CC BY
56
ISSN 2307-9266 e-ISSN 2413-2241
PHARMACY& PHARMACOLOGY
OPTIMIZATION OF THE METHOD FOR OBTAINING NANOCAPSULES, DEVELOPMENT OF THE METHODS OF DETERMINING THE DEGREE OF CINNARIZINE INCLUSION IN A PROLONGED DOSAGE FORM BASED ON POLY-D, L-LACTID-CO-GLICOLIDE, AND ITS VALIDATION
Maria V. Sorokoumova, Natal'ya V. Blagorazumnaya, Vladislav A. Kompantsev, Larisa I. Shcherbakova, Nadezhda S. Zyablitseva, Yulia G. Medvetskaya, Tatiana M. Vasina, Kirill A. Miroshnichenko
Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute - branch of Volgograd State Medical University 11, Kalinin ave., Pyatigorsk, Russia, 357532
E-mail: [email protected]
Received 26.01.2019 Review 1 29.03.2019 Review 2 15.05.2019 Accepted for publication: 10.06.2019
Common pathologies of the cardiovascular system are cerebrovascular disorders, for which cinnarizine is prescribed. An innovative, prolonged nanocapsule dosage form based on poly-D, L-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) has been developed. The aim of the research was improvement of the technology and development of the methods for determining the level of cinnarizine inclusion in nanocapsules. The research problem consisted of a great number of drug encapsulation peculiarities, as well as various physicochemical properties of the substances that cannot be taken into account in the existing methods of determination.
Materials and methods. In the study, the following substances were used: cinnarizine, PLGA (50:50), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The remaining reagents and solvents fitted into the category of chemically pure. For development of the methods for quantitative determination of cinnarizine and its validation, a spectrophotometric method of analysis was used. Model mixtures used as objects of the study, had been prepared. Validation assessment of the methods was carried out upon such indicators as specificity, linearity, detection limit, repeatability, reproducibility.
Results. Methods for spectrophotometric determination of the degree of cinnarizine inclusion has been developed. It has been established that encapsulation reaches 63.74%. Validation testing methods has been carried out. The results of such tests as specificity, linearity, detection limit, repeatability, reproducibility correspond to the safe range of values regulated by Product specification file. Due to the impossibility of determining the degree of cinnarizine inclusion on the basis of standard methods of preparation, the technology of producing nanocapsules has been adjusted.
Conclusion. The technology has been optimized and new techniques have been developed. Taking into account the characteristics of production and the physicochemical properties of the components, they make a reliable analysis of the degree of cinnarizine inclusion in nanocapsules possible. The relative error of the developed methods of determination does not exceed ± 2.67%. Based on the results of the validation assessment, this methods is valid for all indicators. Keywords: cinnarizine, poly-D,L-lactide-co-glycolide, microparticles, degree of incorporation, UV spectrometry
For citation: M.V. Sorokoumova, N.V. Blagorazumnaya, V.A. Kompantsev, L.I. Shcherbakova, N.S. Zyablitseva, Y.G. Medvetskaya, T.M. Vasina, K.A. Miroshnichenko. Optimization of the method for obtaining nanocapsules, development of the methods of determining the degree of cinnarizine inclusion in a prolonged dosage form based on poly-d, l-lactid-co-glicolide, and its validation. Pharmacy & Pharmacology. 2019;7(3): 138-147. DOI: 10.19163/2307-9266-2019-7-3-138-147
© М.В. Сорокоумова, Н.В. Благоразумная, В.А. Компанцев, Л.И. Щербакова, Н.С. Зяблицева, Ю.Г. Медвецкая, Т.М. Васина, К.А. Мирошниченко, 2019
Для цитирования: М.В. Сорокоумова, Н.В. Благоразумная, В.А. Компанцев, Л.И. Щербакова, Н.С. Зяблицева, Ю.Г. Медвецкая, Т.М. Васина, К.А. Мирошниченко. Оптимизация способа получения нанокапсул, разработка методики определения степени включения циннари-зина в пролонгированную лекарственную форму на основе поли^,1-лактид-ко-гликолида и ее валидация. Фармация и фармакология. 2019;7(3): 138-147. DOI: 10.19163/2307-9266-2019-7-3-138-147
ФАРМАЦИЯ И ФАРМАКОЛОГИЯ
ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ СПОСОБА ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ НАНОКАПСУЛ, РАЗРАБОТКА МЕТОДИКИ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ СТЕПЕНИ ВКЛЮЧЕНИЯ ЦИННАРИЗИНА В ПРОЛОНГИРОВАННУЮ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННУЮ ФОРМУНА ОСНОВЕ ПОЛИ-й^-ЛАКТИД-КО-ГЛИКОЛИДА И ЕЕ ВАЛИДАЦИЯ
М.В. Сорокоумова, Н.В. Благоразумная, В.А. Компанцев, Л.И. Щербакова, Н.С. Зяблицева, Ю.Г. Медвецкая, Т.М. Васина, К. А. Мирошниченко
Пятигорский медико-фармацевтический институт -
филиал ФГБОУ ВО Волгоградский государственный медицинский университет Минздрава России 357532, Россия, Ставропольский край, г. Пятигорск, пр. Калинина, 11.
