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CHEMICAL SCIENCES
Arzu Sattar gizi Mammadova Sumgayit State University under Sumgayit State Technical College Chemistry teacher DOI: 10.24412/2520-6990-2023-29188-25-28 ORGANIC SILICON COMPOUNDS CARBOHYDROGENS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
Summary:
Widespread in natural ecosystems. The hydrocarbon oxidizingproperty is based on enzymes from the oxidase group. Thus, microorganisms play a key role in the process of microbial decomposition of hydrocarbons. These microorganisms use oil and oil products as a source of carbon and energy. Such microorganisms are found mainly in aerobic form and are called "hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms".
Keywords: carbon, hydrogen, aerobic, hydrocarbon, atom, microorganism, oxidase, halogen, hydrocarbyl, derivative, molecule, silicon, silicon, amorphous, crystal.
The place of silicon in the Periodic Table is D.I. Mendeleev. The structure of the silicon atom
Silicon is in the third period of the Periodic Table. The electronic configuration of the silicon atom in the unexcited state exhibits the oxidation state of silicon in compounds. There is amorphous and crystalline silicon. Amorphous silicon is a brown powder, insoluble in water. Crystalline silicon, like metals, has a metallic luster. Crystalline silicon has the structure of diamond, but is lower in hardness. High-purity silicon crystals are practically non-conductive. Silicon has semiconducting properties, which makes it widely used in industry. The reactivity of crystalline silicon is significantly lower than that of amorphous silicon.
Silicon is the second most abundant element on Earth after oxygen. Silicon is not found in free form and only exists as compounds. Chemically, the most stable silicon compound is called silicon oxide (silicon oxide). Silicon is found in nature mainly in the form of sand and minerals: quartz, rock crystal. Silicon is the basis of many semi-precious stones (agate, amethyst, jasper, etc.) and rock-forming minerals - silicates and alumi-nosilicates (feldspars, clays, mica and etc.) is included. Silicon is low in most organisms, but can accumulate in some marine organisms, such as diatoms, diatoms, and radiolaria. Silicon is obtained by reducing silicon with magnesium or carbon (coke): Pure silicon is obtained by reducing silicon tetrachloride with hydrogen: Chemical properties of silicon Silicon is chemically inactive. It can exhibit both oxidizing and reducing properties in reactions, but its reducing properties are more prominent. Under normal conditions, silicon is quite inert, at room temperature it only interacts directly with fluorine. It only reacts with chlorine when heated. Soil silicon reacts with oxygen when heated to form silicon oxide. At very high temperatures, silicon reacts with carbon to form silicon carbide called carborundum. Carborundum has a diamond-like structure with alternate and atoms. Carborundum is characterized by high hardness, high melting point () and exceptional chemical resistance. At temperatures around silicon, it reacts with nitrogen to form silicon nitride. Silicon does not interact directly with
hydrogen. Silicon is oxidized to silicon oxide by removing hydrogen from the superheated steam Silicon is resistant to acids, reacts only with hydrogen fluoride, as well as with a mixture of hydrofluoric and nitric acids. Silicon reacts strongly with alkalis, releasing hydrogen and forming silicate. The oxidizing properties of silicon are less characteristic, but they manifest themselves in reactions with metals and form silicides. Silicon is mainly used for the production of semiconductor devices, including solar cells, the production of alloys and the reduction of metals from oxides.
Silicon is in the third period-group of the Periodic Table. Electronic configuration of a silicon atom in an unexcited state. In compounds, silicon exhibits an oxidation state. Silicon is the second most abundant element on Earth after oxygen. Silicon is not found in free form, but only in compounds. Silicon is chemically inactive. In reactions, it can exhibit both oxidizing and reducing properties, its reducing properties are more prominent. One of the organic compounds is hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons are divided into two:
1. Saturated hydrocarbons
2. Unsaturated hydrocarbons
When there are only single bonds between carbon atoms, they are called saturated hydrocarbons, and when there are one or more double or triple bonds, they are called unsaturated hydrocarbons. These compounds differ according to the ratio of carbon and hydrogen atoms in their composition. Hydrocarbons with one hydrogen atom removed are called Hydrocarbyls. Aromatic hydrocarbons, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cyclo-alkanes, etc. are different classes of hydrocarbons. Most of the hydrocarbons found naturally in the earth are found in crude oil. In which the organic compounds broken down here produce an abundance of carbon and hydrogen which, when combined, can form chains thought to be of infinite length.
