CC BY
16Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 10 (2013 6) 1492-1506
УДК 159.922.736.3:8Г233
Functional Structures of Communicative Consciousness at Infancy: Sociopragmatic Speech and Language Information Processing, at the Oral Statement Producing
Irina G. Malanchuk*
Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University
them. VP Astafeva 89 Ada Lebedeva Str., Krasnoyarsk, 660049 Russia
Received 08.08.2013, received in revised form 24.08.2013, accepted 02.09.2013
Statement producing process is the traditional problem of psychology, linguistics, psycholinguistics. This problems discussions are carried out as a rule from the view point of processing by a humanpotential speaker of the language information; pragmatic conditions impact on the statement verbal making up; voice representation of the psychological, psychophysical, social features of the speaker; the speech process psycho-physiological aspect is focused on. However, the science hasn't till now developed the clear understanding of speech and language systems differentiation, their mutual integration possibilities - basic knowledge in relation to the statement generation process. The essential contribution to the problem development was made in the second half of the XX-th century in the framework of the linguistic pragmatics, speech acts and speech genres theories as well as by individual neural research.
The article represents and empirically proves the author's concept of speech and language differentiation, describes the speech form psychological content as communicative means, being the integrator of the communicative significant information: intentional complexes and goals of a speaker, speech actualization social conditions, social representation structure, including addressee and author images, the communicants' emotionality. It discusses the children' speech multidisciplinary research results, done on the basis of 7268 speech units analysis by the 37 given analysis parameters in result of which, in particular, in communicative cognition structure there have been separated the functional units, providing the socio-pragmatic, speech, language information processing at oral statement producing at the early stage of ontogenesis.
The developed notions are significant for the notion "speech" and speech production process clarification, genetic and neural physiological speech and language research organization, the society communicative culture formation and development speech practices organization, for children' development practice with psychic and psycho-social development disorders, in the process offoreign languages teaching outside the natural language environment socio-cultural conditions.
Keywords: oral statement producing, infancy, statement structure, speech form (speech genre), speech form image, speech intentionality, speech pragmatic semantics, language, communicative consciousness, functional structures, multidisciplinary research.
© Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected]
*
Introduction
Statement producing process by human research remains the big scientific problem. It has been researched in various aspects during the whole XX-th century by linguists, psycholinguists of England, America, Australia, Germany, Russia and other countries in many directions and schools in neural physiology and neural psychology, anthropology, genetics.
The special role in this problem development belongs to the linguistic pragmatics, dating from philosophy of language of L. Wittgenstein (Wittgenstein,1921). In the framework of pragmatics there has been offered the linguistic signs study (from a lexeme to syntactical construction) in the communication process, developed the understanding of statement as action or description, described the speech act structure, linguistic and non-linguistic conventions (Austin, 1950, 1961, 1979; Strawson, 1950, 1959, 1971, 1974), offered the speech act typologies (Austin, 1961, 1971; Searle, Vanderveken, 1985), described the intentional states nature and their representation in speech act (Searle, 1983; Strawson, 1986), introduced the concepts of implicature as the statement understanding basis, of communicative principles and maxims as the requirements for statement producing in dialog (Grice, 1957, 1968, 1969, 1971, 1975, 1981).