Е-таМ: [email protected] Получено 26.01.2019 Рецензия 1 29.03.2019 Рецензия 2 15.05.2019 Принята к печати 10.06.2019
Распространенными патологиями сердечно-сосудистой системы являются цереброваскулярные расстройства, для лечения которых назначают препарат циннаризин. Разработана инновационная пролонгированная лекарственная форма в виде нанокапсул на основе поли^^-лактид-ко-гликолид (PLGA).
Целью исследования явилось совершенствование технологии и разработка методики определения уровня включения циннаризина в нанокапсулы. Исследовательская проблема заключалась в наличии множества особенностей инкапсулирования препарата, а также различных физико-химических свойств веществ, которые невозможно учесть в имеющихся методиках определения.
Материалы и методы. В ходе исследования были использованы субстанция циннаризина, PLGA (50:50), поливиниловый спирт (ПВС). Остальные реактивы и растворители соответствовали категории х.ч. Для разработки методики количественного определения циннаризина и ее валидации, использован спектрофотометрический метод анализа. Были приготовлены модельные смеси, которые использовались как объекты исследования. Валидационную оценку методики проводили по таким показателям, как специфичность, линейность, предел обнаружения, повторяемость, воспроизводимость.
Результаты. Разработана методика спектрофотометрического определения степени включения циннаризина. Установлено, что инкапсуляция составляет 63,74%. Осуществлено валидационное тестирование методики. Результаты таких испытаний, как специфичность, линейность, предел обнаружения, повторяемость, воспроизводимость соответствуют допустимому интервалу значений, регламентированных нормативной документацией. Скорректирована технология получения нанокапсул, в связи с невозможностью определения степени включения циннаризина при использовании стандартной методики получения.
Заключение. Оптимизирована технология и разработана методика, позволяющая провести достоверный анализ степени включения циннаризина в нанокапсулы, с учетом особенностей производства и физико-химических свойств компонентов. Относительная погрешность разработанной методики определения не превышает ±2,67%. Исходя из результатов валидационой оценки, по всем показателям методика валидна.
Ключевые слова: циннаризин, поли^^-лактид-ко-гликолид, микрочастицы, степень включения, УФ-спектрометрия
INTRODUCTION
In cerebrovascular disorders, progressive neuronal damage is observed, followed by their apoptosis due to metabolic disorders, nutritional deficiencies and oxygen. These are hemorrhagic and ischemic kinds of stroke, encephalopathy, migraine, dementia, cognitive impairment. One of the leading pathogenetic factors in the development of these disorders is a change in the properties of cerebral vessels under the influence of such factors as atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension, leading to impaired cerebral circulation [1-4]. The main group of drugs prescribed for this pathology, are calcium channel blockers, in particular cinnarizine, the effectiveness of which has been proven by numerous clinical studies [5]. Existing dosage forms of cinnarizine have several
disadvantages, namely: frequency of administration and adverse effects [6, 7]. The solution to leveling these undesirable factors is developing a prolonged form of cinnarizine, allowing to reduce the frequency of administration, and thus avoid abrupt changes in the concentration of the drug in the body, and hereby to maintain the concentration of the drug in the body relatively constant and therapeutically effective. Modern pharmaceutical technologies make it possible to create prolonged dosage forms of nano- and microsizes with controlled release of active substances based on polymeric carriers using the encapsulation method [8, 9]. One of the promising polymers is a copolymer of lactic and glycolic acids (50:50) - poly-D, L-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA). Nanocap-sules based on this biopolymer provide a high level of
ISSN 2307-9266 e-ISSN 2413-2241
sorption, prolonged and programmed release of drugs. The polymer is also biocompatible and biodegradable, it is metabolized in the body to endogenous compounds: lactic acid (decomposes to carbon dioxide and water) and glycolic acid (excreted unchanged). An innovative prolonged dosage form of cinnarizine in the form of micro- and nanocapsules has been developed. It is based on biodegradable polymer PLGA, supposedly capable of leveling the adverse effects of the drug.