Halogen derivatives
These are the compounds obtained when one or more hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule are replaced by halogens.
Types of halogen derivatives
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According to the number of halogen atoms in the molecule;
1. Bihalogen compounds
2. Dihalogen compounds
3. There may be trihalogen compounds.
Groups can be divided into 2 groups according to
radicals:
1. Halogenated derivatives of saturated hydrocarbons
2. Halogenated derivatives of unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Monohalogen derivatives of saturated hydrocarbons
If one hydrogen in the molecule of saturated hydrocarbons is replaced by a halogen (chlorine, bromine, iodine, fluorine) atom, monohalogen compounds can be obtained: chlorides, bromides or iodides. If one hydrogen CH4 in methane is replaced by one chlorine, methyl chloride or chlorine methane CH3Cl is obtained.
Dihalogen derivatives of saturated hydrocarbons
The simplest representative of these is CH2Cl2 di-chloromethane or methyl chloride obtained by replacing two hydrogens in methane with two halogens.
Depending on the location ofhalogens next to carbons, dihalogen compounds can be of several types: compounds with halogens next to one carbon are called hemdihalides, compounds located on adjacent carbons are called a-dihalides, compounds with halogens located on distant carbons are called p, y, and also dihal-ides.
Inhibitor against oxidation of hydrocarbons
It contains sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and carbon and has a combined inhibitory effect.
Properties
The compound 1-(3'-thietanyl)-3-benzylthiocar-bamide shows high inhibitory properties at very low concentrations with cumyl hydroperoxide. Such high inhibitory properties of the antioxidant can be explained by the coexistence of thietanil and thiourea fragments and, in particular, by the combination of the hydroperoxide proton in the complex It is this factor that dramatically increases the antioxidant properties of the obtained inhibitor.
Acquisition
According to its chemical structure and efficiency, the closest to the synthesized compound is -1-(3'-thietanyl)-3-benzylthiourea, an antioxidant of petroleum products obtained from the interaction of 3-thia-tanyl isothiocyanate with benzylamine in ethyl alcohol. The complex of 1-(3'-thietanyl)-3-benzylthiourea with cumyl hydroperoxide is prepared by the method known in organic chemistry [2] by adding a small amount of cumyl hydroperoxide to 1-(3'-thietanyl)-3-benzylthio-urea and keeping the resulting mixture at room temperature for a day is taken. The obtained complex is a white crystalline substance, soluble in acetone, chloro-benzene, toluene, as well as in lubricants and fuels.
Application
The obtained complex of 1-(3'-thietanyl)-3-ben-zylthiourea with cumyl hydroperoxide is a highly effective oxidation inhibitor and can be used in hydrocarbons, as well as lubricants and fuels.
Hydrocarbon oxidizing microorganisms
Widespread in natural ecosystems. The hydrocarbon oxidizing property is based on enzymes from the oxidase group. Thus, microorganisms play a key role in the process of microbial decomposition of hydrocarbons. These microorganisms use oil and oil products as a source of carbon and energy. Such microorganisms are found mainly in aerobic form and are called "hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms". Hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms are a part of the system of het-erotrophic organisms and exist in both polluted and clean ecosystems. Hydrocarbon oxidizing enzymes differ from other heterotrophic microorganisms. These enzymes are involved in the oxidation of hydrocarbons and the oxidation of hydrophobic substrates. Contamination of the biocenosis with oil and oil products creates an additional source of hydrocarbons for the ecosystem, which creates the basis for the development of the above bacteria. Therefore, the amount of hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria in permanently polluted ecosystems is higher than in a clean ecosystem Thus, there is no relationship between the number of hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria and the amount of hydrocarbons in the environment. The taxonomic composition of aquatic hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria is very diverse, with 28 species of bacteria and 14 species of fungi described. The composition of hydrocarbon-oxidizing microflora mainly includes: Generp Aspergillus, Penicil-lum, Gunninghamella, Cladosporum [3, 4], genera Candida, Rhodotorula, Trichosporom, Filamentous fungi, hydrocarbon-oxidizing microflora includes Rho-dococcus, Nocardia, Corynebacterium, Frankia, Nocar-diopsis, Brevibacterium, Actinomadura, Mycobacte-rium, Pseudonocardi, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter. Hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms in soils are mainly bacteria and fungi. There are 22 species of bacteria, 19 species ofyeast, and 24 species ofmicroscopic mycelial fungi. Typical inhabitants of the soil are the following species: Pseudomonas, Arthrobacter, Mycobacterium, Brevibacterium, Rhodococcus, Bacillus, Nocardia, Achromobacter, Micrococcus, Klebsiella, Enterobacteriaceae, Mycobacterium, Beierinckia, Al-caligenes, Corynebacterium, Xanthomonas, etc. It is known that the composition of hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria, which dominate biocenoses, depends on the nature of oil products. Thus, T.V. Coronelli notes that dominant species belonging to genera such as Rhodo-coccus, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Arthrobacter are characteristic ofpolluted ecosystems. In chronically polluted ecosystems, Roxococcus is virtually dominant, and the remaining species occupy a secondary position.