These research as well as speech and language study in the traditions of the Russian linguistics, language psychology and consciousness contributed to the works intensification for communicative acts repertory identification (Goffman 1981; Gumperz 1982; Nofsinger 1991; Wierzbicka, 1987; speech genres, 1997-2012; et al.) and communication rules (Shmeleva, 1983; Goodwin, 1981; Sacks, Schegloff, Jefferson, 1974; Poyatos, 1983; Psathas, 1995; Wierzbicka, 1991; et al.), for statement intentionality problem (Arutyunova, 1999; Zaliznyak Anna, 1983; Kobozeva, 2011; Kobozeva, Laufer, 1974;
Logical analysis,... 1989; Dennett, 1987; Lyons, 1995; et al.), for the speech producing models development with account of the "contexts" and levels of the processes constituting it, however beyond the clear question posing about speech and language systems differentiation (Akhutina, 1989; Akhutina, Zasypkina, Romanova, 2012; Dobrovich, 1984; Zhinkin, 1982; Kibrik, 1983; Kobozeva, 2002; Koyt, Yim, 1985; Luriya, 1979, 2002; Narinyani, 1985); speech producing models review (cf.: Leontiev, 1969, 2003; Ushakova, Pavlova, Tseptsov, 1990); there has occurred the convergence of pragmatics and discourse-analysis and discursive paradigm formation (Boden, Zimmerman, 1991; Brown, 1995; Brown, Yule,1983; Dijk, 1977, 1981; Dijk, Kintsch, 1983; Fairclough, 1989; 1992; Franke, 1990; Fritz, 1982, 1994; Wodak, 1996 et. al.). Language communication ontogenetic research in the child's cognitive development aspects, speech act conditions and features, intentionality, statement grammar are represented in works (Bates, 1979; Bruner,1975; Clark, 1977; Greenfield, 1978; Leontiev, 1975; Negnevitskaya, Shakhnarovich, 1981; Ushakova, Barteneva, 2000; Lyakso, 2005; Sergienko, 2008; et. al.).
Speech problem in its own phenomenology, differentiation from the language forms (means) and system has become urgent in the last 30 years in connection with "speech genres" study (Bakhtin, 1979) in the Russian linguistics and speech study first of all in academic schools of T.V. Shmeleva (Krasnoyarsk, Veliky Novgorod) (Shmeleva, 1988, 1990, 1995, 1997; Osetrova, 2003; Speranskaya, 1999; Tarasenko, 1999 et al.), K.F. Sedov (Saratov) (Sedov, 1999; Dementiev, 2002; Dolinin, 1999), with some other researchers (Baranov, 2006; Bogin, 1997; Matveeva, 1995; Fedosyuk, 1997). But linguo-centric approach remains dominant in speech genres research as well: genre is defined as the standard speech form of the typified content transfer (Karasik, 1992,
p. 22); "verbal arrangement of social interaction typical situation" (Sedov, 1999, p. 15).
Speech and language systems differentiation makes it possible to reach essentially bigger exactitude of statement producing integrative process understanding, including qualitative, time and space characteristics of separate processes, its constituents. For example these are language information processing and translation, social signals identification and translation processes and many others. The complexity level increases and with traditional, llinguo-centric paradigm there increases mess as well. Thus in plenty of works, including the newest ones, terms speech and language are synonymies (refer to: Demyankov, 2000; Levontina, 2000; Shatunovsky 2001), the question about heterochronism and speech and language processes genesis is not posed. The speech producing process reconsideration from the viewpoint of speech processes contribution and language information processing processes is up- to-date.
Theoretical framework
For the developed speech concept the evolutionary-genetic approach to the speech analysis is essential making it possible to consider the human speech among the animals' vocal, communicative signals systems and to generalize these systems (Malanchuk, 2009). Ontogenetic speech analysis in this approach context makes to consider speech as inborn psychic function, which makes it possible to treat the early child's vocalizations as facts of "natural" speech ("vocal-speech" forms (Frolova, 2008)).
Speech and language differentiation dates back to the concept of F. de Saussure, with the important and almost not developed idea of "speech linguistics" (Saussure, 1916, 1922, 2006), to ideas of M.M. Bakhtin about the speech genres nature and phenomenon (Bakhtin, 1979, 2000) and modern Russian speech genres theory
in its early linguo-centrism overcoming ideas (Shmeleva, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1997), the speech genre description related to the social interaction is important for speech psychological concept construction (Demyanov, 1998; Karasik, 1992; Sedov, 1999).
For the speech forms psychic essence analysis there are significant the notions of L.M. Vekker about the psychic processes of integrative character, psychic images structure (Vekker, 2000).