THE AIM of the investigation was the adjustment of the standard technology, the development and validation of the methods for determining the degree of cinnarizine inclusion in the resulting microparticles, taking into account the features of encapsulation and the physicochemical properties of the compounds used in their production.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this study, the substance of cinnarizine, PLGA (50:50) and PVA have been used. The rest of the reagents and solvents fitted into the category of chemically pure.
1. Methods for determining the degree
of cinnarizine inclusion in nanocapsules
Methods 1
The object of the study was an aqueous solution of the supernatant obtained after centrifugation [10-14]. The supernatant was placed in a 100 ml volumetric flask, adjusted to the mark with purified water (solution A). Considering the solubility of cinnarizine in ethyl alcohol and the literature data on the determination of the degree of incorporation of medicinal substances in PL-GA-based microcapsules, the following methods was proposed.
The degree of cinnarizine inclusion was established spectrophotometrically [15-21]. To do this, the content of free cinnarizine, and then the content of cinnarizine included in the microparticles were determined, A 0.4 ml aliquot was taken from solution A and placed in a 10 ml volumetric flask, made up to the mark with ethyl alcohol 95% [22-24].
Methods 2
A 20 ml aliquot was taken from solution A, placed in a separatory funnel, then 5 ml of chloroform was added and extracted. The spectrum of chloroform extraction was measured in the range of 220-360 nm on an SF-56 spectrophotometer in cuvettes with a layer thickness of 1 cm; chloroform was used as a reference solution. The spectrum of a standard sample of cinnarizine in chloroform had been preliminarily measured.
The completeness of cinnarizine extraction from solution A was monitored by a repeated addition of 5 ml of chloroform to the aqueous solution obtained after the first extraction. The spectrum of the second chloroform extraction was measured in the range of 220-360 nm on an SF-56 spectrophotometer in cuvettes with a
PHARMACY& PHARMACOLOGY
layer thickness of 1 cm; chloroform was used as a reference solution.
Method 3
In this case, the object of the study was the solution of the supernatant in hydrochloric acid. The entire volume was transferred into a volumetric flask with a capacity of 50 ml, adjusted to the mark with a 0.1 M solution of hydrochloric acid. Previously, the spectrum of a standard sample of cinnarizine in a 0.1 M solution of hydrochloric acid was measured; an absorption maximum A = 0.576 at the wavelength of 253 nm was observed.
The evaluation of the degree of cinnarizine inclusion in nanocapsules was performed by measuring the absorption spectrum in the rage of 220-360 nm on an SF-56 spectrophotometer in cuvettes with a layer thickness of 1 cm; a solution of hydrochloric acid 0.1M was used as a reference solution.
2. Optimization of the method
of obtaining nanocapsules
It is known from the literature data, that cinnarizine is soluble in a 0.1 M solution of hydrochloric acid. Consequently, a study on the solubility of PLGA in a 0.1 M solution of hydrochloric acid was carried out. For this purpose, the PLGA sample was placed in 50 ml of a 0.1 M solution of hydrochloric acid. While stirring for three hours, the polymer did not dissolve, and therefore, it was proposed to change the standard technology of nanocapsules.
Standard nanocapsules technology
To obtain PLGA-based cinnarizine microparticles, the coprecipitation method was used. Precise weights of cinnarizine and PLGA were dissolved in a small volume of chloroform, and then added dropwise to the aqueous solution of PVA, using an Ultra-Turrax T-18 apparatus (IKA, Germany) for homogenization. The resulting solution containing microparticles, was centrifuged at the rotation speed of 10,000 rp/m for 20 minutes. The submicrocapsule fluid - supernatant - was decanted.