Solid hydrocarbons are paraffin, ceresin, petroleum jelly and waxes.
Production process of paraffins
The process of production of paraffins consists of deoiling of runoff ("runoff' is a heterogeneous crystalline mass, a by-product ofthe deparaffinization process of distillate petroleum oils) and is a process analogous to the deparaffinization process of petroleum oils. For a more perfect cleaning of the oil, they add a higher amount of ketone aromatic solvents to the raw material.
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To obtain commodity paraffins, they apply a contact refining process (currently rarely used) using bleaching clays, and a hydrorefining process that improves the color of the product, as well as drastically reduces the amount of unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds in the product.
The process of obtaining seres ins
The process of obtaining seresins - degreasing of petrolatums - is a process similar to the process of de-paraffinization of residual oils. Contact or hydrogen purification processes are used to purify ceresins. Vaselines are obtained by mixing mixtures of paraffin, ceresine, petrolatum and petroleum oils. The appearance of Vaseline is a product with a homogenous ointment structure, widely used in the field of medicine and veterinary medicine, as well as in industry. Waxes are products obtained from fusion of paraffin, ceresin, petrolatum and their derivatives with polymers, resins and other components.
Caustobiolites
Caustobiolites also contain mineral substances in the form of inorganic compounds. There are different opinions about the genetic classification of Causto-bio-lites. French scientist G. Potonye refers to the group of caustobiolites substances containing many combustible organic residues. It divides organic matter into sapro-pel, humus and sapropel-humus groups. Sapropel group organic substances are formed from lipids and polymer lipids of plankton and primitive plants, and humic organic substances are formed from aqueous carbon components ofhigher and primitive plants. It is known from the science of biology that the cells that make up plant and animal organisms contain particles that create organic substances. Depending on the conditions, these particles are two main types of organic substances:
they form carbohydrates and hydrocarbons. Some researchers (B. Tisso and D. Velte) show that organic substances are formed as a result of the photosynthesis process:
The process of photosynthesis
In the photosynthesis process, oxygen, water and glucose are formed as a result of the conversion of light energy into chemical energy. At the stage before the geological development of the Earth, the process of photosynthesis took place as a result of the activity of blue-green algae and bacteria. Until the Devonian period, marine phytoplankton, bacteria, benthic algae and a very small amount of zooplankton formed organic matter. During the Devonian period, another source was formed - dry plant remains collected in water bodies. Thus, it is clearly observed that the composition of organic matter is closely related to the evolution of the biosphere. During the geological development of the Earth, the rate of fossilization of organic matter (Cu) is on average 0.1%, and sometimes 4% or more in anoxic basins. 80-100 m is considered the depth where organic matter accumulates most in the seas and oceans. Cu is autogenous and allotogenic. The main source of organic matter is phytoplankton. 21 bln. t phytoplankton crop enters. Sea algae account for 50% of the formed Cu. The rate of accumulation of organic matter in the oceans is 300 g/m2 per year. Accumulation at such
speed occurs at the border of ocean and land. Accumulation rates in inland ocean areas reach 50 g/nf per year.
Allochthonous Cu is brought to the oceans mainly by river arteries and deep underground water flows. 363 mln. t brings organic matter. Up to 5% of organic matter is transported through underground water, 460 mln. t enters, 1/3 of which is collected in the shelf zone, and the rest is collected outside it. According to A.P. Lisitsyn and Y.A. Romankevich, the eolian materials brought to the oceans contain 8.7-50% Cu. In this way, 320 million tons of Cu enters the oceans annually. The amount of Cu entering the oceans from other sources is 18 mln.t.