The speech forms (speech genres) in their own speech-communicative phenomenology require the pronunciation aspect discussion. Here, of importance are ideas of A.M. Peshkovsky about the correlation of speech genre and statement intonation (see: Bakhtin, 1997, 244245); G. Dore about the formation in speech ontogenesis pre-verbal period of the "prosodic envelope" in the phonological samples imitative assimilation process (Doore, 1975). The close are the two-channel model of V.P. Morozov (Morozov, 2003) and intonation model as multi-parameter combinatory system (Kodzasov, 1996).
The significant for our concept "speech vs. language" confirmation and indirectly for speech generation processes analysis are neural physiological data about mismatch of human perception of the statement syntactical and prosodic constructions (Steinhauer, Alter, Friederici, 1999).
Statement of the problem
The speech psychology fundamental theoretical issue is speech forms and language means differentiation, first of all in their psychic essence aspect: it is necessary to analyse speech form image content and structure in human psychic space. The speech research built on this basis (in our case - child's speech) with speech forms parameters analysis, related to socio-pragmatic, speech, language aspects makes it possible to
reconstruct the communicative consciousness functional structures, more or less specialized at statement producing. Perhaps, empirically our theoretical postulate will be proved about the necessity of speech systems distinction and language as the specific sign systems.
Methods
Theoretical analysis, synthesis, generalization have been applied by us earlier in relation to speech phenomenon data, known speech and language concepts, linguo-centric approach to the statement analysis (Malanchuk, 2007, 2009). The statement segmentation procedure was applied to the infant speech material for segments identification as speech genres. Speech genres identification during the analysis was done by expert estimation method. Speech forms database (speech genres) made up more than 7268 units, the analysis was done by 37 parameters (see below). The received data underwent cluster analysis (single link method; full link method).
Discussion
The developed by us speech concept as system and psychic process includes the following ideas:
Speech is the specific system of the human ordered vocal signals, made up of such units as vocalization (from natural infantile to the acquired socio-cultural forms), verbal statements vocal (prosodic) structures independently on their complexity degree, as well as 0-speech -semantically and communicatively significant silence forms. These are "speech signs" constituted by sound pronunciation pitch, intensity and temporal features. In case of verbal statement the multi-parameter prosodic system affects the statement interpretation from the viewpoint of the partners' social relations. Thus, we confirm the initially extra-lingual, but sign speech character
as the aggregate of speech ("vocal-speech") units and the inborn speech character.
The term "speech genre" (about the limitation of the notions "speech genre" and "speech act", see: Kozhina, 1999; Malanchuk, 1995; Fedosyuk, 1997), used in the modern Russian genres science, may be accepted as then term reflecting speech forms structural-semantic differentiation from the oral every-day statements up to the written literary ones. The communicative consciousness has the "natural habit" to differentiate the speech forms, as we suppose, by prosody as the genetically initial genre forming factor and in the language use process identifies them with the language nomination aid, e.g. demand, request, advice, gratitude, etc.
We should distinguish the psychic processes - "speech" and "language": speech is the specific psychic process, which operand and result is the speech form image. The speech genre has the speech form image as its psychic correlate the complexly structured psychic construction, where there are integrated audio (vocal) content, including its emotional component as derivative from pitch movement character; the interlocutors' socio-communicative interaction visual image, including face emotional expression characteristics, visual contact, space behavior, the partners' intentional states images; tactile interaction image (that in early ontogenesis may make up the essential part of speech image content); potentially - the statement language content image. All speech form image components are of dynamical character, that is the integral speech form image implicitly includes the images of the preceding and following situations, developing the complexity level, important for communication control (see.: Malanchuk, 2009).
A statement has the speech-genre segmentation what is important for intentional complexes analysis of speech units motivators, speech genres syntagmatic relations identification
in discourses of various types, the rules studying of speech and language structures integration.