Adjusted nanocapsules technology
Precise weights of cinnarizine and PLGA were dissolved in a small volume of chloroform, and then added dropwise to a 0.1 M hydrochloric solution of PVA, using an Ultra-Turrax T-18 apparatus (IKA, FRG) for homogenization. The resulting solution containing microparticles, was centrifuged at the rotation speed of 10,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The submicrocapsule fluid - supernatant -was decanted.
3. Methods for quantitative determination
of cinnarizine in nanocapsules and its validation
3.1. Quantitative determination
Based on the data obtained in determining the level
J4-, ^ DOI: 10.19163/2307-9266-2019-7-3-138-147
ФАРМАКОЛОГИЯ
of cinnarizine inclusion in nanocapsules, for the quantitative analysis, the conditions corresponding to Method 3 were selected.
The measurements were carried out six times at the room temperature, the data were averaged.
The calculation of the content of cinnarizine in the supernatant produced, is shown by formula 1:
v _AxxCcmxW1*W2
A.„xaxl/ /1)
cm a v / /
where
Ax - optical density of the supernatant;
C - CO concentration of cinnarizine, g/ml;
cm ' 0/ '
W, W2 - volume of volumetric flasks, ml;
Acm - optical density CO cinnarizine;
a - amount of cinnarizine, g;
Va - aliquot volume, ml.
3.2 Validation of the methods of cinnarizine
quantitative determination in nanocapsules
The validation estimation of the developed methods for the quantitative determination of cinnarizine in mi-croparticles has been carried out. The developed methodology is evaluated according to the following indicators: specificity, linearity, detection limit, repeatability, reproducibility.
Determination of specificity
When testing a technique for specificity, the influence of a solvent and excipients on the optical density of a solution of a model mixture is determined.
The solvent used is a 0.1 M hydrochloric acid solution. Two solutions are prepared: the first is a solution of a model mixture of microparticles with cinnarizine, the second is a solvent and excipients.
Determination of linearity methods
The determination of the linearity of the methods of cinnarizine quantitative analysis is carried out by a spectrophotometry method. To do this, 6 parallel determinations in the weights of a model mixture of micro-particles are conducted.
Preparation of model mixtures
Samples of cinnarizine microparticles equal to 0.01 g, 0.02 g, 0.03 g, 0.04 g, 0.05 g and 0.06 g, respectively, are placed in 100 ml volumetric flasks, dissolved in a 0.1 M hydrochloric solution of chlorohydric acid, brought to the mark with the same solvent, then mixed. The optical density of the obtained solutions is measure on spectrophotometer SF-56 at the maximum absorption at the wavelength of 253 nm in a cuvette with a layer thickness of 10 mm.
Determination of the detection limit
When determining the detection limit, a model mix-
ture is prepared: 0.03 g of cinnarizine microparticles are placed in a 100 ml volumetric flask, dissolved in a 0.1 M hydrochloric acid solution and made up to the mark with the same solvent (solution A).
From solution A, model solutions were prepared with a cinnarizine concentration of 1-10-3 g/ml, 1-10"4 g/ ml, 1-10-5 g/ml. The determination was started with the solution with the highest concentration, setting the concentration at which there would be no cinnarizine absorption maximum at the wavelength of 253 nm.
Determination of convergence
The technique of convergence is characterized by such indicators as repeatability and reproducibility.
To determine convergence, a spectrophotometric method of analysis in the wavelength range of 220-360 nm was used.
Repeatability is examined on a model sample of a mixture of cinnarizine microparticles in 10 replications.
Reproducibility of the methods is estimated on five samples of model mixtures in two replications.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Using methods of determination No 1, it was found out that when ethyl alcohol is added to the aqueous solution of the supernatant, white opalescence and turbidity are observed. The reason for these phenomena is the interaction of PVA with ethyl alcohol, in connection with which this method cannot be used for the spectrophotometric determination of the degree of cinnarizine inclusion.
Using methods No 2, the quantitative content of cinnarizine (1% of the introduced cinnarizine sample) was detected in the supernatant, which is confirmed by solubility of cinnarizine in water [25].
On the basis on the obtained results it was proposed to change the standard technology of microparticles by using a hydrochloric solution of PVA instead of an aqueous solution, which would make it possible to transfer non-included cinnarizine into the solution. Then it would be possible to determine the degree of its inclusion [26, 27].
The use of methods No 3 allowed us to determine the quantitative content of cinnarizine in the hydrochloric solution of the supernatant. Accordingly, it became possible to calculate the degree of encapsulation of the drug in microparticles from the difference in concentrations.