Organic substances are unevenly distributed in the hydrosphere. Their amount depends on the climate, physical and geographical conditions, as well as the lithological composition of the sediments. The maximum amount of mercury is observed in shallow basins, lagoons, bays, harbors, closed seas, and shelf zones of the ocean. If the oxidation process takes place in the layers containing organic residues, the organic substances are decomposed and this causes the thickness of those layers to decrease. Cu accumulated in carbonate and silicate rocks formed in deep water conditions is better preserved. These types of sediments protect organic matter from dissolving. However, such protection continues to a depth of 4-5 km In deeper water layers, calcium-carbonate and Cu contained in it also dissolve and enter into the composition of waters in deep layers. The rate of sedimentation also affects the amount of organic matter. Here, a directly proportional relationship between sediment accumulation and Cu accumulation rates is observed.
According to N.B. Vassoyevich: the amount of Cu in sediments collected at a low rate (2-6 mm per 1000 years) is 0.01%, in sediments collected at an average rate (20-130 mm per 1000 years) the amount of Cu is 0.1-2%, at a high rate (660-1400 mm in 1000 years) and the amount of Cu in the sediments is 11-18%. Therefore, the retention rate of Cu in sediments increases as the rate of sedimentation increases. However, this ratio is not constant, so if the speed of sediment accumulation is greater (more than 1400-1500 mm), then the concentration of organic matter collected in the sediments decreases. This situation is related to the ability of the sediment accumulation basin to generate organic matter. Storage of organic matter is also affected by their long stay in water and lithological composition of sediments.
Sludges containing a lot of organic matter are called sapropel (sapropel is a Greek word that means "rotten clay" (sludge). Sapropel-type organic matter in water bodies turns into bitumen in an oxygen-free environment. Sapropel-type materials up to bitumen form kerogen. Sapropel - refers to organic-mineral sediments in lake water bodies. The organic matter of sapropel is mainly a decomposition product of the remains of living and plant life living in the basin in an oxygen-free environment. Traditionally, sapropel, humus and sap-ropel-humus type organic substances are selected from the time of G. Potonye. They differ according to their
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chemical composition and initial conditions of formation. Sapropel-type organic matter is formed from up to 10% hydrogen-enriched lipoid and polymerlipoid components of plankton and simple plants. Lipoids are a component of lipids. The latter are sometimes divided into fats and fatty substances, that is, lipoids. Lipoid refers to various compounds (waxes, terpenes, sterols, phosphatites, etc.) that differ in their fat-like structure, nature, and biological functions. The average amount of lipids in living matter is up to 10% of their mass, in some simple organisms (some algae, zooplankton) the amount of lipids can be up to 20%. Carbonic acids included in the composition of lipids are considered as the primary form of dispersed organic matter in the form of fossils. Most of the lipids in modern sediments are soluble in non-polar solvents (hydrocarbons, chloroform, ether, etc.). In the process of diagenesis, lipids are almost completely transformed into an insoluble component that constitutes the main mass of kerogen (polymeric lipids). According to modern concepts, the formation of liquid hydrocarbons during the catagenesis process mainly occurs due to the lipid component of kerogen. Sapropel-type organic matter collected during accumulation in the basins undergoes a partial compositional change in the stages of syngenesis and diagenesis. They mature and have the ability to produce oil and gas. Such organic substances of sapropel origin are also called kerogen. As the depth increases, the amount of kerogen in the parent material capable of generating
oil and gas increases. Kerogen consists of alkane and isoprenoid chain compounds. Kerogen is the main component of organic matter during the catagenesis stage, generating large amounts of liquid hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons and their products are called bitumen compounds. Bitumens are substances of organic origin consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons and their derivatives formed under different conditions. In other words, the part separated from organic substances by organic solvents is called bitumen. Bitumens are widespread in nature and include all types of caustobiolites, from oil and their derivatives to natural combustible gases. One of the main characteristics of bitumens (unlike humus) is their solubility in organic solvents. Bitumen includes tar compounds (20-30%), asphaltic compounds (6070%) and a small amount of petroleum-grade liquid hydrocarbons.
Reference list
1. M. Movsumzadeh, P. Gurbanov "Organic chemistry", Maarif-1983.
2. Patent (Azerbaijan) 2003 02 21, 21 12.2000. Farzaliyev V.M., Allahverdiyev M.A. and b.
3. V. M. Kapustin, B. P. Tonkonogov, I. G. Fuks. Oil refining technology. Часть 3. Production of petroleum lubricants. //"Chemistry" 2014 328 p.
4. General workshop on organic chemistry. M., 1965, ed. "Mir".