On the basis of these ideas we conducted the speech genres empirical research in infancy dynamics (1—7,5 years). The analysis has been done in relation to the statement segments identified as these or those speech genres (7268 units). There have been set 37 analysis parameters: age (on the diagrams below ВОЗРАСТ (age); hereinafter in the brackets there have been pointed out the parameters designations on diagrams); sex (ПОЛ); the speaker's communicative status (КОМ_СТАТ); the addressee social role (АДРЕСАТ (addressee)); is actualized in 16 positions, identified in children's texts: Child, Mother, Father, Grandmother, Grandfather, Governor, Other adults, <speaking > to oneself (self- communication), Toy, Animal, others); pragmatic situation type in interaction aspect of author and addressee of a certain type-specific/potential and others. (ПРАГМ_СИТ) (pragmatic situation); social interaction form (natural communication/ play; СИТУАЦИЯ (SITUATION)); speech genre (ЖАНР); genre types 1, 2 and 3 (imperative /informative / evaluative / performative / expressive; responsive / initiative; direct / indirect - designations on the diagram.: ТИП_Ж1, ТИП_Ж2, ТИП_Ж3); the communicative related needs types (11 identified by us needs types from children's texts. Designated by symbols П1-П11, their content is explained further at interacting speech motivators analysis, full list of needs see: [Malanchuk, 2007, 2009]); reflection types: automatism / automatism absence at statement actualization (R0); language reflection (phonetic, lexical, word-building, syntactical, grammatical - R1-R5 correspondingly); speech reflection (identified availability / absence of speech reflection in relation to the speech strategy, apprehension of speech form and speech communicative rules usage features - R6-R8); content reflection
transferred by verbal means (R9); verbal text linkage levels - pragmatic, communicative, semantic, as well as the features («mistakes») of the linkage (CB£3_Offl1 - CB£3_Offl3); finally "mistakes - language, speech, logic (content mistakes) as compared with the speech -language norm C33bIK_Offl, PE^_Offl, CO£_Offl). Thus there has been described the speech intentional content, the speech interaction and speech form social-psychological reality, speech and language reflection.
The cluster analysis by single link method or the nearest neighbor, undertaken by us in relation to the whole data bulk (see Fig. 1), shows that one of the clusters is made up - with the increasing link distance in it by parameters, reflecting the statement pragmatic semantic constituent: and namely: genre type 2 (initiative/ responsive statement), genre type 3 (direct/ indirect), situation (natural communication or play), pragmatic situation (identified by us through the addressee type, as well as the need 9 (to express the own state, thought), the speaker communicative status (in comparison with the addressee high or low), and finally the speaker sex. This, to our mind, means that at the statement producing these integral communicative speech situation factors, most probably determine the following statement unfolding program (from 0-speech forms, vocalizations to the complex verbal statements structure) and predetermine the actualized statement correlation with them. This proves the fact that by the given type analysis results, all reflection kinds are "drawn up" to the second cluster, represented by parameters R0-R9 and ni-n8, ni0-ni1, as well as parameters of "errors", characterizing the speech-language actualization features from the statement adequacy viewpoint to the pragmatic situation conditions and characteristics as well as the expressed content (intention in the broadest sense of the word and not only intention in relation to
the communication partner, which is expressed first of all by means and certain characteristics of speech).
Most probably related to n9 data (the need to express oneself, the own state) composing the other cluster, mean that social entity existence or quasi-social object as the potential statement addressee turns on the speech mechanism as, in the first turn, the opportunity to express oneself at the specific intention formation directed at the other. This proves our theoretical postulate: the expressive speech is actualized in the situation of the other presence in space, subjectively defined as communicative one. One may suppose that the certain genres types actualize the first initiative or responsive as well as direct or indirect, characterizing the partners' communicative roles reality, their "psychological weight" in speech interaction arrangement.
The received results show as well that the two discussed clusters are unitedby the addresseefactor important for potential statement actualization as the specific person or specific object and further by the factor "genre type 1" (with its potential to actualize the specific "corrected" speaker's intention to the addressee). This can mean that's these two parameters that are statement characteristics and structure integrators, urgent at the stage preceding sound producing motor action and the statement motor actualization generalized factors when the statement may be qualified as the specific speech genre. The latter is reflected in dendrogram structure: parameter "genre" reflecting the statement genre specifics not already from view point of its adherence to this or that type but in the delicately differentiated genre semantics unites, alongside with the age parameter, all consequently emerged clusters.