Having made a series of determinations, the following data were obtained.
Fig. 1 shows the UV absorption spectrum of the solution of the supernatant obtained by the adjusted technology. This UV absorption spectrum coincides with the results of the previous studies.
ISSN 2307-9266 e-ISSN 2413-2241
PHARMACY& PHARMACOLOGY
wavelength., oi
I.........I *........I.........,....,.,.,,....,.,,. I.........I.........I.........I
lit , lu 114 ?10 144 fid leu 14 1(PI
Figure 1 - UV spectrum of the supernatant
According to the results of the study, the average optical density at the wavelength of 253 nm was 0.447.
The content of cinnarizine in the supernatant was calculated by formula 1.
x =0,447-0,001-50 10= 6% 0,576-0,0107-1 By differences, the degree of cinnarizine inclusion can be calculated:
100% - х = 100 - 36,26=63,74% (Tab. 1)
Table 1 - Data on the degree of encapsulation
Sample No
X
Optical density of solution
0.447
Amount of unbound cinnarizine, %
Amount of bound cinnarizine, %
36.26
63.74
Metrological data
1 0.425 34.48 65.52
2 0.482 39.10 60.90
3 0.447 36.26 63.74
4 0.450 36.51 63.49
5 0.430 34.88 65.12
6 0.448 36.34 63.66
S=1.62 Sx =0.6635 £=±2,67
Validation assessment of the methods Determination of specificity
The obtained solutions were analysed by a spectrophotometric method. Fig. 2 shows the UV spectrum of a model mixture of cinnarizine microparticles. In the rage of 230-270 nm, an absorption maximum characteristic
of the preparation is observed. Fig. 3 shows the absorption spectrum of the second solution, consisting of a solvent and excipients. It is clearly seen that the absorption in the rage of 230-270 nm is practically absent.
Judging by the obtained definition data, one can see the specificity of the developed methodology. [28]
ФАРМАЦИЯ И ФАРМАКОЛОГИЯ
i ............L.......„,1_________
j * ]
[ :l
j j 1 ... . ■■
N
1
¡1 ji
j
■•«•Uafjb, .в
Figure 2 - UV spectrum of a model mixture of microparticles
1
.................. ................. ..................
I
I
TT&Telengib. LI.
Figure 3 - UV spectrum of the solvent with excipients
Determination of linearity methods
According to the test results, a calibration graph for the dependence of the optical density value on the mixture sample was constructed; the calibration curve equation and the correlation coefficient were calculated. The graph is presented in Fig. 4.
The linearity index is characterized by a correlation
coefficient, its value was 0.998875, which meets the requirement of not less than 0.995.
The calibration curve is subject to linear dependence. The correlation coefficient meets the specified requirements ND [28]. Therefore, it can be argued that a linear dependence is observed in the concentration range of cinnarizine, in a sample of a model mixture of microparticles 0,000345-0,002%.
ISSN 2307-9266 e-ISSN 2413-2241
PHARMACY& PHARMACOLOGY
Figure 4 - Calibration graph of the dependence of cinnarizine optical density on a sample
of a model mixture of microparticles
Determination of detection limit
The data obtained during the study are reflected in Table 2. The developed method allows determining the detection limit, the concentration at which the charac-
teristic absorption for cinnarizine will not be observed at the wavelength of 253 nm. The detection limit of cinnarizine in microparticles has been established. It is 1-10-4 g/ml.
Table 2 - Data on detection limit
Concentration of cinnarizine in Optical density of solution
solution, g/ml
1-10-3 0.4980
1-10-4 0.0508
1-10-5 0.0048
Determination of convergence
Convergence is characterized by such parameters as repeatability and reproducibility of the methods.
Repeatability is estimated by the indicator - coeffi-
should not exceed 2.0% [28]. The data on repeatability of the methodology are given in Table 3.
The established coefficient of variation was 1.4%, which is within the range of acceptable values.
The test results, in terms of reproducibility, are
cient of variation, hereby its value at the request of ND shown in Table 4.
