, оценка, японский язык, стилистические средства, синтаксические средства, газетный дискурс.