The above said makes it possible to suppose that the plentitude of the hierarchically arranged senses of the potential statement "fill" or arrange the speech-genre statement form - in its specific
content correlated to the author's general intention (of imperative, evaluative, informative, performative, affective - expressive character). That's why the important, related to the article topic is that such statement parameters reveal the close link as n8 (the need to change the situation, attracting the speech partner, including changing the interaction character with partner), ni (need in the social creature), R9 (the expressed statement reflection), R8 (speech reflection on the subject of the communicative rules), parameter n3 (need in positioning), forming a group with R6 (speech strategy reflection) and through n2 (need in attention) and ni0 (need in cooperation)- with the pragmatic-semantic cluster. Thus the speech situation factors reveal close link, determining 1) speech actualization opportunity 2) with specific communicative intention. Let's note here, that speech strategy both theoretically and empirically correlate to speech genre notion and phenomenon, and reflection emergence on the subject of speech strategy (both specific and generative means that a child estimates consequently the presented integral statement fragments from viewpoint of adequacy to his general communicative Intention).
The presented data reveal as well the typical speech structure specific link ("genre type 1") and its actualization in specific genre ("genre") with child's age (see Fig. 1).
Cluster analysis by complete linkage or the remote neighbor method (see Fig. 2) gives very important results, proving the above said: one ofthe clusters is also made up of the statement minimal fragments pragmatic-semantic characteristics (primary speech genres in our treatment)- genres types 2, 3 (initiative/responsive and direct/indirect genres correspondingly), situation (natural communication/play), pragmatic situation (set by addressee type), which reveal the close link with n9 (the need to express the state, thought) and further - with subgroup sex - speaker's
Tree Diagram for 37 Variables Single Linkage Percent disagreement
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Fig. 1. Data bulk cluster analysis dendrogram by single linkage method
Tree Diagram for 37 Variables Complete Linkage Percent disagreement
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Fig. 2. Data bulk cluster analysis dendrogram by complete linkage method
communicative status in relation to the addressee. The given cluster is formed by the named factors link with the addressee factor (a specific addressee is meant) and genre type 1 (imperative/ informative/evaluative, etc.). Thus, if we discuss the statement producing and the speech act motor part in their basis there lie the potential author and the potential addressee interaction factors in their characteristics, the potential author's need to express his state, thoughts as well as speech forms choice in their typical characteristics, making it possible for a child to make the primary speech form rough "guess" to pragmatic situation characteristics
The described cluster close link is fixed with such statement characteristics as genre and age. The less close link "pragmatic-semantic cluster"-genre - age is revealed with other complexly arranged cluster. It is made up by a number of subgroups: R1 (phonetic reflection) - R5 (grammatical reflection) - R7 (genre reflection -statement form) - communication error 1 (con-situation - text link) - content error - R0 (statement actualization automatism or its breach fact) - R3 (word-building reflection). This group is linked through speech error with nil (need in identification) - n5 (need in material object) and further through communication error 2 (communicative mistake) - with subgroup n6 (the need to prevent the potential damage) - n7 (need to change its emotional state);
1. the linked between each other subgroups are made up by factors R2 - R4 (lexical and syntactical reflections correspondingly) and language error - communication error 3 (semantic), by which means the subgroup 1 is connected with ni (need in social creature) -n4 (need in information) and further with R9 (content reflection);
2. group n3 (need in positioning) - R6 (speech strategy reflection) by means of link with n8 (need to change situation including the
communicative one) and n2 (need in attention) is connected with cluster, made up by subgroups 1 and 2;
3. cluster formation is completed by subgroup ni0 (need in cooperation) - R8 (communicative rules reflection); its link with subgroups 3 and 1-2 presets the cluster link with the pragmatic-semantic cluster as well as with genre and age.