ФАРМАЦИЯ И ФАРМАКОЛОГИЯ
Table 3 - Data on repeatability of the methods
No. of measurement Optical density
Degree of variation, %_14
Table 4 - Data on the reproducibility of the methods
_First measurement series_
Sample number_1_2_3_4_5
Researcher No.1 0.502 0.500 0.503 0.498 0.496
Researcher No.2 0.504 0.503 0.505 0.499 0.502
Second measurement series
Sample number 1 2 3 4 5
Researcher No.1 0.506 0.507 0.500 0.503 0.501
Researcher No.2 0.504 0.507 0.507 0.501 0.503
The acceptability indicator was the coefficient of variation; its value, according to the requirements of ND, should not exceed 3% [28]. For 10 parallel measurements in two series, it was 0.60%, which does not go beyond the acceptable indicator of the acceptance criterion.
CONCLUSION
In the course of the research, the standard micro-particle technology based on biodegradable polymer PLGA was adjusted by using a 0.1M hydrochloric acid
solution as a solvent. A method for determining the degree of cinnarizine inclusion in microcapsules by the UV spectrophotometry method has been developed.
The content of cinnarizine in microcapsules was 63.7% of the introduced cinnarizine sample. The relative error does not exceed ±2,67%. The validation of the above-developed methods has been performed according to the following indicators: specificity, linearity, detection limit, repeatability, reproducibility. According to the test results, the data obtained can be used to judge the validity of the methods.
REFERENCES
1. Shchukin IA, Lebedeva AV, Burd SG, Fidler MS, Shikhkerimov RK, Ismailov AM, Bolotov AV, Bel-gusheva MKh. Hronicheskie cerebrovaskulyarnye zabolevaniya voprosy diagnostiki I lecheniya [Chronic cerebrovascular disease: diagnosis and treatment questions]. Consilium Medicum. 2016;18(2):85-94. Russian.
2. Smith EE, Saposnik G, Biessels GJ, Doubal FN, For-nage M, Gorelick PB, Greenberg SM, Higashida RT, Kasner SE, Seshadri S; American Heart Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology; and Council on Hypertension. Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Silent Cerebrovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American
Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2017 Feb;48(2):e44-e71. DOI: 10.1161/ STR.0000000000000116. Epub 2016 Dec 15.
3. Thrift AG, Howard G, Cadilhac DA, Howard VJ, Rothwell PM, Thayabaranathan T, Feigin VL, Nor-rving B, Donnan GA. Global stroke statistics: An update of mortality data from countries using a broad code of «cerebrovascular diseases» Int J Stroke. 2017 0ct;12(8):796-801. DOI: 10.1177/1747493017730782. Epub 2017 Sep 12.
4. Patel RAG, McMullen PW. Neuroprotection in the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2017 May - Jun;59(6):542-48. DOI: 10.1016/j. pcad.2017.04.005. Epub 2017 Apr 30.
5. Ashrafi MR, Salehi S, Malamiri RA , Heidari M , Hossei-ni SA , Samiei M , Tavasoli AR , Togha M . Efficacy and safety of cinnarizine in the prophylaxis of migraine
ISSN 2307-9266 e-ISSN 2413-2241
in children: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial. Pediatr Neurol. 2014 0ct;51(4):503-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.05.031. Epub
2014 Jun 6.
6. Sorokoumova MV., Komantsev VA., Shcherbako-va LI., Miroshnichenko, KA., Platonova, AYu.Obsh-chaya kharakteristika, primeneniye v meditsine, metody kachestvennogo i kolichestvennogo analiza tsinnarizina [General characteristics, application in medicine, methods for qualitative and quantitative analysis of cinnarizine]. Proceeding of Voronezh State University. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Pharmacy. 2017;4: 135-40. Russian.
7. Raghuvanshi S, Pathak K. Recent advances in delivery systems and therapeutics of cinnarizine: a poorly water soluble drug with absorption window in stomach. J Drug Deliv. 2014; 2014:479246. DOI: 10.1155/2014/479246. Epub 2014 Nov 13.
8. Shahba AA, Mohsin K, Alanazi FK. Novel self-na-noemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) for oral delivery of cinnarizine: design, optimization, and in-vitro assessment. AAPS PharmSciTech; 13(3):967-977. D0I:10.1208/s12249-012-9821-4
9. Nguyen TH, Hanley T, Porter CJ, Boyd BJ. Nano-structured liquid crystalline particles provide long duration sustained-release effect for a poorly water soluble drug after oral administration. J Control Release. 2011 Jul 30;153(2):180-6. DOI: 10.1016/j. jconrel.2011.03.033. Epub 2011 Apr 8.
10. Sorokoumova MV, Kompancev VA, Miroshnichenko KA. Razrabotka I issledovanie prolongirovannogo lekarstvennogo sredstva cinnarizina na osnove po-li-D-L-laktid-ko-glikolida [Development and research of prolonged drug cinnarizine based on poly-D, L-lactide-co-glycolide]. Eurasian Union of Scientists. 2017;10-1(43):75-9. Russian.
11. Verma S, Nagpal K, Singh SK, Mishra DN. Unfolding type gastroretentive film of Cinnarizine based on ethyl cellulose and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose. Int J Biol Macromol. 2014 Mar;64:347-52. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.12.030. Epub 2013 Dec 24.
12. Shahba AA, Ahmed AR, Alanazi FK, Mohsin K, Ab-del-Rahman SI. Multi-Layer Self-Nanoemulsifying Pellets: an Innovative Drug Delivery System for the Poorly Water-Soluble Drug Cinnarizine. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2018 Jul;19(5):2087-102. DOI: 10.1208/ s12249-018-0990-7. Epub 2018 Apr 25.
13. Sassene PJ, Mosgaard MD, Lobmann K, Mu H, Larsen FH, Rades T, MQllertz A. Elucidating the Molecular Interactions Occurring during Drug Precipitation of Weak Bases from Lipid-Based Formulations: A Case Study with Cinnarizine and a Long Chain Self-Na-noemulsifying Drug Delivery System. Mol Pharm.
2015 Nov 2;12(11):4067-76. DOI: 10.1021/acs.mol-pharmaceut.5b00498. Epub 2015 Sep 30.
14. Morrison JS, Nophsker MJ, Haskell RJ. A combination turbidity and supernatant microplate assay to
PHARMACY& PHARMACOLOGY
rank-order the supersaturation limits of early drug candidates. J Pharm Sci. 2014 Oct;103(10):3022-32. DOI: 10.1002/jps.24090. Epub 2014 Jul 28.
15. Ammar HO, Ghorab M, Kamel R, Salama AH. Design and optimization of gastro-retentive microballoons for enhanced bioavailability of cinnarizine. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2016 Jun;6(3):210-24. DOI: 10.1007/ s13346-016-0280-4.
16. Haress NG. Cinnarizine: Comprehensive Profile. Profiles Drug Subst Excip Relat Methodol. 2015;40:1-41. DOI: 10.1016/bs.podrm.2015.01.001. Epub 2015 Apr 1.
17. Ciftci Z, Deniz M, Yilmaz I, Ciftci HG, Sirin DY, Gultekin E. In vitro analysis of a novel controlled release system designed for intratympanic administration of N-acetylcysteine: a preliminary report. Am J Otolaryngol. 2015 Nov-Dec;36(6):786-93. DOI: 10.1016/j. amjoto.2015.08.004. Epub 2015 Aug 12.
18. Portnova S.V., Mtsariashvili M.R. Validatsiya meto-diki kolichestvennogo opredeleniya tsinnarizina v smyvakh.[ Validation of the method of quantitative determination of cinnarizine in flushes]. Bulletin of the Technological University 2016; 19(12):75-8. Russian
19. Morrison J, Nophsker M, Elzinga P, Donoso M, Park H, Haskell R. A polychromatic turbidity microplate assay to distinguish discovery stage drug molecules with beneficial precipitation properties. Int J Pharm. 2017 Oct 5;531(1):24-34. DOI: 10.1016/j. ijpharm.2017.07.086. Epub 2017 Aug 7.
20. Abdelrahman MM. Simultaneous determination of Cinnarizine and Domperidone by area under curve and dual wavelength spectrophotometric methods. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2013 Sep;113:291-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.04.120. Epub 2013 May 21
21. Choudhari VP, Ingale S, Gite SR, Tajane DD, Modak VG, Ambekar A. Spectrophotometric simultaneous determination of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and Emtricitabine in combined tablet dosage form by ratio derivative, first order derivative and absor-bance corrected methods and its application to dissolution study. Pharm Methods. 2011;2(1):47-52. DOI:10.4103/2229-4708.81096
22. Lamie NT. Comparative study of spectrophotometric methods manipulating ratio spectra: an application on pharmaceutical binary mixture of cinnarizine and dimenhydrinate. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2015 Apr 15;141:193-201. DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.01.033. Epub 2015 Jan 28.