Conclusion
Cluster analysis results give the opportunity to discuss in structure of factors (and processes) of speech generationseveral groups: 1) characterizing the pragmatic situation as demanding speech link between the potential author and addressee and interaction types corresponding to it (on the speech level - speech genres types), when the statement starts to be simulated in the most general, basic characteristics of deep order; 2) reflecting the author's speech reflection on the subject of these or those needs expression, 3) reflecting the the speech reflection from viewpoint of the used speech strategies efficiency and communicative rules and connected in particular with the language means use; herewith the statement multi-aspect content reflection R9 and communicative rules correspondence or their breach reflection R8 predetermine the link of cluster 2 with cluster 1, formed by genre semantic parameters. So, the data obtained prove the existence of several functional blocks in the communicative consciousness structure, ensuring the pragmatic speech information processing and in differentiation from it and in integrative links with it, of speech order information. That is the pragmatic situation in its structure, the social communication intentional basis, speech, language are in the communicative consciousness various, but integrated and integrating systems.
The presented data make it possible to intensify both theoretical and applied research
in the area of psychology and neural physiology of speech. In particular the following problem is actualized: human speech system dynamics in ontogenesis; language and "object" thinking/ consciousness vs. speech and social thinking, their integrated constructions, including in the age aspect; the link and speech mutually conditioned development content and other psychic functions in human ontogenesis; speech forms in the aspect
of speech-communicative age and cultural norm; speech generation / perception dynamic model construction with "speech", "speech form" components differentiation in the row "speech-language" and "speech competence" in the row "social-communicative-language competences"; neural physiological and neural sets speech information processing models in the speech producing and perception processes.
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Функциональные структуры коммуникативного сознания в детском возрасте: обработка социопрагматической, речевой и языковой информации
при продуцировании устного высказывания
И.Г. Маланчук
Красноярский государственный педагогический университет им. В.П. Астафьева Россия 660049, Красноярск, ул. Ады Лебедевой, 89
Традиционной проблемой психологии, лингвистики, психолингвистики является процесс производства высказывания. Обсуждения этой проблемы ведутся, как правило, с точки зрения обработки человеком - потенциальным говорящим - языковой информации; влияния прагматических условий на вербальное оформление высказывания; голосовой репрезентации психологических, психофизических, социальных характеристик говорящего; акцентируется психофизиологический аспект процесса говорения. Однако до сих пор в науке не выработано четкого представления о дифференциации систем речи и языка, возможностях их взаимной интеграции - основополагающем знании в отношении процесса порождения высказывания. Существенный вклад в разработку проблемы сделан во второй половине XX века в рамках лингвистической прагматики, теориях речевых актов и речевых жанров, а также отдельными нейроисследованиями.
В статье представлена и эмпирически подтверждена авторская концепция дифференциации речи и языка, описано психологическое содержание формы речи как коммуникативного средства, являющегося интегратором коммуникативно значимой информации: интенциональных комплексов и целей говорящего, социальных условий реализации речи, структуры социального представления, включающей образы автора и адресата, эмоциональность коммуникантов. Обсуждаются результаты мультидисциплинарного исследования детской речи, проведенного на основе анализа 7268 речевых единиц по 37 заданным параметрам анализа, в результате которого, в частности, в структуре коммуникативного сознания, выделены функциональные блоки, обеспечивающие обработку социопрагматической, речевой, языковой информации при продуцировании устного высказывания уже на раннем этапе онтогенеза.
Выработанные представления значимы для уточнения понятия «речь» и процесса речепроизводства, организации генетических и нейрофизиологических исследований речи и языка, организации речевых практик формирования и развития коммуникативной культуры общества, для практики развития детей, имеющих нарушения в психическом и психосоциальном развитии, в процессе обучения иностранным языкам вне социокультурных условий естественной языковой среды.
Ключевые слова: производство устного высказывания, детский возраст, структура высказывания, форма речи (речевой жанр), образ формы речи, интенциональность речи, прагмасемантика речи, язык, коммуникативное сознание, функциональные структуры, мультидисциплинарное исследование.