23. Blagorazumnaya YeYu, Dukkardt LN, Blagorazumnaya NV. Kachestvennyy i kolichestvennyy analiz trimeti-loktadetsil ammoniya bromida v lekarstvennom sred-stve bakteritsid. [Qualitative and quantitative analysis of trimethyloctadecyl ammonium bromide in a bactericide drug]. Izvestiya Vuzov. Severo-Kavkazskii Region. Natural Science. 2006;S23:60-1.Russian
ФАРМАЦИЯ И ФАРМАКОЛОГИЯ
24. Beregovykh VV, Pyatigorskaya NV, Belyayev VV, Ala-dysheva ZHI, Meshkovskiy AP. Validatsiya v proizvod-stve lekarstvennykh sredstv. Uchebnoye posobiye [Validation in the production of medicines. Tutorial.]. M.:Publishing House Russian Doctor, 2010. - 286p. Russian. https://www.twirpx.com/file/1570313/
25. Mishra B, Sahoo J, Dixit PK. Enhanced bioavailabil-ity of cinnarizine nanosuspensions by particle size engineering: Optimization and physicochemical investigations. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2016 Jun;63:62-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.02.046. Epub 2016 Feb 19.
26. Chmelevskaya N.V., Illarionova Ye.A. Analiticheskiy kontrol' odnorodnosti dozirovaniya tabletok tsin-narizina[Analytical control of dosage uniformity
of cinnarizine tablets]. Siberian Medical Journal. 2009;3:50-2. Russian
27. Illarionova YeA, Chmelevskaya NV, Murav'yeva GM. Razrabotka metodik obnaruzheniya pikamilona i tsinnarizina v kombinirovannykh sochetaniyakh s psikhotropnymi lekarstvennymi sredstvami [Development of detection methods for picamilone and cinnarizine in combination with psychotropic drugs]. Siberian Medical Journal.2015;(4):68-71. Russian
28. Obshchaya farmakopeynaya stat'ya OFS 1.1.0013.15 «Statisticheskaya obrabotka rezul'tatov khimich-eskogo eksperimenta» [Pharmacopoeial item (PIA) 1.1.0013.15"Statistical processing of the results of a chemical experiment"]. State Pharmacopoeua of Russian Federatoin XIV-th edition. Moscow; 2018. Russian
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors and peer reviewers of this paper report no conflicts of interest.
AUTHORS
Sorokoumova Maria Viktorovna - Postgraduate student of the Department of Inorganic, Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute - a branch of Volgograd State Medical University, Pyatigorsk, Russia. ORCID ID0000-0003-0590-8256 . E-mail: [email protected]
Blagorazumnaya Natalya Vasilyevna - Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute -branch Volgograd State Medical University, Pyatigorsk, Russia. ORCID ID0000-0002-9302-097X. E-mail: [email protected]
Kompantsev Vladislav Alekseevich - Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Inorganic, Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute - a branch of Volgograd State Medical University, Pyatigorsk, Russia. ORCID ID0000-0001-9560-5288. E-mail: [email protected]
Shcherbakova Larisa Ivanovna - Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Inorganic, Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute - branch of Volgograd State Medical University, Pyatigorsk, Russia. ORCID ID0000-0002-7806-2805. E-mail: l.i.sherbakova@ pmedpharm.ru
Zyablitseva Nadezhda Sergeevna - Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Inorganic, Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute
- branch of Volgograd State Medical University, Pyatigorsk, Russia. ORCIDID 0000-0001-6007-1204. E-mail: [email protected]
Medvetskaya Yulia Georgievna - Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Senior Lecturer of the Department of Inorganic, Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute - branch of Volgograd State Medical University, Pyatigorsk, Russia. ORCIDID 0000-0003-1230-3474. E-mail: rudakovaya@ mail.ru
Vasina Tatyana Mikhailova - Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Inorganic, Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute - branch of Volgograd State Medical University, Pyatigorsk, Russia. ORCID ID0000-0001-6816-3883. E-mail: [email protected]
Miroshnichenko Kirill Aleksandrovich - 5-year student of Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute
- branch of Volgograd State Medical University, Pyatigorsk, Russia. ORCID ID0000-0002-9811-1678. E-mail: [email protected]
